Statistics salkind 4e test bank ch06

Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding Reliability and Validity
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Reliability and validity should be considered
a. Before you start analyzing data
b. After data have been analyzed
c. When data are being collected
d. In regard to research on human subjects only
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
What’s Up With This Measurement Stuff?
This is a stats class! What’s up with this measurement stuff?
Comprehension

2. _______ explore(s) the question, “How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use

works every time I use it?”
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Both reliability and validity
d. Neither reliability nor validity
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
What’s Up With This Measurement Stuff?
What reliability and validity are and why they are important
Comprehension

3. _______ explore(s) the question, “How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use

measures what it is supposed to?”
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Both reliability and validity
d. Neither reliability nor validity
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
What’s Up With This Measurement Stuff?
What reliability and validity are and why they are important
Comprehension

4. If data are not reliable or not valid, the results of any test or hypothesis
a. Must be true
b. Are inconclusive

c. Are valid in only certain situations
d. Must be interpreted
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
What’s Up With This Measurement Stuff?
This is a stats class! What’s up with this measurement stuff?
Knowledge


5. Reliability and validity specifically relate to the
a. Quality of the data themselves
b. Appropriateness of the statistical tests chosen
c. Qualitative methodology
d. Correlations between variables
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
What’s Up With This Measurement Stuff?
This is a stats class! What’s up with this measurement stuff?

Comprehension

6. The outcome variable in an analysis is called the _______.
a. Predictor variable
b. Treatment variable
c. Dependent variable
d. Independent variable
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
An Introduction to Reliability and Validity
What reliability and validity are and why they are important
Comprehension

7. If you wanted to examine the impact of fast-food consumption on weight gain, your

measurement of weight gain would be the _______.
a. Dependent variable
b. Treatment variable
c. Predictor variable
d. Independent variable
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
An Introduction to Reliability and Validity
What reliability and validity are and why they are important
Application

8. _______ is the least precise level of measurement.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANS: A
PTS: 1
OBJ: The basic measurement scales

DIF: Easy
REF: In Sum . . .
COG: Comprehension

9. _______ is the most precise level of measurement.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANS: D
PTS: 1
OBJ: The basic measurement scales

DIF: Easy
REF: In Sum . . .
COG: Comprehension


10. _______ is the level of measurement where outcomes are based on some underlying

continuum where it is possible to speak about how much more a higher performance is than a
lower one.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: 1 + 1 = 2: The Interval Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Comprehension
11. _______ is the level of measurement where outcomes can only be placed into unranked

categories.
a. Nominal
b. Ratio
c. Interval
d. Ordinal
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: A Rose by Any Other Name: The Nominal Level of Measurement

OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Comprehension
12. _______ is the level of measurement where outcomes can be rank ordered.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Ratio
d. Interval
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Any Order Is Fine With Me: The Ordinal Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Comprehension
13. _______ is the level of measurement where outcomes are based on some underlying

continuum that also contains a true or absolute zero.
a. Ratio
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Nominal
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Can Anyone Have Nothing of Anything? The Ratio Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Comprehension
14. Only the _______ level of measurement has a true zero.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval

d. Ratio
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Can Anyone Have Nothing of Anything? The Ratio Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Comprehension


15. Moving from the nominal to the ratio level of measurement, your data
a. Become less precise and detailed
b. Become more precise and detailed
c. Do not change in precision
d. Change depending on the individual data
ANS: B
PTS: 1
OBJ: The basic measurement scales

DIF: Easy
REF: In Sum . . .
COG: Comprehension

16. Which of the following is concerned with monitoring estimates of present performance and

predictions of future performance?
a. Content validity
b. Predictive validity
c. Concurrent validity
d. Construct validity
ANS: B

PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
17. What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
a. Content validity
b. Predictive validity
c. Concurrent validity
d. Construct validity
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Content Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
18. If you want to know that a test measures some underlying psychological construct, what type

of validity evidence would you want to collect?
a. Content validity
b. Construct validity
c. Predictive validity
d. Concurrent validity
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Construct Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
19. If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set

of abilities, what type of validity evidence are you collecting?
a. Criterion validity
b. Content validity
c. Construct validity
d. Internal consistency
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge


20. If I can say that my weekly statistics quiz fairly assesses the material covered, what source of

validity evidence should I have collected?
a. Criterion validity
b. Content validity
c. Construct validity
d. Concurrent validity
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Content Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Application
21. What is the key to establishing criterion validity?
a. Number of criteria
b. Quality of criterion

c. Type of correlation
d. Predictive ability
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
22. Which of the following is NOT a measure of validity?
a. Content validity
b. Parallel forms validity
c. Criterion validity
d. Construct validity
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Different Types of Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
23. _______ is established by consultation with an expert on the topic focused upon by your

instrument.
a. Content validity
b. Criterion validity
c. Parallel forms validity
d. Construct validity
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Content Validity

OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
24. _______ is determined by the association between the test scores and some specified present

or future criterion.
a. Construct validity
b. Criterion validity
c. Content validity
d. Internal consistency validity
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge


25. _______ is based on the judgment of how well a test reflects an underlying idea.
a. Construct validity
b. Criterion validity
c. Internal consistency validity
d. Content validity
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Construct Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Knowledge
26. High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of what type

of validity?
a. Concurrent validity
b. Predictive validity
c. Content validity
d. Construct validity
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Application
27. In terms of the reliability of test scores, there are multiple elements to each person’s score.

The score that is actually recorded is the _______.
a. Error score
b. True score
c. False score
d. Observed score
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Test Scores—Truth or Dare
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge
28. “A measure of how stable a test is over time” is an example of which of the following types of

reliability?
a. Interrater
b. Test–retest
c. Parallel forms

d. Internal consistency
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Test–Retest Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge
29. The correlation between scores from Time 1 and Time 2 is called _______.
a. Test–retest reliability
b. Parallel forms reliability
c. Internal consistency reliability
d. Similar forms reliability
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Test–Retest Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Comprehension


30. The correlation between two forms of the same test is called _______.
a. Parallel forms reliability
b. Parallel forms validity
c. Test–retest reliability
d. Internal consistency reliability
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Parallel Forms Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients

COG: Knowledge
31. Cronbach’s alpha is used to calculate _______.
a. Internal consistency reliability
b. Internal consistency validity
c. Parallel forms reliability
d. Internal validity
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Internal Consistency Reliability
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Knowledge

32. The number of agreements between your two raters divided by the total number of possible

agreements is the way to calculate _______.
a. Parallel forms reliability
b. Multiple judges reliability
c. Interrater reliability
d. Multiple judges validity
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients

COG: Comprehension
33. _______ is the type of validity that examines how well a test outcome is consistent with a

criterion that occurs in the present.
a. Content validity
b. Predictive validity
c. Concurrent criterion validity
d. Test–retest validity
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Comprehension
34. _______ is the type of validity that examines how well a test outcome is consistent with a

criterion that occurs in the future.
a. Content validity
b. Test–retest validity
c. Concurrent criterion validity
d. Predictive validity
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Criterion Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Comprehension


35. _______ is the score that you would receive if the test contained no error.

a. Observed score
b. Actual score
c. True score
d. Error score
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Test Scores—Truth or Dare
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge
36. The actual or measured score is called the _______.
a. True score
b. Observed score
c. Error score
d. Real score
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Test Scores—Truth or Dare
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge
37. The _______ is the difference between the observed and true scores.
a. Score differential
b. Score difference
c. Error score
d. Error of approximation
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Observed Score = True Score + Error Score
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Comprehension

38. Which coefficient reflects the occurrence of perfect reliability?
a. 1.00
b. .5
c. .100
d. 2.00
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
How Big Is Big? Interpreting Reliability Coefficients
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Comprehension

39. Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate

observed behaviors using the same form, and the number of items that were rated the same is
calculated. This is an example of which type of reliability?
a. Parallel forms

b. Test–retest
c. Interrater
d. Internal consistency
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients


COG: Application
40. If the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent, you might conclude that the

measure is _______.
a. Standard
b. Valid
c. Reliable
d. Concurrent
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Reliability—Doing It Again Until You Get It Right
What reliability and validity are and why they are important
Comprehension

41. Which of the following is NOT a measure of reliability?
a. Test–retest reliability
b. Multiple-forms reliability
c. Internal consistency reliability
d. Interrater reliability
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Different Types of Reliability
What reliability and validity are and why they are important
Comprehension

42. When we calculate reliability, we know the observed score. What are the two unknown

components of the reliability equation?
a. Method and error scores
b. Means and standard deviations
c. Test–retest and interrater scores
d. True and error scores
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

D

PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Observed Score = True Score + Error Score
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Comprehension

43. Interrater reliability measures consistency
a. Over time
b. From form to form
c. Across different tests
d. From rater to rater
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge
44. Which of the following is the Greek letter associated with Cronbach’s alpha, sometimes

known as coefficient alpha?
a. k
b. 
c. 


d. s
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Internal Consistency Reliability
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Knowledge

45. Test–retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
a. Measure of consistency
b. Measure of reliability over time
c. Measure of agreement
d. Measure of equivalence
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Test–Retest Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Comprehension
46. Parallel forms reliability is an example of which of the following?
a. Measure of consistency
b. Measure of stability
c. Measure of agreement
d. Measure of equivalence
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Parallel Forms Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Comprehension

47. Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
a. Measure of consistency
b. Measure of stability
c. Measure of agreement
d. Measure of equivalence
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Comprehension
48. What would the interrater reliability be for a 50-item measure in which the number of

agreements between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45?
a. 0.45
b. 80%
c. 0.90
d. 95%
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Application
49. What are the four levels of measurement?
a. Rank, ordinal, nominal, and ratio
b. Ratio, interval, categorical, and nominal
c. Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
d. Nominal, rank, interval, and ordinal

ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: All About Measurement Scales
COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy
OBJ: The basic measurement scales

50. The maximum level of validity possible is equal to
a. The square of the reliability coefficient
b. The square root of the reliability coefficient
c. The cube of the reliability coefficient
d. The square root of the reliability coefficient, plus one
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins
How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
Knowledge

51. Which level of measurement is concerned only with the characteristics of an outcome that fits

into a category?
a. Ordinal

b. Interval
c. Rank
d. Nominal
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: A Rose by Any Other Name: The Nominal Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Knowledge
52. If you are interested in describing the order of variables along a continuum, what level of

measurement would you use?
a. Nominal
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
ANS: C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Any Order Is Fine With Me: The Ordinal Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Knowledge
53. If the underlying continuum we are measuring assumed equal intervals, at what level of

measurement is the associated variable being measured?
a. Ratio
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Nominal
ANS: B

PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: 1 + 1 = 2: The Interval Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Knowledge
54. Which of the following levels of measurement provides the most information about a

variable?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal


c. Interval
d. Ratio
ANS: D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Can Anyone Have Nothing of Anything? The Ratio Level of Measurement
OBJ: The basic measurement scales
COG: Knowledge
55. Who is responsible for creating the formula for coefficient alpha?
a. Lee Cronbach
b. Jacob Cohen
c. Karl Pearson
d. R. A. Fisher
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Internal Consistency Reliability
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Knowledge

56. What is the assignment of values to outcomes defined as?
a. Measurement
b. Listing
c. Assigning
d. Filing
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
An Introduction to Reliability and Validity
This is a stats class! What’s up with this measurement stuff?
Comprehension

57. What is the difference between the true score and the observed score?
a. Critical score
b. Error score
c. Expected score
d. Reliable score
ANS:

REF:
OBJ:
COG:

B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Observed Score = True Score + Error Score
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Knowledge

58. For a total of 18 possible agreements, there are 7 times where Duck and Cow agreed on

whether students in college fell asleep at their desks or not. What is the interrater reliability
coefficient?
a. 56
b. 0.39
c. 3.90
d. .003
ANS: B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Application


59. For a total of 10 possible agreements, there are 8 times where Bear and Cat agreed on whether

children in ice cream commercials closed their eyes while eating ice cream or not. What is the

interrater reliability coefficient?
a. 0.80
b. 0.08
c. 80.0
d. 8.0
ANS: A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Interrater Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Application
TRUE/FALSE
1. The less precise levels of measurement contain all of the qualities of the scales above them.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
OBJ: The basic measurement scales

DIF: Easy
REF: In Sum . . .
COG: Comprehension

2. Observed scores are commonly exactly the same as true scores in the social and behavioral

sciences.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Test Scores—Truth or Dare
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Comprehension

3. For high reliability, you want to reliability coefficients to be positive and as close as possible

to 1.
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

T
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
How Big Is Big? Interpreting Reliability Coefficients
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Comprehension

4. If your test is not reliable, you must try to lower your error.
ANS:
REF:
OBJ:
COG:

T
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
And If You Can’t Establish Reliability . . . Then What?
How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
Comprehension

5. When working on a thesis or dissertation, it is recommended to use an instrument that has

already been established to be reliable and valid.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: A Last, Friendly Word
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Knowledge
6. A test can be valid but not reliable, but it is impossible to have a test that is reliable and not

valid.
ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy


REF: Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Comprehension
SHORT ANSWER
1. What are the four levels of measurement? Give an example of each.
ANS:

Nominal—gender (any categorical variable); Ordinal—winners in a race (numerical order
important here); Interval—GRE results (continuous variables with no true zero);
Ratio—weight (true zero present)
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
OBJ: The basic measurement scales

REF: All About Measurement Scales
COG: Comprehension

2. How does error impact reliability? Write the general equation for reliability that demonstrates

this concept.
ANS:

An increase in error results in a decrease in reliability, and a decrease in error results in an
increase in reliability. Observation = True Score + Error Score
PTS: 1
DIF: Hard
REF: Observed Score = True Score + Error Score
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Analysis
3. Name four types of reliability and what they measure.
ANS:

Answers should include that test–retest measures stability; parallel forms measure
equivalence; interrater measures agreement; and Cronbach’s alpha (or internal consistency)
measures internal consistency.
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Different Types of Reliability
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Knowledge
4. Explain the formula for understanding observed scores. What is included in any observed

score?

ANS:

Observed Scores = True scores + Error Score
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Observed Score = True Score + Error Score
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge
5. What are the traditional types of validity?
ANS:


Content, criterion (both predictive and concurrent), and construct
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Different Types of Validity
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Knowledge
6. What is the difference between reliability and validity?
ANS:

Validity wants to know what is being tested, whereas reliability wants to know how
consistently it is tested.
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Comprehension
7. Why can we not know the true score for a test?
ANS:

We cannot ever know the true score for a test because it is a theoretical reflection of the actual
amount of the trait, characteristic, knowledge, or skill possessed by the individual.
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Test Scores—Truth or Dare
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Comprehension
8. When should we measure internal consistency reliability?
ANS:

You should use internal consistency when you want to know if the items on a test assess
one—and only one—dimension.
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Internal Consistency Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Comprehension
9. When should you use construct validity?
ANS:

You should use construct validity when you want to know if a test measures some underlying
construct or idea behind a measurement tool.
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Construct Validity
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of validity coefficients
COG: Comprehension
10. How do reliability and validity work together?
ANS:

You need both to have a good measure. First, you establish validity; then, you use other
techniques to establish reliability. However, a test cannot be valid if it is not reliable.


PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Comprehension
11. To use archery practice as a metaphor for reliability and validity, hitting the bull’s-eye of a

target demonstrates _______, whereas repeatedly hitting the target in the same small area
demonstrates _______.
ANS:

validity; reliability
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Application
12. For students’ own research projects, Dr. Salkind cautions readers to use measurement tools

that are already established as reliable and valid. Give at least two reasons for this guidance.
ANS:

Time consuming; instrument development is its own project, in addition to the hypothesis
testing; could lead to disaster; by using an established tool, you can get on with hypothesis
testing right away.

PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: A Last, Friendly Word
OBJ: What reliability and validity are and why they are important
COG: Comprehension
13. In order to calculate the different types of reliability, _______ and _______ use Pearson’s

product–moment correlations, introduced in Chapter 5, and _______ and _______ require the
use of their own formulas.
ANS:

parallel forms; test–retest; internal consistency; interrater
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Different Types of Reliability
OBJ: How to compute and interpret various types of reliability coefficients
COG: Knowledge