Wiley adobe photoshop CS4 bible jan 2009 ISBN 0470345179 pdf

Photoshop CS4 Bible
®



Photoshop CS4
Bible
®

Stacy Cates
Simon Abrams
Dan Moughamian


Photoshop® CS4 Bible
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-0-470-34517-7
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Stacy Cates:
I would like to dedicate this book to my son, Will Cates (a.k.a., the
best son in the world), who provided help, love, and support during

the writing of this book, and my grandmother, Shirley Boswell
(a.k.a., the best grandmother in the world),
whose love and prayers never fail.
Simon Abrams:
I would like to dedicate this book to my lovely wife Stephanie — it’s
a cliché, but I really couldn’t have done it without you.
I’d also like to dedicate this book to my father, Donald Abrams, for
the opportunities and experiences he made possible for me.
Dan Moughamian:
I’d like to dedicate this book to my colleagues, family, and friends.
You have provided opportunity, ideas, and advice throughout my
career; I would not be here without you.


About the Authors
Stacy Cates has been in the graphic design and printing industry for more than 20 years. She has
been teaching Adobe Photoshop since 2001 and holds Adobe Certified Instructor and Comptia
Certified Technical Trainer certifications, as well as a Georgia Institute of Technology Certificate in
Web design. Her teaching experience ranges from one-on-one training to teaching college-level
computer art courses. Stacy is experienced in a wide variety of practical applications for Photoshop
and specializes in preparing images for printing, color correction, and retouching images. Stacy has
earned numerous awards for publication design and an award for Web design from the Council for
Advancement and Support of Education. Contact Stacey at
Simon Abrams was smitten with computers ever since the day his dad gave him his first
Commodore 64 back in the late ’80s. It wasn’t until he took a class called Intro to Microcomputer
Graphics in college that he discovered that the intersection of computers and art was where his true
love was to be found. He later attended the Savannah College of Art & Design, where he studied
3D Modeling and Animation. Upon graduating with a BFA in Computer Art, Simon moved to New
York City. After a brief stint at Tekserve (New York’s premier Mac repair shop), he got a job working as a designer at an interactive advertising agency during the heady dot-com boom of the late
’90s. Along the way, he discovered his second love: photography, which he pursues vigorously as a

serious amateur around the streets and subways of New York. His photography has been featured
on various sites, including Yahoo! News, Gothamist, and Panasonic’s Digital Photo Academy.
Simon is an Adobe Certified Photoshop Professional and regularly appears as a guest lecturer
teaching Photoshop at New York University’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. He has
also led workshops in the theater at Apple’s flagship retail location in SoHo, New York. Simon currently lives in Brooklyn, with his wife Stephanie. He recently became a student of karate and works
as a Flash developer at an advertising agency in New York City.
Dan Moughamian began exploring Adobe Photoshop in 1993 and never looked back. His passion
for digital imaging ultimately led to a career in fine art photography, which continues to present
day and has evolved to encompass not only still photography, but video and motion graphics as
well. Dan is an accomplished instructor, teaching digital photography and Photoshop classes for
Chicago-based venues such as Mac Specialist. Dan is also an Adobe trainer for designProVideo.com,
authoring titles such as Photoshop CS4: Digital Photography Workflows. Dan lives outside of Chicago
with his wife Kathy.


Credits
Senior Acquisitions Editor
Stephanie McComb

Project Coordinator
Katherine Key

Project Editor
Chris Wolfgang

Graphics and Production Specialists
Ana Carrillo
Nikki Gately
Christin Swinford

Technical Editor
Robert Barnes

Quality Control Technician
John Greenough

Copy Editor
Lynn Northrup

Proofreading
Laura L. Bowman

Editorial Manager
Robyn Siesky

Indexing
Infodex Indexing Services, Inc.

Business Manager
Amy Knies

Media Development Project Manager
Laura Moss

Senior Marketing Manager
Sandy Smith

Media Development Assistant Project Manager
Jenny Swisher

Vice President and Executive Group
Publisher
Richard Swadley

Media Development Associate Producer
Kit Malone

Vice President and Executive Publisher
Berry Pruett

vii



About the Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  vi
Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xxxi
Who the Book Is For ........................................................................................................ xxxi
How the Book Is Organized ............................................................................................ xxxii
How to use this book ..................................................................................................... xxxiv

Part I: Welcome To Adobe Photoshop CS4

1

Chapter 1: Working with Digital Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
About Digital Images.............................................................................................................3
Color and lightness qualities of digital images .............................................................4
Overview of the main types and characteristics of digital images .................................6
Bit depth .....................................................................................................................6

Bitmap (raster) and vector .........................................................................................10
Color mode ...............................................................................................................15
Color space ...............................................................................................................19
File format ................................................................................................................21
Low versus high resolution........................................................................................23
Getting Images into Photoshop ...........................................................................................24
Digital cameras ..........................................................................................................24
Film cameras .............................................................................................................26
Scanners ....................................................................................................................27
The Internet ..............................................................................................................28
E-mail .......................................................................................................................28
Video ........................................................................................................................29
Storing Digital Images .........................................................................................................32
Summary ............................................................................................................................32

Chapter 2: The Photoshop Workspace, Preferences, and Tools . . . . . . . . 33
Overview of the Photoshop Workspace...............................................................................33
Default and custom workspaces ................................................................................34
Menu Bar ..................................................................................................................36
Application Frame .....................................................................................................36
Application Bar .........................................................................................................40
Options Bar ...............................................................................................................42
Tools panel ...............................................................................................................42

ix


Contents

Image windows .........................................................................................................44

Panel .........................................................................................................................55
Preferences..........................................................................................................................60
General preferences ...................................................................................................60
Color Picker ....................................................................................................61
Image Interpolation .........................................................................................61
UI Text Options ..............................................................................................61
History Log .....................................................................................................63
Interface preferences .................................................................................................64
General............................................................................................................64
Panel ...............................................................................................................64
File handling preferences ..........................................................................................64
Image Previews ................................................................................................65
Camera Raw Preferences ..................................................................................65
Prefer Adobe Camera Raw for supported RAW files.........................................65
Ignore EXIF profile tag ....................................................................................65
Ask Before Saving Layered TIFF files ...............................................................66
Maximize PSD and PSB File Compatibility ......................................................66
Enable Version Cue .........................................................................................66
Recent file list contains __ files ........................................................................66
Performance preferences ...........................................................................................67
Memory Usage.................................................................................................67
Available RAM .......................................................................................67
Ideal Range ............................................................................................67
Let Photoshop Use .................................................................................67
Scratch Disks .........................................................................................68
History and Cache ...........................................................................................68
History States.........................................................................................68
Cache Levels ..........................................................................................69
GPU Settings ...................................................................................................69
Detected Video Card ..............................................................................69

Enable OpenGL Drawing .......................................................................70
Cursors preferences ...................................................................................................70
Painting Cursors ..............................................................................................70
Other Cursors .................................................................................................70
Transparency and Gamut preferences .......................................................................70
Transparency Settings......................................................................................71
Gamut Warning ..............................................................................................71
Units & Rulers preferences........................................................................................72
Rulers, Type ....................................................................................................72
Column Size ....................................................................................................72
New Document Preset Resolutions ..................................................................72
Point/Pica Size .................................................................................................72
The new way .........................................................................................72
The old way ...........................................................................................73

x


Contents

Guides, Grid & Slices preferences .............................................................................73
Plug-Ins preferences ..................................................................................................73
Additional Plug-Ins Folder ..............................................................................73
Legacy Photoshop Serial Number ....................................................................74
Type preferences .......................................................................................................74
Use Smart Quotes ............................................................................................74
Show Asian Text Options ................................................................................74
Enable Missing Glyph Protection .....................................................................74
Show Font Names in English ...........................................................................74
Font Preview Size ............................................................................................74

Presets and the Preset Manager ...........................................................................................75
Selecting and using presets ........................................................................................76
Create individual presets ...........................................................................................77
Customizing Shortcuts and Menus ......................................................................................78
Tools...................................................................................................................................80
Move tool ..................................................................................................................80
Marquee selection tools .............................................................................................82
Lasso selection tools ..................................................................................................82
Quick Selection and the Magic Wand tools ...............................................................83
Crop tool...................................................................................................................83
Slice and Slice Select tools .........................................................................................83
Eyedropper tool ........................................................................................................84
Color Sampler tool ....................................................................................................84
Ruler tool ..................................................................................................................84
Count tool .................................................................................................................85
Healing tools .............................................................................................................85
Red Eye tool ..............................................................................................................86
Brush tool .................................................................................................................86
Pencil tool .................................................................................................................86
Color Replacement tool .............................................................................................87
Clone Stamp tool ......................................................................................................88
Pattern Stamp tool.....................................................................................................88
History Brush tool .....................................................................................................88
Eraser tool .................................................................................................................89
Background Eraser tool .............................................................................................89
Magic Eraser tool.......................................................................................................89
Gradient tool .............................................................................................................90
Paint Bucket tool .......................................................................................................90
The Blur, Sharpen, and Smudge tools .......................................................................90
The Dodge, Burn, and Sponge tools ..........................................................................91

The Pen tool ..............................................................................................................92
The Type tools ..........................................................................................................93
The Path selection tools .............................................................................................94
The Shape and Line tools ..........................................................................................94
The 3D tools .............................................................................................................95

xi


Contents

The Hand, Rotation, and Zoom tools ........................................................................95
Foreground and Background Color tools ..................................................................96
The Mode buttons .....................................................................................................97
Summary ............................................................................................................................98

Chapter 3: Finding and Processing Images with Bridge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Finding and Opening Images ..............................................................................................99
Importing images from a digital camera .........................................................102
Grouping images as stacks .............................................................................104
Adding labels and ratings ..............................................................................106
Processing images....................................................................................................107
Adding Descriptive and Searchable Data to Images ...........................................................107
Metadata panel ........................................................................................................107
File Info window .....................................................................................................109
Using Metadata templates........................................................................................110
Using keywords.......................................................................................................111
Organizing Image Collections ...........................................................................................112
Collections ..............................................................................................................112
Smart Collections ....................................................................................................113

Creating Presentations ......................................................................................................114
Using the Output workspace ...................................................................................114
PDF Presentation ...........................................................................................114
Web Gallery ..................................................................................................115
Processing Batches of Images and Repetitive Tasks............................................................117
Batch renaming multiple images..............................................................................117
Process multiple images ..........................................................................................119
Batch .............................................................................................................119
Image Processor.............................................................................................119
Merge to HDR ...............................................................................................120
Photomerge ...................................................................................................122
Summary ..........................................................................................................................123

Chapter 4: Camera Raw Work Area  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The RAW Format ..............................................................................................................126
The DNG format .....................................................................................................128
The Camera Raw dialog box..............................................................................................128
Using Adobe Camera Raw .................................................................................................131
Importing RAW, JPEG, and TIFF images.................................................................131
Processing multiple photos......................................................................................132
Image improvement settings....................................................................................133
The Camera Raw toolbar ...............................................................................133
Local adjustments in Camera Raw .................................................................135
The Adjustment Brush .........................................................................135
The Graduated Filter ...........................................................................137
The histogram ...............................................................................................138
The Image Adjustment tabs ...........................................................................139
Basic ..............................................................................................................139

xii

Contents

Tone Curve ...................................................................................................141
Detail.............................................................................................................142
HSL/Grayscale ...............................................................................................144
Split Toning ..................................................................................................145
Lens Correction .............................................................................................146
Camera Calibration .......................................................................................147
Presets ...........................................................................................................148
Saving from Camera Raw...............................................................................149
Summary ..........................................................................................................................151

Part II: Working with Images

153

Chapter 5: Creating New Images, Resizing,
and Adjusting Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Getting Started with New Images ......................................................................................155
Units & Rulers Preferences ......................................................................................157
Creating a new image ..............................................................................................158
Opening Images ................................................................................................................161
Placing and Pasting Images ...............................................................................................165
Image Resizing .................................................................................................................169
Resizing parts of images ..........................................................................................171
Resizing the canvas..................................................................................................173
Cropping the canvas................................................................................................173
Summary ..........................................................................................................................174

Chapter 6: Undoing Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The Undo Command ........................................................................................................175
The Revert Command .......................................................................................................176
History Panel ....................................................................................................................176
History states...........................................................................................................177
Snapshots ................................................................................................................179
History Brush ..........................................................................................................180
Features with Built-In Undos ............................................................................................181
Dialog boxes............................................................................................................181
Masks ......................................................................................................................181
Adjustment layers....................................................................................................182
Layer comps ............................................................................................................184
Managing layer comps ...................................................................................185
Those fragile layer comps ..............................................................................185
Smart Objects..........................................................................................................186
Crop/Reveal All .......................................................................................................188
Summary ..........................................................................................................................188

Chapter 7: Saving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Saving files to disk ............................................................................................................189
The Save commands................................................................................................190

xiii


Contents

Save for Web & Devices Command ..................................................................................193
File Formats in Depth .......................................................................................................194

PSD: The native format .....................................................................................................195
The mainstream formats ..........................................................................................196
JPEG..............................................................................................................196
TIFF ..............................................................................................................198
Specialized formats..................................................................................................200
Photoshop EPS ..............................................................................................201
QuarkXPress DCS .........................................................................................203
Windows BMP...............................................................................................204
Cineon ..........................................................................................................205
Premiere Filmstrip .........................................................................................205
CompuServe GIF ...........................................................................................205
Paintbrush PCX .............................................................................................206
Adobe’s Paperless PDF...................................................................................206
Apple’s PICT .................................................................................................207
PICT Resource ...............................................................................................208
Pixar ..............................................................................................................208
PNG ..............................................................................................................208
TrueVision’s TGA ..........................................................................................209
WBMP ...........................................................................................................209
Photoshop Raw .......................................................................................................209
Opening Raw documents ..............................................................................209
Saving Raw documents ..................................................................................210
Save from Camera Raw .....................................................................................................211
Summary ..........................................................................................................................211

Part III: Layers, Selections, Channels, and Curves

213

Chapter 8: Layers, Layer Masks, Blending Modes,

and Smart Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Working with Layers.........................................................................................................215
Getting images and image parts onto separate layers ...............................................217
Resizing images on layers ........................................................................................222
The Layers palette ...................................................................................................225
Layers palette menu ................................................................................................230
Layer menu .............................................................................................................231
Layer Masks ......................................................................................................................233
The Masks palette....................................................................................................236
Adjustment Layers ............................................................................................................238
The Adjustments palette ..........................................................................................242
Blending Modes ................................................................................................................255
Smart Objects ...................................................................................................................258
Image Stacks .....................................................................................................................259
Summary ..........................................................................................................................260

xiv


Contents

Chapter 9: Histograms, Levels,and Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
About Histograms .............................................................................................................263
Acceptable histograms .............................................................................................265
The Histogram palette .............................................................................................266
The Levels Command .......................................................................................................269
The Levels dialog box ..............................................................................................269
Using Levels ............................................................................................................270
Levels sliders .................................................................................................271
Levels numeric input and output values ........................................................275

Levels eyedroppers ........................................................................................276
The Auto and Options buttons in Levels and Curves .....................................278
The Curves Command ......................................................................................................280
The Curves dialog box ............................................................................................281
Using Curves ...........................................................................................................285
Summary ..........................................................................................................................291

Chapter 10: Selections and Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Core Selection Tools and Options .....................................................................................294
The Marquee tools...................................................................................................294
Important keyboard shortcuts .......................................................................298
Feathering selections .....................................................................................299
Anti-aliasing ..................................................................................................299
The Lasso tools........................................................................................................300
Polygonal Lasso tool ......................................................................................302
Magnetic Lasso tool .......................................................................................303
Quick Selection, Magic Wand, and Color Range .....................................................305
Quick Selection tool ......................................................................................305
Magic Wand tool ...........................................................................................307
Color Range...................................................................................................309
Refining Selections ............................................................................................................311
Refine Edge .............................................................................................................311
Select menu options ................................................................................................316
Understanding Channels ...................................................................................................319
Alpha channels ........................................................................................................320
Creating alpha channels ................................................................................320
The Channels panel .......................................................................................322
Work smarter ................................................................................................324
Color channels and selections........................................................................325
Sharing channels between images ..................................................................327

Summary ..........................................................................................................................327

xv


Contents

Part IV: Paths, Shapes, and Text

329

Chapter 11: Working with Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Introduction to Bézier Paths ..............................................................................................331
Defining Paths and Vector Tools .......................................................................................333
Dissecting a Photoshop path ...................................................................................333
Types of paths ...............................................................................................333
Parts of a path ...............................................................................................335
Understanding vector tools and options ..................................................................338
The Pen tools.................................................................................................338
Pen and path selection tool options ...............................................................340
The Paths panel .............................................................................................345
The Masks panel............................................................................................348
Creating Vector Paths........................................................................................................348
Making simple open and closed paths .....................................................................348
Creating complex paths ...........................................................................................351
Editing paths ...........................................................................................................360
Aligning and distributing path components ............................................................364
Path strokes and fills ...............................................................................................365
Path strokes ...................................................................................................365
Path fills ........................................................................................................366

Paths as selections .............................................................................................................367
Creating path selections ..........................................................................................367
From path to Alpha Channel ...................................................................................369
Sharing paths between documents and applications ................................................370
Summary ..........................................................................................................................371

Chapter 12: Working with Vector Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Vector Shapes Defined ......................................................................................................373
Using Vector Shape Tools .................................................................................................375
Creating vector shape layers ....................................................................................377
Shape layer options .................................................................................................377
Shape layer keyboard modifiers .....................................................................380
Combining shape layer areas .........................................................................381
Aligning and distributing shape layer areas ....................................................383
Editing Vector Shape Layers ..............................................................................................383
Using Vector Shape Presets ...............................................................................................384
Creating New Custom Shapes ...........................................................................................387
Creating New Shape Presets ..............................................................................................389
Summary ..........................................................................................................................390

Chapter 13: Working with Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Entering Text ....................................................................................................................392
Editing Text ......................................................................................................................393
Type tools .........................................................................................................................396
Single-Line Type ...............................................................................................................396

xvi


Contents

Paragraph Type .................................................................................................................397
Type Tool Options Bar ............................................................................................398
Character palette .....................................................................................................399
Choosing a font .............................................................................................399
OpenType options .........................................................................................401
Font size ........................................................................................................402
Leading .........................................................................................................403
Kerning .........................................................................................................403
Metrics kerning....................................................................................403
Optical kerning....................................................................................403
Manual kerning ...................................................................................404
Tracking ........................................................................................................405
Fractional Widths and System Layout ...........................................................406
Horizontal and vertical scaling.......................................................................406
Baseline shift .................................................................................................406
Color .............................................................................................................406
Character styles .............................................................................................407
Check Spelling ..............................................................................................408
Find and Replace ...........................................................................................409
Anti-aliasing ..................................................................................................409
Paragraph palette.....................................................................................................410
Alignment .....................................................................................................411
Justification ...................................................................................................411
Roman Hanging Punctuation .........................................................................413
Indents and spacing.......................................................................................413
Hyphenation .................................................................................................414
Adobe Single-Line Composer and Every-Line Composer ...............................415
Single-Line Composer..........................................................................415
Every-Line Composer ..........................................................................415

Type on a Path ..................................................................................................................415
Type on a curved, open path ...................................................................................416
Type on a circle .......................................................................................................417
Type inside a closed shape ......................................................................................419
Warping type ..........................................................................................................419
Type in a Smart Object............................................................................................421
Type with Layer Styles ......................................................................................................424
Vector versus Rasterized Type ...........................................................................................429
Summary ..........................................................................................................................429

Part V: Enhancing, Correcting, and Retouching

431

Chapter 14: Lightening, Darkening,and Changing Contrast . . . . . . . . . . 433
Lightening.........................................................................................................................433
Using curves to lighten ............................................................................................434
Lightening broad areas with curves ...............................................................435
Lightening generally targeted areas with curves .............................................438

xvii


Contents

Lightening specifically targeted areas with curves ..........................................440
Lightening specific colors with curves ...........................................................442
Lightening with Curves eyedroppers and color numbers ...............................444
Lightening by entering color numbers in curves ............................................446
Changing a curves lighten adjustment by readjusting curves settings ............447

Reducing a curves lighten adjustment by reducing opacity ............................447
Confining a Curves lighten adjustment to a specific layer or set of layers.......448
Lightening with curves without shifting color ................................................449
Increasing a curves lighten adjustment with the Screen blending mode .........449
Lightening with an original, unadjusted curve
and the Screen blending mode..................................................................450
Increasing a lighten adjustment by duplicating Curves adjustment layers ......450
Using duplicate layers and the Screen blending mode to lighten .............................451
Using Levels to lighten ..................................................................................452
Lightening broad areas with Levels ......................................................452
Lightening specifically targeted areas with Levels .................................454
Lightening specific colors with Levels ..................................................454
Lightening with Levels eyedroppers and color numbers.......................456
Lightening by entering color numbers in Levels ...................................457
Changing a Levels adjustment .............................................................457
Using the Clone tool to lighten ......................................................................457
Using the Dodge tool to lighten .....................................................................459
Using an Exposure adjustment to lighten ......................................................459
Using the Shadows/Highlights command to lighten shadows ........................461
Using a Brightness/Contrast adjustment to lighten .........................................461
Using a Black & White adjustment with Luminosity and a mask to lighten ...462
Using layers with different content and a blending mode to lighten...............462
Darkening .........................................................................................................................463
Using curves to Darken ...........................................................................................463
Darkening broad areas with curves ................................................................464
Darkening generally targeted areas with curves .............................................464
Darkening specific colors with curves ............................................................466
Darkening with Curves eyedroppers and color numbers ...............................467
Darkening by entering color numbers in curves ............................................469
Changing a Curves darken adjustment by readjusting curves settings............470

Reducing a Curves darken adjustment by reducing opacity ...........................470
Confining a Curves darken adjustment to a specific layer or set of layers.......470
Darkening with curves without shifting color ................................................471
Increasing a Curves darken adjustment with the Multiply blending mode .....471
Darkening with an original, unadjusted curve
and the Multiply blending mode...............................................................472
Increasing a Darken adjustment by duplicating Curves adjustment layers .....472
Using duplicate layers and the Multiply blending mode to darken ..........................472
Using Levels to darken ..................................................................................473
Darkening broad areas with Levels ......................................................473
Darkening specifically targeted areas with Levels .................................474

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Contents

Darkening specific colors with Levels ..................................................474
Darkening with Levels eyedroppers and color numbers .......................475
Darkening by entering color numbers in Levels ...................................476
Changing a Levels adjustment .............................................................477
Using the Clone tool to darken ......................................................................477
Using the Burn tool to darken .......................................................................478
Using an Exposure adjustment to darken ......................................................478
Using the Shadows/Highlights command to darken highlights ......................480
Using a Brightness/Contrast adjustment to darken.........................................480
Using a Black & White adjustment with Luminosity and a mask to darken ...481
Using layers with different content and a blending mode to darken ..............481
Increasing Contrast and Detail ..........................................................................................482
Using curves to increase contrast.............................................................................482

Increasing contrast in broad areas with curves ...............................................483
Increasing contrast in generally targeted areas with curves ............................483
Increasing contrast in specifically targeted areas with curves .........................484
Increasing contrast in specific colors with curves...........................................485
Increasing contrast with Curves eyedroppers and color numbers ..................487
Changing a Curves contrast adjustment by readjusting curves settings ..........487
Reducing a Curves contrast adjustment by reducing opacity .........................487
Confining a Curves contrast adjustment to a specific layer or set of layers .....487
Increasing Contrast with curves without shifting color ..................................488
Increasing contrast with an original, unadjusted curve
and the Soft Light blending mode .............................................................488
Using Levels to increase contrast .............................................................................489
Using the Clone tool to add contrast .............................................................489
Using the Dodge and Burn tools to increase contrast .....................................489
Using a Brightness/Contrast adjustment to increase contrast..........................490
Decreasing Contrast and Detail .........................................................................................490
Decreasing contrast with curves ..............................................................................490
Decreasing contrast with Levels ...............................................................................491
Using layers with different content to decrease contrast ..........................................492
Using a Brightness/Contrast adjustment to decrease contrast ...................................493
Summary ..........................................................................................................................493

Chapter 15: Color Correctionand Color Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Preparing to Work with Color...........................................................................................495
Check the image size and resolution .......................................................................496
Consider working on a larger master file with preserved layers ...............................496
Think about correcting full-color images in RGB or Lab color mode .......................496
Set the Color Settings appropriately ........................................................................497
Create a soft-proof profile so you can proof the image on-screen as you work.........498
Calibrate your monitor ............................................................................................498

Color Correction ...............................................................................................................499
Measuring color ......................................................................................................499
Color numbers and color correction........................................................................501
Setting colors that should be neutral to neutral .......................................................503

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Contents

Setting neutrals with Auto Color ...................................................................503
Setting neutrals with curves ...........................................................................504
Adjusting memory colors ........................................................................................507
Adjusting memory colors with Curves ...........................................................508
Using Hue/Saturation to adjust memory colors ..............................................509
Color Changes ..................................................................................................................510
Change colors by sampling and painting .................................................................511
Changing a darker color to a lighter color ...............................................................511
Changing colors with adjustment layers ..................................................................512
Change colors with a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer ..................................513
Change colors with a Photo Filter adjustment layer .......................................515
Change colors with a Selective Color adjustment layer ..................................515
Change colors with a Black and White adjustment layer................................515
Change colors with the Replace Color command ....................................................516
Change colors with the Color Replacement tool ......................................................517
Change colors with filled selections or Fill layers ....................................................519
Change colors with a Color Overlay style ................................................................520
Change colors with gradients ..................................................................................521
Using the Gradient Editor..............................................................................521
Change colors with Gradient Map .................................................................522

Change colors with the Posterize command ............................................................524
Change colors with Duotone mode .........................................................................524
Change colors with Lab-mode curves ......................................................................527
Change colors with the Match Color command .......................................................529
Summary ..........................................................................................................................532

Chapter 16: Transparency, Opacity, Silhouettes,
and Image Collages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Transparency and Opacity ................................................................................................533
Making an image transparent ..................................................................................534
Creating and painting on layer masks......................................................................538
Silhouetting ......................................................................................................................539
Combining Images into a Collage......................................................................................543
Custom collages using layers and layer masks .........................................................543
Transforming objects in a collage ............................................................................546
Edit ➪ Free Transform ...................................................................................546
Edit ➪ Transform ➪ Skew...............................................................................547
Edit ➪ Transform ➪ Distort ............................................................................547
Edit ➪ Transform ➪ Perspective .....................................................................548
Edit ➪ Transform ➪ Warp ..............................................................................549
Edit ➪ Transform ➪ (Rotate or Flip) ...............................................................550
Collages of panoramas using the Photomerge command .........................................550
Collages to remove unwanted image content ...........................................................553

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Contents

Drawing the Eye to Certain Areas......................................................................................554

Use blur and sharpen ..............................................................................................554
Add contrast and reduce contrast ............................................................................554
Use color to draw attention .....................................................................................554
Summary ..........................................................................................................................556

Chapter 17: Noise, Grain, Dust, Pixelization, and Jagged Edges . . . . . . . 557
Get Rid of Overall Pixelated Look .....................................................................................557
Reducing noise ........................................................................................................558
Despeckle ......................................................................................................558
Median ..........................................................................................................558
Reduce Noise.................................................................................................559
Anti-aliasing an image .............................................................................................560
Fix Undesirable Edges.......................................................................................................562
Remove unwanted edge pixels.................................................................................562
Smooth jagged edge pixels ......................................................................................563
Dust Removal....................................................................................................................564
Blurring ............................................................................................................................566
Gaussian blur ..........................................................................................................566
Lens blur .................................................................................................................567
Blur tool ..................................................................................................................569
Summary ..........................................................................................................................570

Chapter 18: Retouching and Restoring Digital Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Core Retouching Tools......................................................................................................572
Clone Stamp ...........................................................................................................572
Clone Source panel .................................................................................................575
The Healing and Spot Healing Brushes ....................................................................577
Healing Brush ................................................................................................578
Healing Brush options ...................................................................................579
Spot Healing Brush ........................................................................................580

Patch tool ................................................................................................................580
Magic and Background Eraser tools .........................................................................582
Magic Eraser tool ...........................................................................................582
Background Eraser tool .................................................................................584
Dodge and Burn tools..............................................................................................585
Dodge............................................................................................................586
Burn ..............................................................................................................587
Sponge tool .............................................................................................................587
Content Aware Scaling ............................................................................................588
Lens Correction .......................................................................................................590
Sample Retouching Workflows .........................................................................................597
Image retouching ....................................................................................................597
Image restoration ....................................................................................................597
Summary ..........................................................................................................................606

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Part VI: Painting and Special Effects

609

Chapter 19: Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Brushes and Tools That Work Like Brushes ......................................................................612
Painting tools ..........................................................................................................612
Editing tools ............................................................................................................613
Dodge/Burn ...................................................................................................613
Sponge ..........................................................................................................614

Sharpen/Blur .................................................................................................615
Smudge .........................................................................................................615
Color Replacement ........................................................................................615
Eraser ............................................................................................................617
Brush tool Options Bar ............................................................................................618
Presets panel..................................................................................................619
Brushes Panel ....................................................................................................................620
Brush options ..........................................................................................................621
Brush presets .................................................................................................621
Brush tip shape..............................................................................................622
Dynamic brush tips .......................................................................................624
Shape Dynamics ......................................................................................................625
Additional dynamic settings ....................................................................................627
Other settings ................................................................................................629
Custom brushes ......................................................................................................629
Predefined brush sets ....................................................................................629
Creating and saving brush sets ......................................................................630
Downloading brush sets ................................................................................632
Brushes Used with Blending Modes ..................................................................................632
Painting Techniques..........................................................................................................639
Painting straight lines ..............................................................................................639
Undoing your strokes ..............................................................................................640
Creating Special Effects with Painting ...............................................................................641
Painting with the Path tool ......................................................................................641
Creating a chalkboard effect ....................................................................................643
Summary ..........................................................................................................................646

Chapter 20: Filters and Layer Styles  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
About Filters .....................................................................................................................648
Using filters .............................................................................................................648

Previewing filter effects ..................................................................................648
Repeatedly applying filters .............................................................................650
Using the Filter Gallery ...........................................................................................650
Fading and blending filters......................................................................................651
Destructive vs. Nondestructive Workflows........................................................................651
Applying filters, the Smart way ......................................................................652
Blending and masking ...................................................................................653

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Contents

Blurring and Sharpening ...................................................................................................654
Blur .........................................................................................................................655
Smart Blur .....................................................................................................655
Other blur filters ...........................................................................................656
Sharpen ...................................................................................................................661
Why sharpen? ...............................................................................................661
Working with sharpening filters ....................................................................661
Alternative sharpening techniques ...........................................................................665
The Custom filter ..........................................................................................665
Using the High Pass filter ..............................................................................666
Special Effects Filters ........................................................................................................669
Creating Clouds and Fire ..................................................................................................672
Clouds ....................................................................................................................672
Playing with fire ......................................................................................................679
Summary ..........................................................................................................................685

Chapter 21: Distortion Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Liquify ..............................................................................................................................687
Distortion tools .......................................................................................................688
Distortion options ...................................................................................................690
Tool options ..................................................................................................690
Reconstruction ..............................................................................................691
Protecting parts of your image .......................................................................691
View options .................................................................................................692
Vanishing Point.................................................................................................................693
Warping Objects ...............................................................................................................698
Warping with the Transform tool ............................................................................698
Creating a custom Warp ................................................................................698
Using Warp presets .......................................................................................699
Warping multiple layers ..........................................................................................700
Warping with Filters .........................................................................................................700
Lens Correction .......................................................................................................700
Other distortions .....................................................................................................704
Waves ...............................................................................................................................708
Ocean Ripple vs. Ripple ..........................................................................................708
ZigZag .....................................................................................................................709
Wave .......................................................................................................................710
Bump Maps.......................................................................................................................713
Summary ..........................................................................................................................719

Chapter 22: Text Effects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Wood burn effect ..............................................................................................................721
Bevel and Emboss .............................................................................................................727
Flaming Type ....................................................................................................................730
Glows ...............................................................................................................................734
Textures ............................................................................................................................739
Summary ..........................................................................................................................742

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