Giáo trình financial institutions markets money 11th by kidwell 2013

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
MARKETS, AND
MONEY


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E L E V E N T H

E D I T I O N

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
MARKETS, AND
MONEY
David S. Kidwell
University of Minnesota

David W. Blackwell
Texas A&M University

David A. Whidbee
Washington State University

Richard W. Sias
University of Arizona

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER George Hoffman
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P REFACE

TO TH E STU D ENT
We hope you are as excited about taking a course on financial institutions and
markets as we were about writing the book. The core topics covered in the
book are at the heart of what happens every day in the financial sector of the
economy. When you have finished the course, reading the Wall Street Journal,
the Financial Times, or the business section of the New York Times will be a
piece of cake. Your friends, family, and fellow students will marvel at your
insights into the financial system.
In the book, we stress fundamental concepts with an emphasis on understanding how things work in the real world. We hope that we have captured the
vibrancy and excitement created by the dramatic changes taking place in the
U.S. financial system. You are taking the course at a unique time in economic
history, following the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 and the longest and
most severe recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. These events
are radically reshaping the financial system.
Our goal is to provide a book that can guide you to a confident mastery
and understanding of the U.S. financial system in an interesting and, hopefully,
entertaining manner. The book is your passport to linking your classroom
experience to what is happening in the economy and financial markets. What
you learn will be applicable to your business career or in managing your personal
financial affairs.

WHY READ
THIS BOOK?

TO TH E FACU LT Y
The focus of the eleventh edition of Financial Institutions, Markets, and Money is the same
as that of the previous editions: to provide a balanced introduction to the operation,
mechanics, and structure of the U.S. financial system. On the other hand, the book is

remarkably different in that the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 resulted in major
changes to the structure of the financial system, in regulation, and in how central banks
operate. These changes have required major rewrites of nearly every chapter in the book.
We hasten to add that changes in the financial system are still under way as we write this
preface in July 2011. Economists and government officials are still sifting through the
economic rubble from the financial crisis and the subsequent severe recession.
Though changes abound, the core coverage in the book still emphasizes financial institutions, markets, and instruments. Special attention is given to the Federal
Reserve System and the impact of monetary policy on interest rates. We discuss how
financial institutions manage risk caused by interest rate and economic changes.
Finally, the book is written with a strong historical perspective. Throughout the
book we give attention to the historical development of financial institutions and

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Preface

markets and discuss important historical events. We believe that relating historical
events to the book’s fundamental concepts gives students a richer understanding of the
material and a better perspective from which to evaluate current developments.

Teacher Friendly. In revising the book, we are mindful of the demands on
faculty who are asked to do more with less. We want to help make your course on
financial institutions and markets as successful as possible. To that end, we worked
hard to write in a clear and understandable manner. Also, we put much effort into
updating and improving the chapter learning features, several of which are new to
the eleventh edition, such as Learning by Doing applications, the end-of-chapter
Summary of Learning Objectives, and enhanced quantitative content. Finally, we

provide first-rate teaching and learning aids such as the instructor’s manual, test
bank, study guide, and PowerPoint presentations that accompany each chapter.
The Book’s Evolution. Our book, like the financial system, has had to adapt to the
rapidly changing economic environment. When we published our first edition, the
existing textbooks were primarily descriptive, merely describing the activities of financial institutions, or they were de facto money and banking texts, primarily focused on
the banking system and monetary policy. In our first edition, we broke new ground
by emphasizing both financial institutions and markets, and how monetary policy
affected financial institutions. At that time, our “free-market” approach to regulation,
which emphasized market-oriented rather than government-imposed solutions to
problems, was not mainstream and, to some, was considered controversial.
As technology, regulation, and financial innovation changed the financial landscape, our book has had to evolve. In subsequent editions, we increased our emphasis
on how interest rates are determined and on the structure of interest rates. We also
increased our emphasis on the risks faced by financial institutions and on how institutions manage these risks using financial markets. Over the years, we expanded our
coverage of financial markets, and now, for example, the book has separate chapters
on equity markets, mortgage markets, derivatives markets, and international markets.
The Competitive Edge. Our approach to the topic made our book very successful in
the early editions, and it continues to be successful today. Imitation is the sincerest form
of flattery, and we have seen a number of imitators of our approach, which, apart from
the wide use of this book, is the best evidence of its appeal to both students and faculty.
Our competitive edge, however, comes from our adherence to the approach for the
book that was set in the first edition. First, we stress the mastery of fundamental material, placing an emphasis on how things really work in a market context. Second, we
have a balanced coverage of the U.S. financial system, with strong emphasis on both
institutions and markets. Third, we continually update the book to reflect major new
developments in the financial system or to highlight changing trends. Finally, we focus
on writing a book for the students, our most important audience, which facilitates learning and makes the study of financial institutions and markets an enjoyable experience.
Let Us Hear from You. We thank the faculty who adopted our book and the students who purchased our book. As you go through your course, we hope that we live
up to our promise of providing a clear, concise, well-written, and academically sound
text on the U.S. financial system. If you find a mistake or have concerns about a particular section, we would like to hear from you. Contact us via our e-mail addresses,
which are listed at the end of the preface.

Preface

vii

We believe this edition of the book is better than the tenth edition for a number
of reasons. Apart from the customary detailed updating of facts and exhibits
throughout the book, we worked painstakingly to improve the readability and the
chapter features in this edition to better facilitate student learning. In this edition,
especially in the chapters on financial markets, we continue our emphasis on how
to read and interpret actual financial data, such as that reported in the Wall Street
Journal or the Financial Times. We also continue to refine the chapter pedagogical features. We have also substantially revised the chapter contents to reflect the
impact of the global financial crisis of 2007–2009.

WHY
THIS EDITION
IS BETTER
THAN
PREVIOUS ONES

PEDAGO GICA L F E AT U R ES
This section summarizes the pedagogical features and highlights additions or
improvements in the eleventh edition. The features that are new or have been
substantially revised are indicated with an asterisk (*).
Chapter Opening Vignette. Each chapter begins with an opening vignette that
describes a real company or business situation. The vignettes illustrate concepts
that will be presented in the chapter and are also meant to heighten student
interest and demonstrate the real-life relevance of the chapter material.
Learning Objectives. The opening vignette is accompanied by a set of learning
objectives that identify the most important material for students to understand

while reading the chapter. At the end of the chapter appears a feature, “Summary
of Learning Objectives,” highlighting the relevant chapter content.
Learning by Doing.* Chapters with quantitative content now have more in-text
examples. These chapters now include a new feature: Learning by Doing. These
applications contain quantitative problems with step-by-step solutions that
provide guidance on how to approach similar problems. By including several
exercises in each chapter where applicable we provide students with additional
practice to hone their problem-solving skills.
Do You Understand? Each chapter includes several sets of Do You Understand? questions that usually appear at the end of a major section. These
questions check student understanding of critical concepts in the material just
covered, or ask students to apply what they have just read to real-world situations. To give students feedback on the Do You Understand? questions, we
include the answers on the book’s website (discussed later) and in the Instructor’s
Manual.
People & Events.* Each chapter includes at least one People & Events box.
The People & Events boxes describe current or historical real-world situations
to emphasize the applicability of one or more key concepts developed in the
chapter. Over half of the People & Events boxes have been replaced and many
others have been substantially revised. In the eleventh edition the People &
Events boxes are particularly focused on the anatomy of the financial crisis of


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Preface

2007–2009, the impact of the crisis on financial institutions and markets, and the
emerging recovery from the crisis.
Exhibit Captions. Where appropriate we provide captions for the exhibits to
inform students of the exhibits’ main points.
Summary of Learning Objectives.* At the end of each chapter, you will find summaries of the key chapter content relevant to each of the Learning Objectives.

Key Terms. We include a list of key terms at the end of each chapter. The terms
appearing in the list are printed in boldface in the chapter. The definitions of all
key terms appear in the glossary at the end of the book.
Questions and Problems.* Each chapter ends with a set of questions and problems. Because students rely heavily on example questions and problems with
solutions as a learning device, we have increased the number of end-of-chapter
questions and problems. We have placed particular emphasis on increasing the
number of quantitative problems or questions to correspond with the enhanced
quantitative content as appropriate to the chapter. The answers to questions and
problems are in the Instructor’s Manual.
Internet Exercises. We provide an Internet Exercise at the end of each chapter.
These exercises direct students to websites from which they can obtain additional
information about the chapter’s topic or analyze data that illustrate key points
from the chapter.
Glossary.* The book contains an easy-to-use glossary defining the Key Terms
listed at the end of each chapter.
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS AND MAJOR CHANGES
All chapters in the book have been updated to reflect recent events. A major
change in the book is an increase in the quantitative content. We have
noted that employers are increasingly expecting students to be well versed
in problem-solving skills. As a result, we have increased the computational
skill level, while maintaining our historic strength of being a conceptually
focused book. Our goal is to provide students and instructors with a book
that strikes a balance between helping students understand key financial and
economic concepts and providing them with the necessary problem-solving
skills. Below we summarize the contents and major changes to the eleventh
edition.
Part 1: The Financial System. Chapter 1, providing an overview of the U.S. financial system, has gone through a major contextual update reflecting changes in
the financial system resulting from the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. The
section on investment banking was expanded and now includes a new section on
risk. A new section was added on the regulation of the financial system, which

includes an analysis of the Financial Regulatory Reform Act of 2010. The section


Preface

on the economics of financial intermediation was expanded and now includes a
thorough discussion of transaction costs and the cost of asymmetric information
in loan contracts and other financial contracts. We have significantly revised
Chapter 2, which is about the Federal Reserve System and its impact on interest
rates. We examine the Fed’s new power to pay interest on reserves held at the
Fed and its effect on monetary policy. We also discuss the impact of the financial
system bailout on the Fed’s balance sheet and the Fed’s increase in regulatory
power from the 2010 Regulatory Reform Act, including its power to manage
systemic risk in the financial system. Chapter 3 focuses on how the Fed conducts
monetary policy. New to the chapter is a discussion of the Treasury Department’s role in financing the expenditures made by the federal government, how
the Treasury Department conducts fiscal policy, and the Treasury’s role in
stabilizing the economy. Until recently, monetary policy alone was employed to
stabilize the economy.
Part 2: How Interest Rates Are Determined. Chapter 4 discusses the role of
interest rates in the economy and how interest rates are determined. The discussion of the real rate of interest has been substantially expanded as has our
discussion of the impact of inflationary expectations on the level of interest
rates. We added sections on the realized real rate of return and on the purported phenomenon of so-called negative interest rates. Chapter 5 focuses
on the determinants of bond prices and interest rate risk. New to the chapter
is material discussing the hazards and consequences of not properly managing interest rate risk. Chapter 6 explores the reasons that interest rates vary
among financial products on any given day and over the business cycle. We
expanded our discussion of inverted yield curves and predicting recessions.
We substantially expanded our discussion of how interest rates vary over the
business cycle and analyzed a period during the 2007–2010 recession when
expected inflation was zero, thus “exposing” the real rate of interest (it was
2.52 percent).

Part 3: Financial Markets. The chapters in this part have been revised to reflect
the new financial environment following the global financial crisis of 2007–2009,
while maintaining their focus on the fundamental roles and functioning of the
various markets. Chapter 7 focuses on the economic role of money markets
in the economy and the characteristics of money market instruments. Added
to the chapter was a discussion of the impact of the financial meltdown on
the money markets and the actions that the Fed took to stabilize the markets.
The section on Treasury bills has been rewritten to reflect new Treasury
auction procedures; the concept of a haircut was introduced in the section on
repurchase agreements; and the concept of asset-backed commercial paper
was introduced. Chapter 8 analyzes the debt securities sold in the capital
markets. The section on Treasury securities now explains how coupon rates
are determined; the section on financial guarantees now includes a discussion of
the role of insurance companies; and the section on international bond markets has been expanded. Chapter 9 explains how the mortgage markets work
and describes the major mortgage market instruments. New to the chapter is
a thorough discussion of the government’s takeover of the mortgage market
that occurred in the aftermath of the subprime mortgage crisis and the failures

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Preface

of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The chapter also includes a discussion of
what the markets may look like moving forward. Chapter 10 examines the
market for equity securities. The chapter now includes a discussion of the
changing structure and global consolidation of secondary markets, including
NYSE’s hybrid system and the increased competition between Nasdaq and the

NYSE. Also new is an expanded discussion of valuation formulas, a section on
short selling, and material on the government’s renewed interest in insider
trading by hedge funds. Chapter 11 describes the most important markets for
financial derivatives. New to the chapter is a revised and expanded discussion
of swaps and the role of credit default swaps in the 2007–2009 financial crisis.
The chapter also discusses the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform
and Consumer Protection Act on swap trading. Also new to the chapter is an
expanded discussion of option valuation. Chapter 12 examines international
financial markets, including foreign exchange markets and international
money and capital markets. The chapter includes new discussion of the functions of foreign exchange markets and the determination of exchange rates.
Also new to the chapter is a detailed example of how purchasing power parity
affects exchange rate expectations.
Part 4: Commercial Banking. Although the basic functions of commercial banks
have not changed, the environment has been dramatically altered. Chapter 13
has been completely updated and revised to reflect recent changes in the banking industry resulting from the financial crisis of 2007–2009. The chapter also
incorporates coverage of bank earnings and performance previously included
in the old Chapter 14 (tenth edition), “Bank Management and Profitability.”
Chapter 13 now provides comprehensive coverage of commercial bank operations and how those functions are reflected in a bank’s financial statements in a
single chapter. Remaining material on interest rate risk from the old Chapter 14
(tenth edition) is now part of a new chapter on risk management (Chapter 20 in
the eleventh edition). Chapter 14 (eleventh edition) covers the role that banks
play in the international financial system. The chapter updates the overseas
operations of U.S. banks, foreign banking activities in the U.S., international
banking trends, and U.S. international banking regulations. We also discuss
cross-border bank mergers in the European Union countries and their impact
on international banking markets. Chapter 15 focuses on the regulation of
financial institutions and has been revised significantly to reflect the aftermath
of the financial crisis of 2007–2009. New to the chapter are discussions of the
events leading up to the financial crisis and the establishment of the Troubled
Asset Relief Program (TARP). Chapter 15 also discusses the too-big-to-fail

issue, safety and soundness regulation, and the intent behind the Dodd-Frank
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. It also includes
thorough discussions of recent bank failures, bailouts, moral hazard, and deposit
insurance reform.
Part 5: Financial Institutions. In addition to contextual updates, the chapters in
Part 5 discuss the headline-grabbing events associated with the financial meltdown, including the Madoff scandal and the failures of Lehman Brothers, Bear
Stearns, AIG, and Merrill Lynch. It also explains policy makers’ decisions to


Preface

xi

save some institutions, while letting others fail. Chapter 16 discusses thrift
institutions and finance companies. The chapter was updated and revised to
reflect recent changes in those industries. Where appropriate, the chapter
has been shortened and streamlined for readability. Chapter 17 on insurance companies and pension funds has been revised to reflect the role of the
insurance industry in the financial crisis. In particular, the near-bankruptcy
and subsequent bailout of American International Group (AIG), one of the
largest insurers in the world, is thoroughly discussed. AIG’s huge exposure
to credit default swaps was potentially pivotal to the survival of the entire
financial system. Also discussed are the major changes in the health insurance
industry resulting from the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
(so-called Obamacare). Quantitative examples addressing insurance company
capital and profitability were added to the chapter. Chapter 18 is about
investment banks. During the financial crisis of 2007–2009 investment banks
were “forced” (or “pressured”) to adopt commercial bank charters and come
under the regulation of the Federal Reserve System. The chapter chronicles
these events. The chapter offers a new section on private equity firms and
an expanded discussion of investment banks’ proprietary trading and asset

management operations, broker-dealer functions, and prime brokerage functions. Chapter 19 on investment companies had a major reorganization
with greater focus on the most important investment companies—open-end
mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. We also incorporated into the discussions Morningstar Equity Style and Debt Style boxes. The chapter also
expands treatment of hedge funds. Chapter 20 “Risk Management in Financial Institutions” is a new chapter that incorporates some elements from the
old Chapter 14 (tenth edition), “Bank Management and Profitability,” with
material on liquidity, credit, and interest rate risks. Chapter 20 also discusses
the tradeoff between profits and risk faced by financial institutions. The
chapter also includes an in-depth discussion of managing credit risk at the
individual loan level and the loan portfolio level. It explains credit derivatives
and how they are used.
KEEPING TH E AT T IC C LE A N
Like an old house, a book entering its eleventh edition accumulates clutter. In
the eleventh edition, we continue the process of thoughtfully “cleaning out the
attic.” With help from many of you, we continue to review all materials and
retain only what we believe essential for students. We appreciate your comments
and suggestions.

We organized this book to reflect a balanced approach to both financial markets
and institutions, which reflects a typical course outline. However, depending on
individual preference and course emphasis, there are alternative ways to organize
the course, and our book is written to allow for a reorganization of the chapters
for professors who wish to give primary focus to either institutions or markets.
The only suggested constraint in our flexible design is that Parts 1 and 2 should
be assigned first, because they provide the conceptual foundation and vocabulary
for the financial system regardless of subsequent topic emphasis. The following

ORGANIZATION
OF THE
BOOK

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Preface

diagram shows the balanced approach and an alternative sequence that emphasizes financial institutions:
1. Balanced Approach
Part III
Financial
Markets

Part I
The Financial
System

Part II
How Interest Rates
Are Determined

Part IV
Commercial
Banking

Part V
Financial
Institutions

2. Financial Institutions Emphasis
Part IV
Commercial

Banking

Part V
Financial
Institutions

Part III
Financial
Markets

ANCILLARY In the eleventh edition, we offer updated ancillary materials that will help both
PACKAGE the students and the instructors optimize learning and teaching.
INST R U C TOR’S M A N U A L
Prepared by Vladimir Kotomin of Illinois State University, the Instructor’s
Manual contains a wealth of useful teaching aids, including chapter-by-chapter
learning objectives, key points and concepts, answers to end-of-chapter questions
and problems, and an outline of changes from the previous edition.
T EST BA NK
Prepared by Wan-Jiun P. Chiou of Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, the
Test Bank, which includes at least 75 examination questions per chapter and has
been updated to reflect the textbook’s greater emphasis on numeric problems. It
consists of true/false, multiple choice, and essay-type questions. A Computerized
Test Bank is also available which consists of content from the Test Bank provided
within a test-generating program that allows instructors to customize their exams.
P OWER P O I N T P RE S E N TAT I ON S
The PowerPoint presentations have been updated by Deniz K. Tudor of San Francisco State University so they reflect the updates within this revision. These chapter
presentations are available on the companion website. The presentation for each
chapter provides bulleted lecture notes and figures, tables, and graphs selected from
the text, ready for classroom presentation. Instructors with the full version of PowerPoint have the ability to customize the lectures to reflect their personal course notes.
ST U DY G U I D E

Lanny R. Martindale of Texas A&M University has revised the Study Guide to reflect
the revisions made to the eleventh edition. Students will find this tool to be a valuable part of the learning package as they learn using this text. Each chapter provides
a detailed chapter overview and list of learning objectives; topic outline; key terms


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review; completion, true/false, and multiple-choice questions; problems; and annotated solutions. Each chapter also includes a short Career Planning section designed
to encourage students to begin thinking about their careers. There is a special Supplementary Material section that expands and applies each chapter’s concepts to the real
world by providing library references and assignments and flow-of-funds data analysis
assignments. In addition, each of the early chapters features a How to Use the Wall
Street Journal section intended to acquaint students with the organization of the WSJ.
In later chapters, specific sections, data tables, and other features that pertain to specific chapters, such as futures and options, are discussed in the appropriate chapters.
STUD ENT P R AC T IC E Q U IZ Z ES
Brand new Student Practice Quizzes have been prepared by Lanny R. Martindale
of Texas A&M University to help students evaluate their individual progress
throughout the chapter. Each quiz contains 15 multiple choice questions of varying difficulty so students can review key concepts and build test taking confidence
chapter by chapter.
WEBSITE MATER IA LS
A companion website for this text is located at www.wiley.com/college/kidwell. Here
you can find the resources listed above as well as answers to the Do You Understand?
questions found in each of the chapters of the text. There are additional supplemental
materials available on the companion website as well. First is a chapter titled “History
of the Financial System,” which long-time users of the book will recall from previous
editions. Second, the website contains technical notes on the deposit expansion
process for instructors who wish to go into more detail about how to measure changes
in the money supply resulting from Fed policy actions.

As with any textbook, the authors, owe an enormous debt of gratitude to many
people. First, we thank the reviewers who have contributed valuable suggestions
for this eleventh edition:
Deanne Butchey, Florida International University
Wan-Jiun P. Chiou, Shippensburg University
Kenneth Daniels, Virginia Commonwealth University
Susan Flaherty, Towson University
Deniz K. Tudor, San Francisco State University
John Stansfield, University of Missouri
Ralph E. Steuer, University of Georgia
We also appreciate the many thoughtful comments we have received from
reviewers over the previous ten editions. Although their names are too numerous to list here, we are nonetheless grateful for their efforts and credit them
with helping the book to remain a success.
At John Wiley & Sons, we are grateful to Jennifer Manias, Senior Content Editor, who provided many helpful suggestions and much support, guidance, and motivation. We also applaud the efforts of Erica Horowitz, Editorial
Assistant, for her diligence in guiding the manuscript through the production

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


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process. In addition, we appreciate the efforts of the other members of the
Wiley team: Maureen Eide, who coordinated the design and layout of the
book; and Valerie Vargas and Trish McFadden who performed superbly as
senior production editors. We especially appreciate the strong contributions of
our copy editor, Marianne L’Abbate of Double Daggers Editing Services, and
the project manager, Jackie Henry of Aptara, who guided us through the final
stages of production.

We gratefully acknowledge those who assisted us in revising and updating
several of the book’s key chapters. Each of these colleagues from the finance
profession provided us with specialized expertise in their areas of teaching
and research that keeps the book on the cutting edge: Vladimir Kotomin,
Illinois State University (Chapters 7 and 8); Wei (Wendy) Liu, Texas A&M
University (Chapters 12 and 14); and Mike McNamara, Washington State
University (Chapter 17). Wendy Liu also substantially revised and improved the
end of chapter key terms and the glossary. We also appreciate the efforts of those
who assisted us with research and manuscript preparation: Babu Baradwaj, Chen
Chen, Petra Kubalova, and Wenling Lu.
Finally, and most importantly, we thank our families and loved ones for their
encouragement and for tolerating our many hours at the writing table. To all,
thank you for your support and help.
David S. Kidwell
Minneapolis, Minnesota

David W. Blackwell
College Station, Texas

David A. Whidbee
Pullman, Washington

Richard W. Sias
Tucson, Arizona



A BOUT THE A UTHORS
DAVID S . KIDWELL
Dr. David S. Kidwell is Professor of Finance and Dean Emeritus at the Curtis

L. Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota. He holds an
undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering from California State University
at San Diego, an MBA from California State University at San Francisco, and a
PhD in finance from the University of Oregon.
Before joining the University of Minnesota, Dr. Kidwell was Dean of the
School of Business Administration at the University of Connecticut. Prior to joining the University of Connecticut, he held endowed chairs in banking and finance
at Tulane University, the University of Tennessee, and Texas Tech University.
He was also on the faculty at the Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue University, where he was twice voted the outstanding undergraduate teacher
of the year. Dr. Kidwell has published research in the leading journals, including
Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Financial Management, and Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking.
Dr. Kidwell has been a management consultant for Coopers & Lybrand and
a sales engineer for Bethlehem Steel Corporation. He is an expert on the U.S.
financial system and is the author of more than 80 articles dealing with the
U.S. financial system and capital markets. Dr. Kidwell has participated in a
number of research grants funded by the National Science Foundation to study
the efficiency of U.S. capital markets, and to study the impact of government
regulations upon the delivery of consumer financial services.
Dr. Kidwell served on the board of the Schwan Food Company. He is the
past secretary-treasurer of the board of directors of AACSB, the International
Association for Management Education. He is a past member of the boards of
the Minnesota Council for Quality, the Stonier Graduate School of Banking,
and the Minnesota Center for Corporate Responsibility. He has also served as an
examiner for the 1995 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, on the board
of directors of the Juran Center for Leadership in Quality, and on the board of
the Minnesota Life Insurance Company.
DAVID W. B L AC KWELL
Dr. David W. Blackwell is the James W. Aston/RepublicBank Professor of
Finance and Associate Dean for Graduate Programs at Texas A&M University’s
Mays Business School. Prior to joining Texas A&M, Dr. Blackwell worked several
years as a consultant with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and KPMG LLP. Before

his stint in the Big 4, Dr. Blackwell served on the faculties of the University of
Georgia, the University of Houston, and Emory University. He was also a visiting
professor at the University of Rochester.

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About the Authors

Dr. Blackwell’s areas of expertise include corporate finance, commercial bank
management, and executive compensation. His publications have appeared in the
leading scholarly journals of finance and accounting such as Journal of Finance,
Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Financial Management, Journal of Financial Research, Journal of Accounting Research, and
Journal of Accounting and Economics.
While in the Big 4, Dr. Blackwell consulted on a broad range of litigation matters including securities, breach of contract, and intellectual property
infringement cases. He also consulted on matters involving securities and business
valuation, corporate governance, and executive compensation. In addition,
Dr. Blackwell has delivered executive education seminars in corporate finance and
management of financial institutions for Halliburton, IBM, Kaiser Permanente,
Chemical Bank, Southwire Company, Georgia Bankers Association, Warsaw
Institute of Banking, Bratislava Institute of Banking, and the People’s Construction
Bank of China (PRC).
Dr. Blackwell earned his PhD in finance in 1986 and his BS in economics in
1981, both from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He is a past president
of the Southern Finance Association, and a former associate editor of the Journal
of Financial Research.
DAV ID A . W H I D BE E
Dr. David A. Whidbee is an associate professor of finance and the Associate

Dean for Faculty Affairs and Research in the College of Business at Washington
State University. He received his PhD in Finance from the University of Georgia
and his MBA and BS in finance from Auburn University. Dr. Whidbee has
worked as a financial analyst in the Chief Economist’s Office at the Federal Home
Loan Bank Board and, subsequently, the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS).
While on the staff at these regulatory agencies, he performed research and analysis on the thrift industry and prepared congressional testimony concerning the
problems the industry faced in the late 1980s.
In 1994, he joined the faculty at California State University, Sacramento,
where he taught commercial banking and financial markets and institutions. In
1997, he left Cal State Sacramento to join the faculty at Washington State University, where he continues to teach commercial banking and financial markets
and institutions. Dr. Whidbee’s primary research interests are in the areas of
financial institutions and corporate governance. His work has been published in
several outlets, including the Review of Financial Studies, Journal of Business, Journal
of Accounting and Economics, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Corporate
Finance, Financial Management, the Financial Analysts Journal, and the Journal of
Financial Services Research. In addition, he has presented his research at numerous
academic and regulatory conferences.
R IC H A R D W. S I AS
Dr. Richard W. Sias is the Tyler Family Chair in Finance and head of the Department
of Finance at the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. He holds
an undergraduate degree in finance, insurance and real estate from California State
University, Sacramento, and a PhD in finance from the University of Texas. Prior to
joining the Eller College, Dr. Sias served as the Gary P. Brinson Chair of Investment
Management at Washington State University. He has also taught courses at Bond
University in Australia and Cesar Ritz College in Switzerland.


About the Authors

Dr. Sias’s research interests primarily focus on investments. He currently

serves on the Editorial Board of the Financial Analysts Journal and has published numerous articles in the leading finance journals, including the Journal
of Financial Economics, Journal of Finance, Review of Financial Studies, Journal
of Business, Financial Analysts Journal, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of
Investment Management, Financial Review, Journal of Financial Research, Journal
of Business Research, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Journal of
Investing, and Advances in Futures and Options Research.
Dr. Sias has also garnered a number of teaching and research awards and is
member of the CFA Institute’s Approved Speakers List, which provides him an
opportunity to link his academic work with portfolio management in practice.
In addition, Dr. Sias’s work has been the focus of a number of popular press
outlets, including articles in Forbes, U.S. News and World Report, and the New
York Times.

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C ONTENTS
PART I

THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM 1
Chapter 1

An Overview of Financial Markets and Institutions 3
Chapter Preview 4
Learning Objectives 4
1.1 The Financial System 4
1.2 Financial Markets and Direct Financing 7

Do You Understand? 10
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Wall Street Faces Global Competition 11
1.3 Types of Financial Markets 12
1.4 The Money Markets 14
1.5 The Capital Markets 15
Do You Understand? 17
1.6 Financial Intermediaries and Indirect Financing 17
Do You Understand? 24
1.7 Types of Financial Intermediaries 24
Do You Understand? 30
1.8 The Risks Financial Institutions Manage 30
1.9 Regulation of the Financial System 32
Do You Understand? 35
Summary of Learning Objectives 35
Key Terms 36
Questions and Problems 37
Internet Exercise 37

Chapter 2 The Federal Reserve and Its Powers 39
Chapter Preview 40
Learning Objectives 40
2.1 Origins of the Federal Reserve System 40
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Free Banking and Wildcat Banks 44
2.2 The Current Structure of the Fed 44
2.3 Monetary Powers of the Board of Governors 48
2.4 The Fed’s Regulatory Powers 49
2.5 Independence of the Fed 53
Do You Understand? 55
2.6 The Fed’s Balance Sheet 56

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Contents

Learning by Doing 2.1: Computing a Bank’s Excess Reserve Position 62
2.7 The Fed’s Role In Check Clearing 62
2.8 Federal Reserve Tools of Monetary Policy 63
PEOPLE & EVENTS: A Contrast in Style: Greenspan Versus Bernanke 64
Learning by Doing 2.2: Calculating a Bank’s Reserve Position 69
Summary of Learning Objectives 72
Key Terms 73
Questions and Problems 73
Internet Exercise 74

Chapter 3 The Fed and Interest Rates 75
Chapter Preview 76
Learning Objectives 76
3.1 Federal Reserve Control of the Money Supply 76
3.2 The Fed’s Influence on Interest Rates 79
3.3 The Treasury Department and Fiscal Policy 84
Do You Understand? 87
3.4 Goals of Monetary Policy 87
PEOPLE & EVENTS: The Fed as Lender of Last Resort:
Preventing a Financial Panic 94
3.5 The Fed and the Economy 95
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Black Monday 99
3.6 Complications of Monetary Policy 99

3.7 Anatomy of a Financial Crisis 100
Do You Understand? 109
Summary of Learning Objectives 109
Key Terms 110
Questions and Problems 110
Internet Exercise 111

PART II

HOW INTEREST RATES ARE DETERMINED 113
Chapter 4 The Level of Interest Rates 115
Chapter Preview 116
Learning Objectives 116
4.1 What Are Interest Rates? 116
4.2 The Real Rate of Interest 117
4.3 Loanable Funds Theory of Interest 120
Do You Understand? 123
4.4 Price Expectations and Interest Rates 123
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Irving Fisher (1867–1947): Economist 126
Do You Understand? 131
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Estimating the Expected Rate
of Inflation from TIPS 132
4.5 Forecasting Interest Rates 132
Summary of Learning Objectives 134


Contents

Key Terms 135
Questions and Problems 135

Internet Exercise 136

Chapter 5 Bond Prices and Interest Rate Risk 137
Chapter Preview 138
Learning Objectives 138
5.1 The Time Value of Money 138
Do You Understand? 140
5.2 Bond Pricing 141
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Rogue Trader Incurs Huge Financial
Losses for French Bank 142
Learning by Doing 5.1: Calculating the Price of a Bond
Using a Financial Calculator 145
5.3 Bond Yields 146
Learning by Doing 5.2: Calculating the Yield to Maturity on a Bond 147
Do You Understand? 151
5.4 Important Bond Pricing Relationships 151
5.5 Interest Rate Risk and Duration 155
Learning by Doing 5.3: Calculating the Duration of a Bond 156
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Betting the Farm on Interest
Rates and Losing 163
Do You Understand? 166
Summary of Learning Objectives 166
Key Terms 167
Questions and Problems 167
Internet Exercise 168

Chapter 6 The Structure of Interest Rates 169
Chapter Preview 170
Learning Objectives 170
6.1 The Term Structure of Interest Rates 170

Learning by Doing 6.1: Using the Term Structure Formula to
Calculate Implied Forward Rates 176
Do You Understand? 182
6.2 Default Risk 182
PEOPLE & EVENTS: The Credit-Rating Club 187
6.3 Tax Treatment 188
Do You Understand? 191
6.4 Marketability 191
6.5 Options of Debt Securities 192
6.6 Behavior of Interest Rates over the Business Cycle 194
Do You Understand? 196
Summary of Learning Objectives 196
Key Terms 197
Questions and Problems 198
Internet Exercise 199

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PART III

Contents

FINANCIAL MARKETS 201
Chapter 7 Money Markets

203

Chapter Preview 204
Learning Objectives 204
7.1 How the Money Markets Work 205
7.2 Economic Role of the Money Markets 206
7.3 Features of Money Market Instruments 206
7.4 Treasury Bills 207
Learning by Doing 7.1: Calculating the Discount Yield 211
Learning by Doing 7.2: Calculating the Bond Equivalent Yield 212
Do You Understand? 213
7.5 Federal Agency Securities 213
7.6 Fed Funds 216
7.7 Other Major Money Market Instruments 218
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Lehman Brothers' “Creative” Accounting:
Repos 105 and 108 221
7.8 Money Market Participants 228
7.9 The Impact of the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis on the
Money Markets 231
PEOPLE & EVENTS: How Breaking the Buck (Almost) Broke the
Commercial Paper Market 234
Do You Understand? 236
Summary of Learning Objectives 237
Key Terms 238
Questions and Problems 238
Internet Exercise 238

Chapter 8 Bond Markets

240

Chapter Preview 241

Learning Objectives 241
8.1 Functions of the Capital Markets 241
8.2 U.S. Government and Agency Securities 243
PEOPLE & EVENTS: What Do Negative Yields on TIPS Tell Us? 247
Do You Understand? 249
8.3 State and Local Government Bonds 249
8.4 Corporate Bonds 254
Do You Understand? 260
8.5 Financial Guarantees 260
8.6 Securitized Credit Instruments 261
8.7 Financial Market Regulators 263
8.8 Bond Markets Around the World Are Increasingly Linked 264
8.9 The Impact of the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis on the
Bond Markets 265
Do You Understand? 266
Summary of Learning Objectives 266
Key Terms 267


Contents

Questions and Problems 267
Internet Exercise 268

Chapter 9 Mortgage Markets

269

Chapter Preview 270
Learning Objectives 270

9.1 The Unique Nature of Mortgage Markets 270
9.2 Types of Mortgages 271
9.3 Mortgage Qualifying 279
Learning by Doing 9.1: Determining How Much Home You Can Buy 281
Do You Understand? 283
9.4 Mortgage-Backed Securities 283
9.5 Mortgage Prepayment Risk 290
Do You Understand? 292
9.6 Participants in the Mortgage Markets 293
PEOPLE & EVENTS: The Rise and Fall of Fannie
and Freddie 296
9.7 Relationship Between Mortgage Markets and the
Capital Markets 297
Summary of Learning Objectives 298
Key Terms 299
Questions and Problems 300
Internet Exercise 300

Chapter 10 Equity Markets

302

Chapter Preview 303
Learning Objectives 303
10.1 What Are Equity Securities? 303
10.2 Equity Markets 306
10.3 Equity Trading 311
10.4 Global Stock Markets 314
10.5 Regulation of Equity Markets 317
Do You Understand? 317

10.6 Equity Valuation Basics 317
Learning by Doing 10.1: Valuing a Stock 320
10.7 Equity Risk 322
Do You Understand? 326
10.8 Stock Market Indexes 327
PEOPLE & EVENTS: Circuit Breakers, Black
Monday, and the Flash Crash 328
10.9 The Stock Market as a Predictor of
Economic Activity 331
Summary of Learning Objectives 331
Key Terms 333
Questions and Problems 333
Internet Exercise 334

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