Addison wesley TCPIP illustrated volume 2 the implementation feb 1995 ISBN 020163354x
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TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2:The
Implementation
ByGaryR.Wright,W.RichardStevens
Publisher :AddisonWesley
PubDate :January12,1995
ISBN :0-201-63354-X
Pages :1200
TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2
containsathoroughexplanation
ofhowTCP/IPprotocolsare
implemented.Thereisn'tamore
practicalorup-to-datebookothis
volumeistheonlyonetocover
thedefactostandard
implementationfromthe4.4BSDLiterelease,thefoundationfor
TCP/IPimplementationsrundaily
onhundredsofthousandsof
systemsworldwide.
Combining500illustrationswith
15,000linesofreal,working
code,TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume
2usesateach-by-example
approachtohelpyoumaster
Tableof
•
Contents TCP/IPimplementation.Youwill
learnaboutsuchtopicsasthe
relationshipbetweenthesockets
APIandtheprotocolsuite,and
thedifferencesbetweenahost
implementationandarouter.In
addition,thebookcoversthe
newestfeaturesofthe4.4BSDLiterelease,including
multicasting,longfatpipe
support,windowscale,timestamp
options,andprotectionagainst
wrappedsequencenumbers,and
manyothertopics.
Comprehensiveinscope,based
onaworkingstandard,and
thoroughlyillustrated,thisbookis
anindispensableresourcefor
anyoneworkingwithTCP/IP.
TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2:The
Implementation
ByGaryR.Wright,W.RichardStevens
Publisher :AddisonWesley
PubDate :January12,1995
ISBN :0-201-63354-X
Tableof
•
Pages
:1200
Contents
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
OrganizationoftheBook
IntendedAudience
SourceCodeCopyright
Acknowledgments
Chapter1.Introduction
Section1.1.Introduction
Section1.2.SourceCodePresentation
Section1.3.History
Section1.4.ApplicationProgrammingInterfaces
Section1.5.ExampleProgram
Section1.6.SystemCallsandLibraryFunctions
Section1.7.NetworkImplementationOverview
Section1.8.Descriptors
Section1.9.Mbufs(MemoryBuffers)andOutputProcessing
Section1.10.InputProcessing
Section1.11.NetworkImplementationOverviewRevisited
Section1.12.InterruptLevelsandConcurrency
Section1.13.SourceCodeOrganization
Section1.14.TestNetwork
Section1.15.Summary
Chapter2.Mbufs:MemoryBuffers
Section2.1.Introduction
Section2.2.CodeIntroduction
Section2.3.MbufDefinitions
Section2.4.mbufStructure
Section2.5.SimpleMbufMacrosandFunctions
Section2.6.m_devgetandm_pullupFunctions
Section2.7.SummaryofMbufMacrosandFunctions
Section2.8.SummaryofNet/3NetworkingDataStructures
Section2.9.m_copyandClusterReferenceCounts
Section2.10.Alternatives
Section2.11.Summary
Chapter3.InterfaceLayer
Section3.1.Introduction
Section3.2.CodeIntroduction
Section3.3.ifnetStructure
Section3.4.ifaddrStructure
Section3.5.sockaddrStructure
Section3.6.ifnetandifaddrSpecialization
Section3.7.NetworkInitializationOverview
Section3.8.EthernetInitialization
Section3.9.SLIPInitialization
Section3.10.LoopbackInitialization
Section3.11.if_attachFunction
Section3.12.ifinitFunction
3.13Summary
Chapter4.Interfaces:Ethernet
Section4.1.Introduction
Section4.2.CodeIntroduction
Section4.3.EthernetInterface
Section4.4.ioctlSystemCall
Section4.5.Summary
Chapter5.Interfaces:SLIPandLoopback
Section5.1.Introduction
Section5.2.CodeIntroduction
Section5.3.SLIPInterface
Section5.4.LoopbackInterface
Section5.5.Summary
Chapter6.IPAddressing
Section6.1.Introduction
Section6.2.CodeIntroduction
Section6.3.InterfaceandAddressSummary
Section6.4.sockaddr_inStructure
Section6.5.in_ifaddrStructure
Section6.6.AddressAssignment
Section6.7.InterfaceioctlProcessing
Section6.8.InternetUtilityFunctions
Section6.9.ifnetUtilityFunctions
Section6.10.Summary
Chapter7.DomainsandProtocols
Section7.1.Introduction
Section7.2.CodeIntroduction
Section7.3.domainStructure
Section7.4.protoswStructure
Section7.5.IPdomainandprotoswStructures
Section7.6.pffindprotoandpffindtypeFunctions
Section7.7.pfctlinputFunction
Section7.8.IPInitialization
Section7.9.sysctlSystemCall
Section7.10.Summary
Chapter8.IP:InternetProtocol
Section8.1.Introduction
Section8.2.CodeIntroduction
Section8.3.IPPackets
Section8.4.InputProcessing:ipintrFunction
Section8.5.Forwarding:ip_forwardFunction
Section8.6.OutputProcessing:ip_outputFunction
Section8.7.InternetChecksum:in_cksumFunction
Section8.8.setsockoptandgetsockoptSystemCalls
Section8.9.ip_sysctlFunction
Section8.10.Summary
Chapter9.IPOptionProcessing
Section9.1.Introduction
Section9.2.CodeIntroduction
Section9.3.OptionFormat
Section9.4.ip_dooptionsFunction
Section9.5.RecordRouteOption
Section9.6.SourceandRecordRouteOptions
Section9.7.TimestampOption
Section9.8.ip_insertoptionsFunction
Section9.9.ip_pcboptsFunction
Section9.10.Limitations
Section9.11.Summary
Chapter10.IPFragmentationandReassembly
Section10.1.Introduction
Section10.2.CodeIntroduction
Section10.3.Fragmentation
Section10.4.ip_optcopyFunction
Section10.5.Reassembly
Section10.6.ip_reassFunction
Section10.7.ip_slowtimoFunction
Section10.8.Summary
Chapter11.ICMP:InternetControlMessageProtocol
Section11.1.Introduction
Section11.2.CodeIntroduction
Section11.3.icmpStructure
Section11.4.ICMPprotoswStructure
Section11.5.InputProcessing:icmp_inputFunction
Section11.6.ErrorProcessing
Section11.7.RequestProcessing
Section11.8.RedirectProcessing
Section11.9.ReplyProcessing
Section11.10.OutputProcessing
Section11.11.icmp_errorFunction
Section11.12.icmp_reflectFunction
Section11.13.icmp_sendFunction
Section11.14.icmp_sysctlFunction
Section11.15.Summary
Chapter12.IPMulticasting
Section12.1.Introduction
Section12.2.CodeIntroduction
Section12.3.EthernetMulticastAddresses
Section12.4.ether_multiStructure
Section12.5.EthernetMulticastReception
Section12.6.in_multiStructure
Section12.7.ip_moptionsStructure
Section12.8.MulticastSocketOptions
Section12.9.MulticastTTLValues
Section12.10.ip_setmoptionsFunction
Section12.11.JoininganIPMulticastGroup
Section12.12.LeavinganIPMulticastGroup
Section12.13.ip_getmoptionsFunction
Section12.14.MulticastInputProcessing:ipintrFunction
Section12.15.MulticastOutputProcessing:ip_outputFunction
Section12.16.PerformanceConsiderations
Section12.17.Summary
Chapter13.IGMP:InternetGroupManagementProtocol
Section13.1.Introduction
Section13.2.CodeIntroduction
Section13.3.igmpStructure
Section13.4.IGMPprotoswStructure
Section13.5.JoiningaGroup:igmp_joingroupFunction
Section13.6.igmp_fasttimoFunction
Section13.7.InputProcessing:igmp_inputFunction
Section13.8.LeavingaGroup:igmp_leavegroupFunction
Section13.9.Summary
Chapter14.IPMulticastRouting
Section14.1.Introduction
Section14.2.CodeIntroduction
Section14.3.MulticastOutputProcessingRevisited
Section14.4.mroutedDaemon
Section14.5.VirtualInterfaces
Section14.6.IGMPRevisited
Section14.7.MulticastRouting
Section14.8.MulticastForwarding:ip_mforwardFunction
Section14.9.Cleanup:ip_mrouter_doneFunction
Section14.10.Summary
Chapter15.SocketLayer
Section15.1.Introduction
Section15.2.CodeIntroduction
Section15.3.socketStructure
Section15.4.SystemCalls
Section15.5.Processes,Descriptors,andSockets
Section15.6.socketSystemCall
Section15.7.getsockandsockargsFunctions
Section15.8.bindSystemCall
Section15.9.listenSystemCall
Section15.10.tsleepandwakeupFunctions
Section15.11.acceptSystemCall
Section15.12.sonewconnandsoisconnectedFunctions
Section15.13.connectSystemcall
Section15.14.shutdownSystemCall
Section15.15.closeSystemCall
Section15.16.Summary
Chapter16.SocketI/O
Section16.1.Introduction
Section16.2.CodeIntroduction
Section16.3.SocketBuffers
Section16.4.write,writev,sendto,andsendmsgSystemCalls
Section16.5.sendmsgSystemCall
Section16.6.senditFunction
Section16.7.sosendFunction
Section16.8.read,readv,recvfrom,andrecvmsgSystemCalls
Section16.9.recvmsgSystemCall
Section16.10.recvitFunction
Section16.11.soreceiveFunction
Section16.12.soreceiveCode
Section16.13.selectSystemCall
Section16.14.Summary
Chapter17.SocketOptions
Section17.1.Introduction
Section17.2.CodeIntroduction
Section17.3.setsockoptSystemCall
Section17.4.getsockoptSystemCall
Section17.5.fcntlandioctlSystemCalls
Section17.6.getsocknameSystemCall
Section17.7.getpeernameSystemCall
Section17.8.Summary
Chapter18.RadixTreeRoutingTables
Section18.1.Introduction
Section18.2.RoutingTableStructure
Section18.3.RoutingSockets
Section18.4.CodeIntroduction
Section18.5.RadixNodeDataStructures
Section18.6.RoutingStructures
Section18.7.Initialization:route_initandrtable_initFunctions
Section18.8.Initialization:rn_initandrn_initheadFunctions
Section18.9.DuplicateKeysandMaskLists
Section18.10.rn_matchFunction
Section18.11.rn_searchFunction
Section18.12.Summary
Chapter19.RoutingRequestsandRoutingMessages
Section19.1.Introduction
Section19.2.rtallocandrtalloc1Functions
Section19.3.RTFREEMacroandrtfreeFunction
Section19.4.rtrequestFunction
Section19.5.rt_setgateFunction
Section19.6.rtinitFunction
Section19.7.rtredirectFunction
Section19.8.RoutingMessageStructures
Section19.9.rt_missmsgFunction
Section19.10.rt_ifmsgFunction
Section19.11.rt_newaddrmsgFunction
Section19.12.rt_msg1Function
Section19.13.rt_msg2Function
Section19.14.sysctl_rtableFunction
Section19.15.sysctl_dumpentryFunction
Section19.16.sysctl_iflistFunction
Section19.17.Summary
Chapter20.RoutingSockets
Section20.1.Introduction
Section20.2.routedomainandprotoswStructures
Section20.3.RoutingControlBlocks
Section20.4.raw_initFunction
Section20.5.route_outputFunction
Section20.6.rt_xaddrsFunction
Section20.7.rt_setmetricsFunction
Section20.8.raw_inputFunction
Section20.9.route_usrreqFunction
Section20.10.raw_usrreqFunction
Section20.11.raw_attach,raw_detach,andraw_disconnectFunctions
Section20.12.Summary
Chapter21.ARP:AddressResolutionProtocol
Section21.1.Introduction
Section21.2.ARPandtheRoutingTable
Section21.3.CodeIntroduction
Section21.4.ARPStructures
Section21.5.arpwhohasFunction
Section21.6.arprequestFunction
Section21.7.arpintrFunction
Section21.8.in_arpinputFunction
Section21.9.ARPTimerFunctions
Section21.10.arpresolveFunction
Section21.11.arplookupFunction
Section21.12.ProxyARP
Section21.13.arp_rtrequestFunction
Section21.14.ARPandMulticasting
Section21.15.Summary
Chapter22.ProtocolControlBlocks
Section22.1.Introduction
Section22.2.CodeIntroduction
Section22.3.inpcbStructure
Section22.4.in_pcballocandin_pcbdetachFunctions
Section22.5.Binding,Connecting,andDemultiplexing
Section22.6.in_pcblookupFunction
Section22.7.in_pcbbindFunction
Section22.8.in_pcbconnectFunction
Section22.9.in_pcbdisconnectFunction
Section22.10.in_setsockaddrandin_setpeeraddrFunctions
Section22.11.in_pcbnotify,in_rtchange,andin_losingFunctions
Section22.12.ImplementationRefinements
Section22.13.Summary
Chapter23.UDP:UserDatagramProtocol
Section23.1.Introduction
Section23.2.CodeIntroduction
Section23.3.UDPprotoswStructure
Section23.4.UDPHeader
Section23.5.udp_initFunction
Section23.6.udp_outputFunction
Section23.7.udp_inputFunction
Section23.8.udp_saveoptFunction
Section23.9.udp_ctlinputFunction
Section23.10.udp_usrreqFunction
Section23.11.udp_sysctlFunction
Section23.12.ImplementationRefinements
Section23.13.Summary
Chapter24.TCP:TransmissionControlProtocol
Section24.1.Introduction
Section24.2.CodeIntroduction
Section24.3.TCPprotoswStructure
Section24.4.TCPHeader
Section24.5.TCPControlBlock
Section24.6.TCPStateTransitionDiagram
Section24.7.TCPSequenceNumbers
Section24.8.tcp_initFunction
Section24.9.Summary
Chapter25.TCPTimers
Section25.1.Introduction
Section25.2.CodeIntroduction
Section25.3.tcp_canceltimersFunction
Section25.4.tcp_fasttimoFunction
Section25.5.tcp_slowtimoFunction
Section25.6.tcp_timersFunction
Section25.7.RetransmissionTimerCalculations
Section25.8.tcp_newtcpcbFunction
Section25.9.tcp_setpersistFunction
Section25.10.tcp_xmit_timerFunction
Section25.11.RetransmissionTimeout:tcp_timersFunction
Section25.12.AnRTTExample
Section25.13.Summary
Chapter26.TCPOutput
Section26.1.Introduction
Section26.2.tcp_outputOverview
Section26.3.DetermineifaSegmentShouldbeSent
Section26.4.TCPOptions
Section26.5.WindowScaleOption
Section26.6.TimestampOption
Section26.7.SendaSegment
Section26.8.tcp_templateFunction
Section26.9.tcp_respondFunction
Section26.10.Summary
Chapter27.TCPFunctions
Section27.1.Introduction
Section27.2.tcp_drainFunction
Section27.3.tcp_dropFunction
Section27.4.tcp_closeFunction
Section27.5.tcp_mssFunction
Section27.6.tcp_ctlinputFunction
Section27.7.tcp_notifyFunction
Section27.8.tcp_quenchFunction
Section27.9.TCP_REASSMacroandtcp_reassFunction
Section27.10.tcp_traceFunction
Section27.11.Summary
Chapter28.TCPInput
Section28.1.Introduction
Section28.2.PreliminaryProcessing
Section28.3.tcp_dooptionsFunction
Section28.4.HeaderPrediction
Section28.5.TCPInput:SlowPathProcessing
Section28.6.InitiationofPassiveOpen,CompletionofActiveOpen
Section28.7.PAWS:ProtectionAgainstWrappedSequenceNumbers
Section28.8.TrimSegmentsoDataisWithinWindow
Section28.9.Self-ConnectsandSimultaneousOpens
Section28.10.RecordTimestamp
Section28.11.RSTProcessing
Section28.12.Summary
Chapter29.TCPInput(Continued)
Section29.1.Introduction
Section29.2.ACKProcessingOverview
Section29.3.CompletionofPassiveOpensandSimultaneousOpens
Section29.4.FastRetransmitandFastRecoveryAlgorithms
Section29.5.ACKProcessing
Section29.6.UpdateWindowInformation
Section29.7.UrgentModeProcessing
Section29.8.tcp_pulloutofbandFunction
Section29.9.ProcessingofReceivedData
Section29.10.FINProcessing
Section29.11.FinalProcessing
Section29.12.ImplementationRefinements
Section29.13.HeaderCompression
Section29.14.Summary
Chapter30.TCPUserRequests
Section30.1.Introduction
Section30.2.tcp_usrreqFunction
Section30.3.tcp_attachFunction
Section30.4.tcp_disconnectFunction
Section30.5.tcp_usrclosedFunction
Section30.6.tcp_ctloutputFunction
Section30.7.Summary
Chapter31.BPF:BSDPacketFilter
Section31.1.Introduction
Section31.2.CodeIntroduction
Section31.3.bpf_ifStructure
Section31.4.bpf_dStructure
Section31.5.BPFInput
Section31.6.BPFOutput
Section31.7.Summary
Chapter32.RawIP
Section32.1.Introduction
Section32.2.CodeIntroduction
Section32.3.RawIPprotoswStructure
Section32.4.rip_initFunction
Section32.5.rip_inputFunction
Section32.6.rip_outputFunction
Section32.7.rip_usrreqFunction
Section32.8.rip_ctloutputFunction
Section32.9.Summary
Epilogue
AppendixA.SolutionstoSelectedExercises
Chapter1
Chapter2
Chapter3
Chapter4
Chapter5
Chapter6
Chapter7
Chapter8
Chapter9
Chapter10
Chapter11
Chapter12
Chapter13
Chapter14
Chapter15
Chapter16
Chapter17
Chapter18
Chapter19
Chapter20
Chapter21
Chapter22
Chapter23
Chapter24
Chapter25
Chapter26
Chapter27
Chapter28
Chapter29
Chapter30
Chapter31
Chapter32
AppendixB.SourceCodeAvailability
URLs:UniformResourceLocators
4.4BSD-Lite
OperatingSystemsthatRunthe4.4BSD-LiteNetworkingSoftware
RFCs
GNUSoftware
PPPSoftware
mroutedSoftware
ISODESoftware
AppendixC.RFC1122Compliance
SectionC.1.Link-LayerRequirements
SectionC.2.IPRequirements
SectionC.3.IPOptionsRequirements
SectionC.4.IPFragmentationandReassemblyRequirements
SectionC.5.ICMPRequirements
SectionC.6.MulticastingRequirements
SectionC.7.IGMPRequirements
SectionC.8.RoutingRequirements
SectionC.9.ARPRequirements
SectionC.10.UDPRequirements
SectionC.11.TCPRequirements
Bibliography
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AboutSafari|TermsofService
Team-Fly
TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2:The
ImplementationByGaryR.Wright,
W.RichardStevens
TableofContents
Copyright
Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersand
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Data
(Revisedforvol.2)
Stevens,W.Richard.
TCP/IPillustrated.
(Addison-Wesleyprofessionalcomputingseries)
Vol.2byGaryR.Wright,W.RichardStevens.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes.
Contents:v.1.Theprotocolsv.2.The
implementation
1.TCP/IP(Computernetworkprotocol)IWright,
GaryR..,II.Title.III.Series.
TK5105.55.S741994004.6'29340000
ISBN0-201-63346-9(v.l)
ISBN0-201-63354-X(v.2)
TheBSDDaemonusedonthecoverofthisbookis
reproducedwiththepermissionofMarshallKirk
McKusick.
Copyright©1995byAddison-Wesley
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybe
reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or
transmitted,inanyform,orbyanymeans,electronic,
mechanical,photocopying,recording,orother-wise,
withoutthepriorconsentofthepublisher.Printedin
theUnitedStatesofAmerica.Published
simultaneouslyinCanada.
Textprintedonrecycledandacid-freepaper.
121314151617CR03020100
12thPrintingNovember2000
Dedication
Tomyparentsandmysister,
fortheirloveandsupport.
G.R.W.
Tomyparents,
forthegiftofaneducation,
andtheexampleofaworkethic.
W.R.S.
Team-Fly
Team-Fly
TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2:The
ImplementationByGaryR.Wright,
W.RichardStevens
TableofContents
Preface
Introduction
OrganizationoftheBook
IntendedAudience
SourceCodeCopyright
Acknowledgments
Team-Fly
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Team-Fly
TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2:The
ImplementationByGaryR.Wright,
W.RichardStevens
TableofContents
Preface
Introduction
Thisbookdescribesandpresentsthe
sourcecodeforthecommonreference
implementationofTCP/IP:the
implementationfromtheComputer
SystemsResearchGroup(CSRG)atthe
UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.
Historicallythishasbeendistributedwith
the4.xBSDsystem(BerkeleySoftware
Distribution).Thisimplementationwas
firstreleasedin1982andhassurvived
manysignificantchanges,muchfine
tuning,andnumerousportstootherUnix
andnon-Unixsystems.Thisisnotatoy
implementation,butthefoundationfor
TCP/IPimplementationsthatarerundaily
onhundredsofthousandsofsystems
worldwide.Thisimplementationalso
providesrouterfunctionality,lettingus
showthedifferencesbetweenahost
implementationofTCP/IPandarouter.
Wedescribetheimplementationand
presenttheentiresourcecodeforthe
kernelimplementationofTCP/IP,
approximately15,000linesofCcode.The
versionoftheBerkeleycodedescribedin
thistextisthe4.4BSD-Literelease.This
codewasmadepubliclyavailableinApril
1994,anditcontainsnumerous
networkingenhancementsthatwere
addedtothe4.3BSDTahoereleasein
1988,the4.3BSDRenoreleasein1990,
andthe4.4BSDreleasein1993.
(AppendixBdescribeshowtoobtainthis
sourcecode.)The4.4BSDreleaseprovides
thelatestTCP/IPfeatures,suchas
multicastingandlongfatpipesupport(for
high-bandwidth,long-delaypaths).Figure
1.1providesadditionaldetailsofthe
variousreleasesoftheBerkeley
networkingcode.
Thisbookisintendedforanyonewishing
tounderstandhowtheTCP/IPprotocols
areimplemented:programmerswriting
networkapplications,system
administratorsresponsibleformaintaining
computersystemsandnetworksutilizing
TCP/IP,andanyprogrammerinterestedin
understandinghowalargebodyof
nontrivialcodefitsintoarealoperating
system.
Team-Fly
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Team-Fly
TCP/IPIllustrated,Volume2:The
ImplementationByGaryR.Wright,
W.RichardStevens
TableofContents
Preface
OrganizationoftheBook
Thefollowingfigureshowsthevarious
protocolsandsubsystemsthatare
covered.Theitalicnumbersbyeachbox
indicatethechaptersinwhichthattopicis
described.
Wetakeabottom-upapproachtothe
TCP/IPprotocolsuite,startingatthedatalinklayer,thenthenetworklayer(IP,ICMP,
IGMP,IProuting,andmulticastrouting),
followedbythesocketlayer,andfinishing
withthetransportlayer(UDP,TCP,and
rawIP).
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