McGraw hill complete wireless design 2nd edition jun 2008 ISBN 0071544526 pdf

Complete
Wireless
Design
.


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Complete
Wireless
Design
Cotter W. Sayre

Second Edition

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DOI: 10.1036/0071544526


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To my lovely wife, Linda, without whom this book would not have been possible.
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About the Author
Cotter W. Sayre of San Jose, California, has worked
as a senior RF design engineer at Micro Linear and
Radix corporations, as well as a wireless hardware
design engineer for 3Com Corporation’s Advanced
Development Group. His specialty is design,
simulation, layout, testing, and troubleshooting of
wireless transmitters and receivers up to 6 GHz.
Mr. Sayre is a member of the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers and the IEEE Microwave
Theory and Techniques Society.

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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

1

Wireless Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Passive Components at Radio Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4 Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5 Ferrite Beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.6 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Microstrip Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Microstrip as Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 Microstrip as Equivalent Components . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Transmission Line Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3 Transmission Line VSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 S-Parameter Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Noise in Circuits and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
1

1
1
3
8
11
12
14
14
15
23
30
30
32
33
47
47
47
49
51
51
53
56
56

2

Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 AM Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.3 AM Power Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 AM Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 FM Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 FM and AM Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59
59
59
59
64
64
64
64
64
69

ix


x

Contents
2.3

Single-Sideband Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 SSB Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 SSB Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3.4 SSB Output Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 PM Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 PM Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 Digital Modulation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 Digital Modulation Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4 Digital Modulation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Designing with Modulator/Demodulator ICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2 Designing with the RFMD RF2713 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69
69
69
70
72
72
72
72
74
74
74
75
79
82
89
89

93

Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1 Amplifier Circuit Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Common-Base Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 Common-Emitter Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 Common-Collector Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Amplifier Matching Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Amplifier Matching Network Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Amplifier Matching Network Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Distortion and Noise Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Small-Signal Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Small-Signal Amplifier Design with S-Parameters . . .
3.4.3 Small-Signal Design and Vector Algebra . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 Small-Signal Amplifier Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5 Small-Signal Design Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.6 Small-Signal Matching Network Design . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.7 Small-Signal Amplifier Class A Design Procedure . . .
3.5 Power Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Power Amplifier, Class C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 Power Amplifier Design with
Equivalent Impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.4 Power Amplifier Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.5.5 Power Amplifier Load Pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

95
95
95
95
97
98
99
99
102
104
107
107
107
113
113
113
113
122
123
129
130
157
162
162
165

2.4

2.5

2.6

3

167
168
171


Contents
3.5.6 Power Amplifier Design Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.7 Power Amplifier Stability, Tests, and Cures . . . . . . . . .
3.5.8 Power Amplifier Gain Flattening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amplifier Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.2 Amplifier Bias Classes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.3 Amplifier Bias Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.4 Amplifier Bias Circuit Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.5 Amplifier Bias Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MMIC Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.2 MMIC Amplifier Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.3 MMIC Biasing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.4 MMIC Coupling and Decoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.5 MMIC Amplifier Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wideband Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2 Wideband Amplifier Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.8.3 Wideband Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parallel Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.2 Parallel Amplifier Design with MMICs . . . . . . . . . . . .
Audio Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10.2 Audio Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VGA Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.11.2 VGA Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling and Decoupling of Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.2 Coupling and Decoupling Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . .

173
176
177
180
180
180
182
189
193
206
206
207
208
209
210
211

211
211
214
216
216
217
220
220
220
221
221
221
224
224
224

Oscillator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 Oscillator Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 Oscillator Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3 Oscillator Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Oscillator Simulation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Oscillator Open-Loop Design and Simulation . . . . . .
4.3 Low Phase-Noise Oscillator Design Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Low Phase-Noise Oscillator Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 LC and VCO Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 LC and VCO Oscillator Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4.3 LC and VCO Oscillator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231
231
231
231
233
234
234
235
241
241
242
243
243
244
247

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

4

xi


xii

Contents
4.4.4 LC and VCO Oscillator Bench Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.5 LC and VCO Output Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.6 LC and VCO Oscillator Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.7 LC and VCO Oscillator Output Power . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.8 LC and VCO Oscillator Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crystal Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.2 Crystal Oscillators Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.3 Crystal Oscillator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.4 Crystal Oscillator Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.5 Crystal SAW-Based Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.6 Crystal Oscillator Testing and Optimizing . . . . . . . . . .

263
263
265
266
267
268
268

270
272
276
277
278

5

Frequency Synthesis Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1 PLL Frequency Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 PLL Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 PLL Phase Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.4 PLL Reference Spurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.5 PLL Lock Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.6 PLL Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.7 PLL Problems and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.8 PLL Fractional-N Synthesizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Direct Digital Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

279
279
279
279
286
288
288
289
300

304
305
305

6

Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 Filter Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.2 Filter Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 Filter Bandpass Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Lumped Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2 Lumped Filter Circuit Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3 Lumped Filter Image-Parameter Design . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.4 Lumped Filter Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Distributed Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 Distributed Filter Circuit Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 Distributed Filter Design Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.4 Distributed Filter Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Diplexer Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.2 Diplexer Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 Crystal and SAW Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.2 Crystal Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

309
309

309
313
317
318
318
318
324
334
335
335
335
337
349
352
352
352
356
356
356

4.5


Contents
6.5.3 SAW Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.4 SAW Filter Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Active Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.2 Active Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 Tunable Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7.2 Tunable Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 Filter Issues and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.2 Filter Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.3 Filter Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

358
359
360
360
362
368
368
369
374
374
374
376

7

Mixer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1 Passive Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.2 Passive Mixers Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.3 Passive Mixer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.4 Passive Mixer Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.5 Passive Mixer Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.6 Passive Mixer Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2 Active Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2 Active Mixers Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.3 Active Mixer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.4 Active Mixer Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Image-Reject and Harmonic Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2 Image-Reject Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3 Harmonic-Mode Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

379
380
380
381
383
388
390
392
392
392
393
395
400
400
400
400
401

8

Support Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1 Frequency Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.2 Frequency Multiplier Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.3 Frequency Multiplier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.4 Frequency Multiplier Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 RF Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.2 RF Switch Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2.3 RF Switch Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Automatic Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.2 Automatic Gain Control Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3.3 Automatic Gain Control Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4 Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

403
403
403
406
406
415
416
416
420
429
429
429
431
438

438

xiii


xiv

Contents
8.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4.2 Attenuator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baluns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5.2 Balun Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Splitters and Combiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6.2 Splitter and Combiner Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7.2 Power Supply Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7.3 Power Supply Regulation Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.7.4 Power Supply Regulator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Directional Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.8.2 Directional Coupler Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assorted Support Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9.2 Speech Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9.3 Automatic Frequency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9.4 Squelch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

438
439
442
442
443
448
448
449
452
452
456
460
460
468
468
469
471
471
472
474
475

Communication System Design and Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1 Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2 Receiver Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.3 Receiver Noise Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4 Receiver Dynamic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.5 Receiver Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.6 Receiver Reciprocal Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1.7 Receiver Half-IF Spurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.8 Receiver Phase Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.9 Receiver Systems Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2 Transmitter Systems Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 The Complete Communications System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2 TDD Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3 FDD Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.4 RFIC Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.5 System Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4 RF Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.2 Multipath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.3 RF Link Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.4 RF Link Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

479
479
479
479
482
484
484
484
485
486
487
494

494
494
498
498
498
500
502
504
506
506
507
508
516

8.5

8.6

8.7

8.8

8.9

9


Contents
10

Communication Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1 Antenna Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.2 Internal Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.3 External Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.4 Antenna Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

519
526
526
526
531
533

11

Radio Frequency Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1 RF Simulator Design Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.2 RF Simulator Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.3 RF Simulator Software Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.4 RF Simulator Accuracy and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.5 RF Simulator Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

539
539
539
542
544
546

553

12

Wireless Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1 Wireless Receiver and Transmitter Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.2 Wireless Receiver Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.3 Wireless Transmitter Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Wireless Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.2 Digital Signal Power Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.3 Constellation and Eye Diagram Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.4 Bit Error Rate Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.5 Phase Noise Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.6 Noise Figure Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.7 Reference Spur Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.8 Blocking/Desensing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.9 Gain and Flatness Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.10 Transmitter Output Power Flatness Test . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.11 SINAD Sensitivity Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.12 Adjacent Channel Rejection Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.13 P1dB Compression Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.14 Third-Order Intercept Point (IP3) Test . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.15 Spurious Free Dynamic Range Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.16 Image Rejection Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.17 Frequency Stability Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.18 Minimum Discernable Signal Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.19 NxM Spur Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.20 Phase-Locked Loop Response Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.21 VCO Pushing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.22 Radiated Output Power Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.23 General Precompliance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

559
560
560
560
561
561
561
562
564
566
567
569
570
570
572
572
572
573
573
574
574
575
576
576
576
577

577
578
579

13

EMI Control and Printed Circuit Board Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1 Electromagnetic Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1.2 Electromagnetic Interference Suppression . . . . . . . . . .

583
583
583
584

xv


xvi

Contents
13.2

Printed Circuit Board Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.2 Printed Circuit Board Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.3 Printed Circuit Board Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.4 Printed Circuit Board Design Considerations . . . . . . .
13.2.5 Printed Circuit Board Design for

Miscellaneous Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.6 Printed Circuit Board Fabrication Files . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RF Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3.2 RF Shielding Resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5.2 Prototyping Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

589
589
589
592
595

General Wireless Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1 Software Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1.2 Software Radio Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2 Direct Conversion Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.2 Direct Conversion Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3 Hybrid Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.2 Hybrid Circuit Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.3 Hybrid Circuit PCB Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4 RF Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.4.2 RF Connector Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5 Federal Communications Commission
Equipment Authorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5.2 FCC Equipment Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

621
621
621
621
623
623
623
624
624
625
626
626
626
627

Appendix: Order of Operations

...............................

631

....................................................

635

13.3

13.4
13.5

14

Glossary

Bibliography
Index

606
612
614
614
615
616
616
618
618
619

628
628
628

................................................

657

......................................................

673


Preface

T

his Second Edition of Complete Wireless Design not only supplies the reader with
a solid practical grounding in the latest RF circuit and systems operation, but also
explains, in step-by-step detail, how to plan, design, simulate, build, and test a
complete RF/microwave voice and data wireless radio, all the way from the discrete
circuit level to the finished wireless system.
Sections of all chapters within this new edition have been expanded, enhanced, and fully
updated, with the addition of new explanatory figures that have been optimized for clarity.
New chapters have been added that detail RF testing procedures, printed circuit board layout,
RF software simulation techniques, and small antenna design. A major new feature in this
book is the worked-out design examples (Quick Examples) with full RF simulation results. The
enclosed, comprehensive computer CD has also been expanded and updated to include more
free, cutting-edge RF programs, and will enable the reader to design and simulate virtually
any lumped or distributed RF circuit, or system typically needed in low-power consumer
design.
Unlike many wireless books, Complete Wireless Design does not simply present predesigned circuits and expect readers to modify them in some haphazard fashion for their
own wireless applications, nor does the book present overly complex equations for the
design of wireless circuits and systems which most readers, even engineers, would have
difficulty understanding, much less applying. Instead, Complete Wireless Design will allow
the reader to easily and quickly, by employing basic algebra and the enclosed software

programs, design cutting-edge oscillators, amplifiers, mixers, filters, PLLs, frequency
multipliers, switches, microstrip elements, AGC loops, power splitters, attenuators, diplexers,
antennas, and PCBs, as well as plan the entire wireless communications system.
Any supplementary information, text or software updates, or errata for the Second
Edition of Complete Wireless Design will be posted at />home.
I’m very excited about this new edition, and I hope you will be too.

Cotter W. Sayre

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Acknowledgments

A

book of the comprehensive and detailed scope of this one would have been
impossible to write without extensively studying—and applying—the prior work
of many others who came before. I owe a special thanks to the incredibly practical
and informative books and articles of Randy Rhea, Dean Banerjee, Chris Bowick, Peter
Vizmuller, and Les Besser; and to all the other excellent authors and engineers mentioned
within this book’s bibliography.
I also wish to thank the following individuals for their assistance and contributions
in giving permission to reproduce the enclosed RF software, as well as the software
documentation:
• Stefan Jahn, lead developer, for the RF simulator Qucs.

• Kirt Blattenberger, senior engineer and owner of RFCafé.com, for the systems
simulator RF Workbench.
• Mike Engelhardt, senior Linear Technology engineer, for the Spice simulator
LTSpice.
• Neil W. Heckt, senior engineer and owner of AADE.com, for the lumped filter
synthesis software AADE Filter Design and Analysis.
• Arie Voors, developer and computer engineer, for the NEC 3D antenna simulator
4NEC2X.
• Christopher A. Schell, senior engineer at National Semiconductor, for the PLL
design software EasyPLL.
• Robert L. Myers, AppCad Program Manager, for Agilent’s RF design software
AppCad.
• Dr. James C. Rautio, president of Sonnet Software, for the EM simulator Sonnet
Lite em.
• Applied Radio Labs for the PLL design software ADIsimPLL.
And thank you to the following individuals:
• Dale Henkes, President of Applied Microwave, for the use of Linc2Pro.
• Daren McClearnon, Marketing Department, Agilent Corp., for the use of
Genesys’ Harbec.

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Complete
Wireless
Design

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CHAPTER

1

Wireless Essentials

A

firm understanding of how passive and active components function at high
frequencies, as well as a strong grasp of the fundamental concepts of transmission
lines and scattering parameters (S-parameters) are essential to successful circuit

design.

1.1

Passive Components at Radio Frequency
1.1.1

Introduction

Lumped (physical) resistors, capacitors, and inductors are not the “pure” components
they are assumed to be at lower frequencies. As shown in Fig. 1.1, their true nature at
higher frequencies has undesirable resistances, capacitances, and inductances, which
must be taken into account during design, simulation, and layout of any wireless circuit.

At microwave frequencies the lengths of all component leads must be minimized
in order to decrease losses due to lead inductance. Surface-mount devices (SMDs) are
perfect for decreasing this lead length, and thus the series inductance, of any component
(Fig. 1.2). Even the board traces that connect the passive components, if the trace is
longer than approximately 1/20th of a wavelength, must be converted to transmissionline structures. On printed circuit boards (PCBs), microstrip is ideal for this, since it
maintains a constant 50-Ω impedance throughout its entire length without adding any
undesired inductance or capacitance.
As the frequency of operation of any wireless circuit begins to increase, so does the
requirement that the actual physical structure of all of the lumped components
themselves be as small as possible, since the part’s effective frequency of operation
increases as it shrinks in size. The smaller package decreases the typically detrimental
distributed reactances, and raises the frequency of the series and parallel resonances.
Maintaining a high unloaded quality factor (Q) in each individual component is vital
to minimize circuit losses. And as shown in Fig. 1.3, the unloaded Q of a capacitor
decreases with frequency, while the unloaded Q of an inductor will actually increase
with frequency, after which the Q will drop rapidly.

1.1.2

Resistors

A resistor with a value of over a few hundred ohms will begin to decrease in resistance
as the frequency of operation is increased (Fig. 1.4). This is caused by the distributed
capacitance that is always effectively in parallel with the resistor, shunting the radio
frequency (RF) signal around the component, and thus lowering its effective value of
resistance. The distributed capacitance is especially problematic not only as the

1
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