So sánh chuẩn mực kế toán nhật bản và IFRS (word)

JGAAP-IFRS
comparison
English version 3. 0
[equivalent of Japanese version 4.0]

Contents
Contents ............................................................................

2

Introduction .......................................................................

3

Presentation of Financial St ate ments, Accounting Policies,
Changes in Accounting E st i ma t e s and Errors, Assets Held for
Sale and Discontinued Operations .........................................

4

Consolidation ......................................................................

7

Equity Method ...................................................................

14

Joint Ventu res/Arrangements .............................................

17

B u s in e s s Combinations .......................................................

18

Inventory ..........................................................................

21

Intangible Assets a nd Research and Development C o s t s .........

23

Fixed Assets .....................................................................

26

Investment Property ..........................................................

29

Impairment of a s s e t s ..........................................................

31

Lea se s ..............................................................................

33

Financial Inst rument s .........................................................

36

Foreign Currency ...............................................................

56

Income Tax ........................................................................

60

Provision s and Contingencies ..............................................

64

Construction Con tracts ......................................................

67

Revenue Recognition ..........................................................

68

Sha re-Ba sed Payments .......................................................

71


Employee Benefi ts, excluding Sh ar e-Ba sed Pa yments .............

74

Appendix 1 - The Adoption of IFRS in Japan ..........................

78

Appendix 2 - IFRS Related Resou rces ...................................

79

2

Introduction
To d a y , in a move toward s i mproving the comparability of fi nancial s
tatements and to reducing
the costs of raising capital in international market s and so on, count
ries around the world are
co nverg i ng their national accounting standards wit h Internatio
nal Financial Reporting
Standards (“IFRS”) o r are adopting IFRS itself.
In J a p a n too, The Accounti ng Standards Board of J a p a n ( “A S B J”
) and t he International
Account ing Standards Board (“IASB”) concluded the “Tokyo A g re e
m e n t ” in A u g u s t 20 07 and
agree d to the acceleration of co nverg e n ce . Specifi cally, it outli
ned that t he signifi cant
diff erences b et wee n Ja p a n e s e generally accepted accounting princ
iples (“JGAAP”) and IFRS
would be eliminated b y t he end of 20 08 and that the remai nin
g diff erences would be

eliminated b y 30 June 2011. T h ro u g h the co nverg e n ce projec
t consistent with that
ag ree me nt , the diff erences be tw e e n IFRS and JGAAP a re eliminated
considerably.
Fu r t h e rm ore , in Fe b r u a r y 2 00 9 t he Financial Services A g e n c y of J a p
a n issued a proposed roa d
ma p f or adopting IFRS, and serious consideration of adoption of IFRS
in J a p a n comme nce d .


There are still a n u m b e r of diff erences b et w ee n JGAAP and IFRS b
ecause c onve rge nce based
on the “Tokyo A g re e me nt ” is ongoing and as revisions continue to b
e ma de and n e w standards
issued in IFRS.
In this booklet, we outline t he diff erences be tw e e n t he t w o sets of
standards b y accounting
topic. It is n ot possible to describe comp re he nsive ly every diff er
ence which could arise in
accounting f or all transactions, and we h a v e focused as m u c h as pos
sible o n those diff erences
whi ch are considered to be mo st c o m m o n in c urre nt practice.
We h a v e taken care in preparing this booklet. However as the infor
mation is summarised, this
booklet is intended to be used as general guidance only and is n ot
intended to be used as
detailed advice o r in place of professional judgment. Please ref e r to
the original texts f or the
detailed guidance. Also, we re c o mm e nd that you consult with sp
ecialists about particular

JGAAP
IFRS
Account ing Differenc
(Regulation f o r Te rmi no l o g y , Fo(IAS1.
r
38, 39)
► Significant
periods require m s
Comparative information, at a
es d
and Preparation of Consolidatedminimum f o r one previous perio
to be presentedFinancial Statements: Presentatid,
shall be disclosed f o r all amo unt s
on)
The prior period and the c u rre ntre ported in the fi nancial stateme
nts.
period consolidated fi nancial
statements m u st be presented
Compone nt s of (Regulation f o r Te rmi no l o g y , Fo(IAS1.10)
r
fi nancial
The following stateme nts m u st
ms
statements
and Preparation of Consolidatedbe

Financial Stateme nts: Presentatiprepared ※1: ,2
on)
The following statements ( ※1 ) m► Stateme nt of Financial Positio
ust
n
be prepared:
► Consolidated Balance Sheet ► Stateme nt of Compre he nsive
Income (a single stateme nt
► Stateme nt of Consolidated
Compre he nsive Income (a sin approach) ※4 o r an Income
gle
Stateme nt and a Stateme nt
state me nt approach) o r an
f
Income State me nt and a
O t h e r Compre he nsive Incom
Stateme nt of O t h e r
e (a
Compre he nsive Income (a t w
t w o stateme nt approach) ※3
o
► Stateme nt of Changes in Equi
state me nt approach) ( ※2)
ty
► Consolidated Stateme nt of► Stateme nt of Cash Flows
Changes in Shareholders’ ► Account ing Policies and O t h e r
Eq uit y
E xpl a nat or y Inf ormation
► Consolidated Cash Fl ow
※1 Titles ot h e r than those listed

Stateme nts
► Consolidated Sup ple me ntarya b ove may be used f or these
Inf ormation
statements.
※1 E v e n if an entit y applies an
※2 If an e ntity applies an account
accounting policy retrospectiveling
y,
policy retrospectively, makes a
makes a retrospective restate mretrospe cti ve restate me nt of ite
e nt of
ms in
items in its fi nancial statements its fi nancial statements o r reclas
or
sifi es
reclassifi es items in its fi nancial items in its fi nancial statements,
statements, it does not need to it
prepare an opening balance shem u st prepa re an opening balanc
3
4


Presentation of Financial Statements,
Accounting
Policies, Changes in Accounting Estima
tes and
Errors, Assets Held for Sale and Discon
tinued
Operations

JGAAP
IFRS
Presentation of(Regulation f o r Te rmi no l o g y , Fo(IAS1.87)
r
extra ord i na ry m s
N o profi t o r loss items are allowe
gains and lossesand Preparation of Financial
d to
be presented as extr a ordi nar y
Stateme nts 62,63)
Items related to extr a ordi nar y ems
in the state me nt of comprehe nsi
ains
ve
and losses are presented b y ca t e
Other
In principle, it is n ot expected th ( IAS 1.95,96)
comp re he nsiveat
Certain items a re recognised in
income not
t he re will be items of comp re he nt he r
reclassifi ed to sive
comp re he nsive income and are
profi t o r loss
income that, as in IFRS, will not n ot
reclassifi ed to profi t o r loss in
e
subsequent periods.

reclassifi ed to profi t and loss
subsequently.
(Revised standard IAS 1 . 8 2A )
Within ot h e r comp re he nsive inc
ome
items which will n ot be reclassifi
ed
subsequently to profi t o r loss; an
d
Presentation of(Regulation f o r Te rmi no l o g y , Fo(IAS1.83)
r
t he total of
(revised standard IAS 1.81B)
ms
profi t/loss and and Preparation of ConsolidatedProfi t ( o r loss) and total
comp re he nsiveFinancial Statements 65. 3 6 9 7.2comp re he nsive income f or t he
income
eriod
)
attributable to Profi t (o r loss) attributable to
attributable to non-controlling
minorit y
minorit y interests is presented interests shall be presented.
interests f or the
n t he
re porti ng perio consolidated profi t and loss
d
statement.
( comprehe nsi vThe amo unt of comprehe nsi ve
e

income attributable to o w n e r s of
De part ure f ro mN o such rule exists.
(IAS1.19)
a re quire me nt
In the ex t re m e l y rare circumsta
f
nces
a standard to
in w hi ch compliance with a
gi ve a fairer
re quire me nt in an IFRS would be
presentation
so
misleading that it would confl ict
wit h
o r be c o n t r a r y to t he Fr a m e w or k
f or
t he Preparation and Presentatio
No n- c urre nt
There a re no specifi c rules.
(IFRS5.6,15)
assets classifi edH o w e v e r , u nd e r t he Standard f oIf the ca rr yi ng value of assets wil
as held f o r sale r t he
l be
(and disposal Impairment of Fixed Assets, not re c ov e re d principally t hro ug h a
group s)
e 2,
sale
as examples of indicators of
transaction ra t her t han t h ro u g h

impairment, disposal of a businecontinuing use, t he asset ( o r dis
ss
posal
5
operation and restructurings, g roup ) shall be classifi ed as held
disposal earlier t han initially plan
f or


JGAAP
IFRS
Depreciation ofThere a re no specifi c rules.
(IFR S5.25)
non- current
H o w e v e r , impaired assets m u st Non-curre nt assets ( o r disposal
assets (o r
be
group s) classifi ed as held f or sale
disposal group sdepreciated f ro m the book valuea re
)
f ro m
n ot depreciated.
classifi ed as helwhich t he amo unt of impairme nt
d
loss
Presentation ofThere a re no specifi c rules.
(IFRS 5. 38)
non- current
Non-curre nt assets and liabilities
assets classifi ed

classifi ed as held f o r sale ( o r disp
as held f o r sale
osal
group s), and a n y cumulative inc
ome
o r expe nse recognised in ot he r
comp re he nsive income o r loss
relating to a non- current asset
(or
disposal gro up ) classifi ed as held
f or
sale, shall be separately present
ed
within assets, liabilities and eq uit
y in
t he stateme nt of fi nancial positi
on
and within t he stateme nt of
comp re he nsive income, respecti
vely.
Presentation ofThere a re no specifi c rules.
(IFR S5.30,33)
discontinued
The following total amount s m u
operations
st be
separated as a single item f ro m
he
a mou nt s arising f ro m continuing
operations in t he stateme nt of

comp re he nsive income (profi t a
nd
loss stateme nt):
► t he post-tax profi t o r loss of
discontinued operations;
► t he post-tax gain o r loss
recognised o n the me a sure m
e nt
to fair value less costs to sell
r
o n disposal of t he assets ( o r
disposal group) .
※ An analysis of post–tax profi t


6


►

es

Consolidation

Significant differenc
JGAAP

IFRS

Scope of

(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27.4,12,13,14)
consolidation Consolidated Financial Stateme nThe scope of consolidation is bas
ts
ed on
6, 7, 13)
the concept of control.
The scope of consolidation is basControl exists w h e n the parent e
ed
ntit y
on the concept of control.
is able to g o v e rn t he fi nancial and
A pare nt c o mp a n y controls a notoperating policies of an e ntity s
her
o as
c om p a ny w h e n it has control ovto obtain benefi ts f ro m that entit
er t he
y’s
b o d y which makes the fi nancial, activities.
operating and business decisionsW h e n assessing w h e t h e r an entit
(the
y has
decision making b od y) of that otcontrol over a not he r entity,
her
potentially exercisable or conver
comp a n y.
tible
instrume nts with voti ng rights ar
There are n o specifi c rules aboue
considered.

t the
eff ect of potential voti ng p o w e r ( N e w standard IFRS10.7)
or
The scope of consolidation is bas
w h e t h e r the decision ma ker is a ed on
principal o r an age nt w h e n judgi the concept of control.
ng
An i nvest or controls an investee
the existence of control.
On t he ot her hand, similar to ‘deif and
onl y if t he inve stor has all the
facto
following:
control’ in IFRS10, e ve n if less t h(a) p o w e r o v e r the investee;
an
(b) exposure , o r rights, to variabl
half of t he voti ng rights a re held,e
t he re are rules that require an e n
re t urns f ro m its invol vement wit
tity
h t he
to ma ke the judgment as to w h e tinvestee; and
her
(c) the ability to use its p o w e r o v
control exists b y also including t e r t he
he
investee to aff ect the a mou nt of
voti ng rights held b y closely relathe
ted
investor’s ret urns.

parties o r parties with the same
intention after considering t he ( N e w standard IFRS10.B, B47)
st r uct ure of the Boards of DirectW h e n assessing control, an inve s
ors,
tor
the fi nancial position, and t he
considers its potential voti ng righ
existence of a n y contracts w hich
7



JGAAP

IFRS

Scope of
(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27.4, 12)
consolidation Consolidated Financial Stateme nAll entities, w hi ch are in substanc
(exception)
ts
e
14)
controlled m u st be consolidated,
The following entities are excludt he re
ed
are n o exceptions similar to the
f ro m the scope of consolidation:JGAAP exceptions.
► subsidiaries w h e re control is

( N e w standard IFRS10 Appendix
t e m p or a r y ;
► subsidiaries which, if
A,
consolidated, would give rise IFRS9.3.2.1)
o
In accordance with IFRS10, all
the risk of substantially
subsidiaries m ust be consolidate
Special purpos(Tre a t m e n t of the revision of the(SIC12.8)
scope of consolidation of subsidiSPE s shall be consolidated w h e n
e
he
entities (SPEs) aries
substance of the relationship b e t
and str uct uredand affi liated companies)
entities (SE) (Tre a t m e n t in practice regardingw e e n
the
an entit y and t he SPE indicates th
control and t he infl uence standar
at
ds in
the S P E is controlled b y t he entity
relation to inve stment vehicles) .
Certain SPE s which m e e t certain
conditions are presume d not to ( N e w standard IFRS10)
me e t
As set out in IFRS10.7, str uct ure
the defi nition of subsidiaries.
d

The scope of consolidation of
entities (SEs) that an inve stor co
U ni f orm
(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27.24, 25)
accounting
Consolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS10.19, B87)
policies of
ts
Consolidated fi nancial stateme nt
consolidated 17)
s
subsidiaries
(Practical Interim Solution o n
shall be prepared using u nif orm
Unifi cation of Accounti ng Policieaccounting policies f or like
s
transactions and ot her e ve nt s in
Applied to Fore ig n Subsidiaries similar circumstances.
or
If a m e m b e r of the g roup uses
Consolidated Financial Stateme naccounting policies ot he r tha n th
ts)
ose
Accounti ng policies and proce d uadopted in the consolidated fi nan
res
cial
f o r like transactions in similar
stateme nts f o r like transactions
circumstances applied b y the par

nd
ent
e ve nt s in similar circumstances,
and the subsidiary, in principle, appropriate adj ustments a re ma
hall
de to
be unifi ed.
its fi nancial stateme nts in prepari
H o w e v e r , if the fi nancial statem ng
ents
the consolidated statements.
of t he foreign subsidiary a re pre
pared
in accordance with IFRS o r U S G A
AP,
as an interim measure
8
, these ca
n be



JGAAP

IFRS

Non-cotermino(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27.22, 23, 41(c))
us re porti ng Consolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS 10.B92, B93)
periods

ts
The fi nancial stateme nts of t he
Note 4)
arent
W h e n the diff erence be tw e e n thand its subsidiaries used in the
e end
preparation of the consolidated
of t he rep orting period of the
fi nancial stateme nts shall be pre
subsidiary and that of the parentpared
is
as of t he same date.
less than t hre e mont hs, the fi nan
W h e n the end of t he reporting pe
cial
riod
stateme nts of t he subsidiary canof t he parent is diff erent f ro m tha
be
t of
used as t h e y a re f o r consolidatioa subsidiary, t he subsidiary prep
n
ares,
purposes. In that case, adjustmef o r consolidation purposes, additi
nts
onal
shall be made f or t he eff ects of fi nancial stateme nts as of t he sa
signifi cant intragroup transactiome
ns.
date as t he fi nancial stateme nts
of t he

pare nt unless it is impracticable
o do
so (after making every reasonab
le
Presentation of(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS1.82, 83)
profi t o r loss Consolidated Financial Stateme n(Revised IAS1.81B)
attributable to ts
Profi t o r loss and total comp re he
non-controlling39)
nsi ve
interests
In t he Consolidated Profi t and Loincome f or t he period are presen
(mi nority
ss
ted
interests)
(t w o state me nt approach) and th
including non-controlling
e
interests
Consolidated Profi t and Los s and(mi norit y interests), and a mou nt
Comp re he nsi ve Income (single s
stateme nt approach), after deduattributable to non-controlling
cting
interests and to the parent c o m p
o r adding income ta x to profi t bea n y
f ore
are disclosed as allocations in t he
incomes taxes and similar, t he prfi nancial stateme nts.

ofi t
bef ore minorit y interests is
presented, t he n minorit y interes
ts a re
deducted o r added to present th
e
profi t and loss f or t he period.
In t he t w o state me nt approach,
Consolidated comprehe nsi ve Inc
ome,
and in t he single state me nt appr
oach,
9
Consolidated Profi t and Los s and



JGAAP

IFRS

Allocation of (Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27.28)
losses of a
Consolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS10, B94)
subsidiary to ts
E v e n w h e n non-controlling
non-controlling27)
interests
interests

If t he proportionate losses of
result in a defi cit balance, total
subsidiaries relating to the minorcomprehe nsi ve income is attribu
ity
ted to
interests’ share excee d the amoboth non-controlling interests
unt
and the
that t he mi nority interests are opare nt c omp a ny.
Loss of control(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27. 34)
of a subsidiaryConsolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS10.25, B97ts
99)
29 )
The parent c o mp a n y recognises
(Account ing Standard f or Businea n y
ss
remai ning interest at fair value
t t he
Separations 38, 48(1) ①)
(Application Guidance on Accoundate that control is lost.
ting
Standards f or Business Combinat
ions
and Business Separations 275, 2
76,
288(2))
As t he result of a disposal etc, w
hen
the remaining inve stment re pre s

ent s
an inve stment in an associate, th
e
inve stment is accounted f or usin
g t he
eq uity method . W h e n the remai
ning
inve stment does n ot me e t t he
defi nition of an associate, it is val
ued
based on its ca rr yi ng value in t he
separate fi nancial stateme nts of
the
parent.

10



JGAAP

IFRS

Cha ng e in a
(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS 27. 30)
parent’s
Consolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS10.23)
owner shi p
ts

Cha nges in a parent’s ow nership
interest in a
28-30)
interest in a subsidiary that do n o
subsidiary that(Account ing Standard f or Businet
result in a loss of control a re
does n ot resultss
Separations 48, 38,17-19, 39) accounted f or as eq uity transacti
in a loss of
control
Fo r purchases of an additional shons.
are
in a subsidiary, a n y diff erence
b e t we e n the value of the interes
t
acquired and the a mou nt investe
d is
recognised as goodwill (or ne gati
ve
goodwill). Fo r disposals, a n y
diff erence be tw e e n t he reductio
n in
the interest sold and the reducti
on in
the i nvest me nt amo unt is re cord
ed as
a profi t o r loss on disposal of the
shares in the subsidiary.
Fo r increases o r decreases in
interests in a subsidiary as a resu

lt of
stock issues etc. o r business
Separate
(Account ing Standard f or Financi(IAS 27. 38)
fi nancial
(Revised IAS27. 10)
statements
al
Inve stments in associates and
Instrume nts 17 )
interests in joint ve nt ure s m u st
In t he separate fi nancial statemee
nts,
accounted f or b y either:
inve stments in subsidiaries and ► cost, o r
associates are accounted f or at ► in accordance with IFRS9/ IAS3
historical cost.
9
H o w e v e r , w h e n investments
accounted f or at cost are classifi
ed as
“held f o r sale” in accordance wit
h
IFRS5, such i nvest me nt s a re
accounted f or in accordance with
IFRS5.

11

JGAAP

IFRS

Loss of control(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS27. 34)
of a subsidiaryConsolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS10.25, B97ts
99)
29 )
The parent c o mp a n y recognises
(Account ing Standard f or Businea n y
ss
remai ning interest at fair value
t t he
Separations 38, 48(1) ①)
(Application Guidance on Accoundate that control is lost.
ting
Standards f or Business Combinat
ions
and Business Separations 275, 2
76,
288(2))
As t he result of a disposal etc, w
hen
the remaining inve stment re pre s
ent s
an inve stment in an associate, th
e
Cha ng e in a

(Account ing Standard f or
(IAS 27. 30)
parent’s
Consolidated Financial Stateme n( N e w standard IFRS10.23)
owner shi p
ts
Cha nges in a parent’s ow nership
interest in a
28-30)
interest in a subsidiary that do n o
subsidiary that(Account ing Standard f or Businet
does n ot resultss
result in a loss of control a re
in a loss of
Separations 48, 38,17-19, 39) accounted f or as eq uity transacti
control
Fo r purchases of an additional shons.
are
in a subsidiary, a n y diff erence
b e t we e n the value of the interes
t
acquired and the a mou nt investe
d is
recognised as goodwill (or ne gati
ve
goodwill). Fo r disposals, a n y
diff erence be tw e e n t he reductio
n in
the interest sold and the reducti
on in

the i nvest me nt amo unt is re cord
ed as
a profi t o r loss on disposal of the
shares in the subsidiary.
Fo r increases o r decreases in
interests in a subsidiary as a resu
lt of
stock issues etc. o r business
combinations and such like, the
diff erence be tw e e n t he increase
in
12
the interest and increase
in t he
inve stment a re treated as goodw


JGAAP
Separate
fi nancial
statements

IFRS

(Account ing Standard f or Financi(IAS 27. 38)
(Revised IAS27. 10)
al
Inve stments in associates and
Instrume nts 17 )
In t he separate fi nancial statemeinterests in joint ve nt ure s m u st

e
nts,
inve stments in subsidiaries and accounted f or b y either:
associates are accounted f or at ► cost, o r
► in accordance with IFRS9/ IAS3
historical cost.
9
H o w e v e r , w h e n investments
accounted f or at cost are classifi
ed as
“held f o r sale” in accordance wit
h
IFRS5, such i nvest me nt s a re
accounted f or in accordance with
IFRS5.

Separate
fi nancial
statements

(Account ing Standard f or Financi(IAS 27. 38)
(Revised IAS27. 10)
al
Inve stments in associates and
Instrume nts 17 )
interests in joint ve nt ure s m u st
In t he separate fi nancial statemee
nts,
accounted f or b y either:
inve stments in subsidiaries and ► cost, o r

associates are accounted f or at ► in accordance with IFRS9/ IAS3
historical cost.
9
H o w e v e r , w h e n investments
accounted f or at cost are classifi
ed as
“held f o r sale” in accordance wit
h


13