The life of crustacea

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THE LIFE OF CRUSTACEA

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t-^LIFE

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W.

THE
OF CRUSTACEA

T.

G©py

GALMAN,

hio,

D.Sc,

E^ (y/3.

WITH THIRTY-TWO PLATES AND EIGHTY-FIVE FIGURES

METHUEN & CO. LTD.
36 ESSEX STREET W.G.

LONDON
INVERTEBRATE

\ZOOLOGY
Crustacea


First Published in igii


PREFACE
npHIS

sketch of

the

Natural

History of

the

Crustacea deals chiefly with their habits and

modes

of

life,

and attempts

to provide, for readers

the technicalities of Zoology, an

unfamiliar with

account of some of the more important

scientific

problems suggested by a study of the living animals
in relation to their
I

am

environment.

indebted to the Trustees of the

Museum

for leave to

British

reproduce certain figures pre-

pared for the " Guide to the Crustacea, Arachnida,

Onychophora,

and

Myriopoda

Department of Zoology";
kester,

Black

also

exhibited
to Sir

in

the

Ray Lan-

K.C.B., F.R.S., and to Messrs. A. and C.
for the use of a

volume on Crustacea
edited by Sir

Ray

number

in the

of figures from

my

"Treatise on Zoology,"

Lankester.


THE

vi

The

LIFE OF CRUSTACEA

source of these figures

explanation

attached to each.

illustrations,

some

of

specimens

Museum

;

in

indicated in the

is

Of

the remaining

are reproduced from photographs

the

collection

the others have been

of

the

British

drawn from Nature,

or copied from the original figures of various authors,

by Miss Gertrude M. Woodward,

much

indebted for the care and

to

skill

whom

I

am

which she has

given to their preparation.

W.

T. C.


CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I.

II.

Introductory

The Lobster

......
as a Type of Crustacea

PAGE
i

-

-

6

III.

The Classification of Crustacea

-

-

-

34

IV,

The Metamorphoses of Crustacea

-

-

-

66

-

-

-

88

.

-

-

ny

.

-

138

157

V. Crustacea of

the Seashore

VI. Crustacea of the
VII. Floating
VIII.
IX.

Deep Sea

-

-

'

Crustacea of the Open Sea

Crustacea of Fresh Waters

-

.

.

-

Crustacea of the Land

-

.

.

.

188

-

207

-

237

-

256

Crustacea as Parasites and Messmates

X.

XI, Crustacea in Relation to

XII.

Crustacea of the Past

Appendix
I.

-

...

Man

.

-

:

-..-...
.--..---

Methods of Collecting and Preserving Crus.
tacea

II.

Index

Notes on Books

.

Vll

-

.

.

.

271

277
280



OF ILLUSTRATIONS
IN THE TEXT

LIST

......
.......
----..-

FIG.

1.

The Common Lobster

2.

One OF THE Abdominal Somites of the Lobkter, with

3.

ITS Appendages, separated and viewed from in
Front
Third Maxilliped of Lobster Walking Legs of Lobster
Appendages of Lobster in Front of Third Maxil-

FROM THE Side

4.
5.

6.
7.

-

-

liped
Dissection of Male Lobster, from the Side
Gills of the Lobster, exposed by cutting away the

Side-flap of the Carapace (Branchiostegite)
First Larval Stage of the Common Lobster, x 4 Side view of Rostrum of (A) Common Lobster
{Homarus gammarus) and (B) American Lobster
[Homarus americanus)
-

8.

9.

y

g
11

12

13

16

18

28

-

-

10.

The "Fairy Shrimp"

11.

Estheria ohliqua,

12.

Daphnia pulex,

13.

Much enlarged Shells of Ostracoda.

14.

Cyclops alhidus, a

15.

Nebalia

16.

Mysis

17.

Gnathophausia

Water
bipes.

relicta,

-

One of the Conchostraca
a Common Species of "Water-flea."
-

-

-

35
36

-

-37

-

-

38

Species of Copepod found in Fresh

-

-

-

Enlarged One of the Mysidacea,
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

44

-

47

Enlarged

willemoesii, One of the Deep-sea MysiHalf Natural Size

goodsiri, One of the Cumacea.
Enlarged

dacea.
Diastylis

-

Much enlarged

32

Male.

[Chirocephalus diaphanus),

X 2

8,

PAGE

{Homarus gammarus), Female,

-

ix

-

-

39

-

48

-

49


THE

LIFE OF CRUSTACEA
PAGE

20.

One of the Tanaidacea. Enlarged
A WooDLOUSE {Porcellio scaber), One of the Isopoda.

21.

An Amphipod {Gammarus

22.

Two

19.

Enlarged

23.

50

Apseudes spinosus,

-

-

-

-

Enlarged

locusta).

Species of Caprellid^e
thf
of
Whale-louse
the
Paracyamus boopis,

back

Whale

-

-

-

24. Meganyctiphanes norvegica,

-

-

-51

-

-

53

-

54

-

Hump-

-55

-

One of the Euphausiacea.

26.

Twice Natural Size
Larval Stages of the Common Shore Crab {Carchtus
mcBnas see Plate IX.)
Last Larval Stage of the Common Porcelain Crab

27.

First Larval Stage of Munida rugosa (see Plate VL)

28.

The Phyllosoma Larva of the Common Spiny Lobster

29.

Much enlarged
{Palinunis vulgaris— see Plate V.).
Larval Stages of the Prawn PencBiis (see Plate IV.).

30.

Newly

-

25.

—

-

-

-

{Porcellana longicornis—SEE Fig. 41, P. 113).

-

X 10

-

-

-

-

x 9

-

-

5^

-

68

-

70

-

71

72

X 45

31.

32.

34.

36.

Crayfish
-

-

{Astaciis

-76

-

Much enlarged
Early Larval Stage of a Species of Squilla, prob-

5. dubia.

-

-

x 10

-

-

-

-

-

78

-

-

-

80

Larval Stages of the Brine Shrimp {Artemia salina)Early Nauplius Larva of a Copepod (Cyclops). Much
enlarged Larval Stages of the Common Rock Barnacle
{Balaniis balanoides— see Plate III.)
A Common Hermit Crab {Eupagiivus bernhardtis) removed
from the ShellPylocheles miersii, a Symmetrical Hermit Crab
(Female), a Sand - burrowing
stebbingi
Callianassa
Thalassinid from the South Coast of England.
Natural Size
The Common Sand-hopper {Talitrus saltator), Male,
from the Side, x 3
-

35.

a

Young Specimen of an African River Crab {Potamon
johnstoni), taken from the Abdomen of the Mother.

ably
33.

74

hatched Young of
Enlarged fluviatilis).
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

37.

38.

-

39.

-

-

81

82

83

91

-

-

94

-

-

103

-

108


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

xi
PAGE

FIG,

Sea-weed {Halimeda) B, a
Crab {Huenia proteiis) which lives among the Fronds
OF Halimeda, and closely resembles them in Form
AND Colour. ReducedThe Common Porcelain Crab [Porcellana longicornis),
slightly enlarged, and One of the Third Maxillipeds detached and further enlarged to show
THE Fringe of Long Hairs
A Deep-sea Lobster {Nephropsis stewartii), from the
.
.
Bay of Bengal. Reduced
Munidopsis regia, a Deep-sea Galatheid from the Bay
OF Bengal. Reduced -

40. A,

41.

42.

A Piece of a Tropical

;

-

-

-

no

-

-

-

113

-

43.

...

44.

Thaiimastocheles zaleucus.

45.

A Deep-sea Crab

48.

50.

51.

52.

53.

55.
56.

129

Reduced

-----

131

-

144

-

One of the Eryonidea, Female,

A Female

the Family Lepadid^, showing greatly-developed
Spines. From a Specimen taken in the Atlantic
Ocean, near Madeira, x ii Calocalaniis pavo, One of the Free-swimming Copepoda
OF THE Plankton. Enlarged
Copilia qtiadrata (Female), a Copepod of the Family
CORYC^ID^, SHOWING THE PaIR OF LarGE "TELEx 20

-

-

-

145

146

-

147

-

-

148

-

-

153

colletti,

-

X 50

135

-

Male. From a Specimen taken in
Deep Water near the Canary Islands, x 12
The Brine Shrimp {Artemia salina)
Chydoms sphcsricus, a Common Species of Water-flea.

Phronima

133

Specimen seen from the

Side and from Below, showing the Distendedballoon-like Form of the Anterior Part of the
Body, x 3
The Zoea Larva of a Species of Sergestes, taken by
the " Challenger " Expedition, x 25
The Nauplius Larva of a Species of Barnacle of

SCOPIC " Eyes,
54.

123

-

-

FROM the Indian Seas
Eryon propinqmis, One of the Fossil Eryonidea, from
THE Jurassic Rocks of Solenhofen Conchcecia curta, an Ostracod of the Plankton,
x 40

49. Mimonectes loveni.

122

-

Reduced

[Platymaia ityville-thonisoni).

46. Polycheles phosphorus,

47.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

154

164
166


THE

LIFE OF CRUSTACEA

57.

A Water-flea

{Daphnia pulex), Female, with

58.

Bythotrephes longmanus,

xii

PAGE

FIG.

piUM containing
Brood-sac.

Ephip-

Two "Resting

Eggs." x 20
Female, with Embryos in the
-

x 12

-

-

-

-

-

63.

Female, x 25
Asellus aqtiaticus, Female,
x 4
Map showing the Distribution of Crayfishes
A Well Shrimp (Niphaygus aqiulex). x 7
The Sea-slater {Ligia oceanica). About Twice Natural

64.

Structure of the Breathing Organs of

59.

60.
61.
62.

Diaptomiis casruleus,

-

scaher

66.

171

-

i73

.......
..-.-..

65. Armadillidium vidgare.

Two Branches

of

x 2|

a

Coral

-

-

[Seriatopora)

-

-

185

200
202

203

showing

69.

70.

Cirolana borealis.

68.

175

Poycellio

"Galls" inhabited by the Crab Hapalocarcinus
marsiipialis.

On the Right the Female Crab,
EXTRACTED FROM THE GaLL AND FURTHER ENLARGED
Hyperia galba, Female. Enlarged
A, The Crab Melia tessellata clinging to a Branch of
Coral, and carrying in Each Claw a I.iving Seaanemone B, One of the Claws further enlarged
TO show the Way in which the Anemone is held
The Common Pea Crab {Pinnotheres piston), Female.

67.

169

-

-

Size

167

-

211

213

;

Natural Size
71.

...--.

216
217

About Twice Natural Size A, Front Part of Body of a Prawn [Spirontocavis
polaris), from Above, showing on the Right Side
A Swelling of the Carapace caused by the
Presence of the Parasite Bopyroides hippolytes in
the Gill Chamber
B, the Female Parasite
EXTRACTED AND FURTHER ENLARGED
C, THE MaLE
Parasite on Same Scale as the Female
-

2'22

A

Fish-louse {Caligtis rapax), Female, x 5
Stages of Development of Lerncea branchialis. F is
SLIGHTLY, THE OtHER FIGURES GREATLY, ENLARGED Stages of the Life-history of Hamocera dana, One
OF THE MONSTRILLID^
Free - swimming Stages of Sacculina carcini. Much

225

-

219

;

;

-

72.

73.

74.

-

-------

75.

ENLARGED

.

.

226
229
232

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

.....--

FIG.

76.

77.

xiii

Early Stage of Sacculina within the Body of a
Crab
Rostrum and Fore Part of Carapace, seen from
Above, of (A) Red clawed Crayfish {Astacus
fluviatilis) and (B) White-clawed or English Cray-

PAGE

234

-

fish [Astacus

pallipes)

.

.

.

.

.

79.

The Common Shrimp (Crangon vulgaris). Natural Size
The Norwegian Deep-water Prawn {Pandalus borealis),

80.

Female
The Gribble

78.

81.

-..-.-{Limnoria

Much enlarged

lignoriini).

-

Restoration of a Trilobite (Triarthrus becki), showing
THE Appendages. Upper Side on Right, Under
Side on Left. Slightly enlarged Ceratiocaris papilio, One of the Fossil Phyllocarida
Under
Pygocephalus cooperi, from the Coal-measures
Side of a Female Specimen, showing the Overlapping Plates of the Brood-pouch
The Tasmanian "Mountain Shrimp" {Anaspides tasmanics), a Living Representative of the Syncarida.
.
.
.
.
Slightly enlarged
Pr^anaspides pyacursor, One of the Fossil Syncarida,
from the Coal-measures of Derbyshire, Slightly
enlarged
-

82.
83.

84.

85.

242
244

246

254

258

-

262

-

263

:

-------

264

265

FULL-PAGE PLATES
FACING PAGE

PLATE
I.

Male and Female Lobsters, showing the Difference IN the Relative Breadth of the Abdomen
IN THE Two Sexes. This Figure also illustrates
the Dissimilarity of the Large Claws, and the
Fact that the "Crushing Claw" may be on

either the Right or Left Side of the Body.
(From

IL Apus

Brit.

Mus. Guide)

-

-

-

-26

--.----

cancriformis

ENLARGED

-

from Kirkcudbrightshire.

Slightly
63

THE

xiv

LIFE OF CRUSTACEA

PLATE

FACING PAGE

Group of Specimens

the Goose Barnacle'
{Lcpas anatifera), One showing the Cirri extended AS IN Life. Natural Size. {From Brit.

^

III.

of

Mus. Guide)

i

^

42

Group of a Common Species of Acorn-shell or
Rock Barnacle {Balanics balanoides). Natural
Size
IV.

j

PencBus caramote,

{From

Size.

The Common Spiny Lobster

V.

Much
Munida

VI.

reduced.

{From

British.

rugosa.

About

from the Mediterranean.

Half Natural

Brit.

Brit.

Mus. Guide)

{Palinurus

Mus. Guide)

Reduced

-

57

-

vulgaris).
-

-

-

-

59
60

The Common Hermit Crab, Eupagurus bernhardiis, in
the Shell of a Whelk. Reduced. {From Brit.

VII.

Mus. Guide)

-

62

Stone Crab," Lithodes maia.
reduced.
The Last Pair of Legs are
folded out of Sight in the Gill Chambers.
{From Brit. Mus. Guide)
-

63

'The Common Shore Crab {Carcinus manas). Reduced
IX.
Dromia vulgaris, carrying on its Back a Mass of
THE Sponge, Clione celata. British. Reduced

68

The

VIII.

-

-

-

-

-

"Northern

Much

Reduced

X.

Calappa flammea.

XI.

The Giant Japanese Crab, Macrocheira kampferi.

Male. The Scale of the Figure is given by
A Two-foot Rule placed below the Specimen.

XII.

{From

Brazil,

Mus. Guide)

-

-

72

-

-

76

from the Mediterranean. About
One-half Natural Size. {From Brit. Mus. Guide)

80

Brit.

-

-

Sqidlla mantis,

Swimming Crab, Portunus
XIII. J[
j

depurator.

British.

Reduced
"^^
^—

A

Spider Crab, Maia squinado, dressed in Fragments of Weeds. British. Reduced

I

q6


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

XV

FACING PAGE

{Corystes cassivelatmiis. Male (on Left) and Female^
(on Right).
British. Reduced
Albunea sytmiista, One of the Hippidea. Indian

I

j

Reduced

Seas.

(Ocypode cursor.

XV.

Gelasimus

-|

[^

West Africa. Reduced
Male above, Female

below.

tangeri.

West

104

Reduced

Africa.

A Deep-sea Hermit

XVI.

j

Crab, Parapagurtis

pilosimanus,

sheltered by a Colony of Epizoanthus. From
Deep Water off the West of Ireland,
Slightly reduced

-----

124

sea Prawn, Nematocarcinus undulatipes.
Slightly reduced. {Frojn Brit. Mus. Guide)

128

A Deep

XVII.

-

Bathynomus

{From Lankesters

Size.
after

About One-half Natural

giganteus.

"Treatise on Zoology,"

Milne-Edwards and Boiivier)

131

elegans, One of the Dromiacea which
resembles
a
Spider

Crab.
From the
Mediterranean. Natural Size
The Gulf-weed Crab, Planes minutns. Slightly
enlarged

Latreillia

XIX.

The
XX.

Murray

-^

The Land Crayfish,

EngcBus

Astacopsis

Much reduced
Tas-

cunicularis.

Y

177

Natural Size

mania.

A Large Freshwater
Prawn of the Family Pal^monid^. West

XXI.

Palamion

jamaicensis.

Indies.

XXII.

Atya

Much reduced

scabra.

I

.

-

.

A Freshwater Prawn

Family Atyid^e.

XXIII.

" Lobster,"

River

New South Wales.

spinifer.

155

West

Indies.

of

Reduced

-

the

-

The River Crab of Southern Europe, Potamon
Reduced
edule (or Telphusa fluviatilis).
Sesarma chiragra. A Freshwater Crab of the
Family Grapsid^e. From Brazil. Slightly
reduced

179

180

182


THE

xvi

LIFE OF C^RUSTACEA
FACING PAGE

PLATE

XXIV.

XXV.

j^glea

South America.

Icsvis.

-.-...

'A

West

Natural

pellucidus.

186

ruricola."

Reduced

A Land Hermit

Crab,

Coenohita

-

Re

rugosa.

190

----..

ig6

Group of Barnacles, Corontda diadema, on the
Skin of a Whale. Japan, Reduced

209

The Coco Nut Crab,
duced

XXVIII,

Camhavus

Indian Land Crab, Gecarcinus

duced

XXVII.

184

-

The Blind Crayfish of the Mammoth Cave
OF Kentucky,
Size

XXVI.

Natural Size

Birgus

latro.

Much

re-

-

!Cymothoa

oestrum.

An Isopod Parasite of

Fish.

Slightly enlarged
carcini attached under the Abdomen

Saccidina

OF A

XXX.

Common Shore Crab.

The " Norway Lobster," Nephrops norvegicus.
About One-third Natural Size, {From Brit.
Mns. Guide)

XXXI.

The

Common

British.

XXXII.

Reduced

.

Edible

.

Crab,

Much reduced

_

Cancer
-

.

.

240

pagurus.
-

-

Piece of Timber from Ryde Pier, showing
Damage caused by Limnoria and Chelura.
{From Brit. Mns. Guide)
.
-

248

255

THE LIFE OF CRUSTACEA



THE LIFE OF CRUSTACEA
CHAPTER

I

INTRODUCTORY

EVERYONE

has some acquaintance with the

animals that are grouped by naturahsts under
the

name

Crustacea.

The

Prawns,

and Shrimps, are

familiar,

either

as

edible Crabs, Lobsters,
least

at

brought

to

displayed in the fishmonger's,

the

superficially

table

or

as

and the most unhad his

observant of seaside visitors must have

attention attracted by living specimens of

some

the more obtrusive species, such as the

common

Shore Crab.

Many, however,

will

of

be surprised to

learn that the Barnacles coating the rocks on the

and the
Woodlice of our gardens, are members of the same
Still less is it suspected, by those who have
class.
seashore, the Sand-hoppers of the beach,

not given special attention to the subject, that the
living species of the

group number

many

thousands,

presenting strange diversities of structure and habits,

and playing important parts
of Nature.

in the general

economy


LIFE OF CRUSTACEA

THE

2

In addition to those just mentioned, a few Crus-

tacea are sufficiently well

by popular names, such,

and Hermit Crabs, but

names

available

are

zoology.

In

known

to be distinguished

example, as Crayfish

for

majority

for the vast

except

those

of

no

technical

following pages, therefore, while

the

technical terms have been introduced as sparingly
as possible, the unfamiliarity of the animals themselves

makes

needful to use

it

many

unfamiliar

names.
In the classification of the Animal Kingdom, the

Crustacea form one of the divisions of a comprehensive group,

The

typical

or

Phylum, known as Arthropoda.

of this group have a more or

members

body is divided into
segments, there are jointed limbs, and some of these
less firm external skeleton, the

are modified to serve as jaws.

or

classes

cluding
Beetles,
(iii.)

of

The

the Arthropoda are

Moths,

Butterflies,

and the

like

;

(ii.)

—

chief divisions
(i.)

Wasps,

Bees,

Diplopoda, or Millipedes^;

It is

^

;

and

;

(v.)

Arach-

their allies

;

Crustacea.

not easy to summarize in a few words the

characters
ing

Flies,

Onychophora, in-

(iv.)

cluding the curious worm-like Peripatus

(vi.)

in-

Chilopoda, or Centipedes

nida, or Scorpions, Spiders, Mites,

and

Insecta,

common

to all Crustacea,

them from the other groups
The Chilopoda and Diplopoda

forming a single class

— Myriopoda.

and distinguishAs

of Arthropoda.

are sometimes regarded as


INTRODUCTORY
a rough guide to classification,

it is

3

remember

useful to

that an Insect can generally be recognized by having

three pairs of walking legs, an Arachnid by having
four pairs,

great

and a Centipede or Millipede by having a

many

The

pairs, all nearly alike.

Crustacea,

on the other hand, show great diversity

and arrangement of

their walking or

in the number
swimming legs,

but they rarely show any special resemblance to those
of the other large groups of Arthropoda.

example, a

common

lidumi vulgare,

very similar at

is

Thus,

for

species of Woodlouse, Armadil-

Millipede Glomeris marginata, but

first
it

sight to the

has only seven

pairs of walking legs, while the Millipede has seven-

teen or nineteen pairs.

More

precisely,

it

may

be said of the great majority

of Crustacea that they are aquatic animals, breathing

by

gills or by the general surface of the body, having
two pairs of " feelers," or antennae, on the front part
of the head, and at least three pairs of jaws.
Excep-

tions to each of these statements will be

highly modified types.

mentioned

with parasites and other

in later chapters in dealing

In such cases, however, the

young stages afford indications of affinity,
and comparison with less modified forms enables us

larval or

to trace a connection with the typical Crustacea.

The

best

way

to form a conception of a group ot

animals, however,

is

not to attempt in the

to define its limits, but to

structure of

some

typical

first

place

begin by studying the

and central

species,

and