Features of linking words in “jane eyre” novel by charlotte bronte and the vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

NGUYỄN THỊ THU PHƯƠNG
FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY
CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS
(TỪ NỐI TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “JANE EYRE” CỦA CHARLOTTE
BRONTE VÀ NHỮNG TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT)

M.A THESIS
Field: English Language
Code: 8220201

Hanoi, 2018


MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

NGUYỄN THỊ THU PHƯƠNG

FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY
CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS
(TỪ NỐI TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “JANE EYRE” CỦA CHARLOTTE
BRONTE VÀ NHỮNG TƢƠNG ĐƢƠNG VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT)

M.A THESIS
Field: English Language
Code: 8220201

Supervisor name: Dr. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hƣơng

Hanoi, 2018


STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report
entitled FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY
CHARLOTTEBRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English
Language. Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has
been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis.
Hanoi, 2018

NGUYEN THI THU PHUONG
Approved by
SUPERVISOR

Date…………………

0


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Similar, profound gratitude goes to Andy Brower, who has been a truly
dedicated mentor. I am particularly indebted to Andy for his constant faith in my
lab work, and for his support when so generously hosting me in Oregon. I have
very fond memories of my time there.
My heartfelt thanks also go to my teachers at Hanoi Open University as well
as my family, friends and colleagues whose encouragement and support have made

the completion of my thesis possible.
Finally, but by no means least, thanks go to mum, dad and Steve for almost
unbelievable support. They are the most important people in my world and I
dedicate this thesis to them.

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ABSTRACT
In this thesis, the writer will study about features of linking words in “Jane
Eyre” novel by Charlotte Bronte and comparison with Vietnamese. In fact, linking
words have an important role in language grammar. In 1976, the publisher of
Lodon and Nework published “Cohesion in English”, an English - language book
by M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan. In the book, the two authors discuss
thoroughly the references: Substitution, Ellipsis, Lexical cohesion, Linking words.
About linking words, Halliday and Hassan emphasize that connections must be
based on their semantic relationship.
To do all these things, the writer use descriptive and analytic to the study.
Description is intended to follow a qualitative approach. The data are collected, the
description of the translation of linking words is given.
The results of the study suggest some approaches of translating linking
words and some ways to help Vietnamese learners of English overcome the
difficulties when using linking words.

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TABLE CONTENT
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ............................................................................0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ i

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... ii
TABLE CONTENT .................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................. vii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1
1.1 Rationale for the study .......................................................................................1
1.2 Aims and objectives of the study .......................................................................2
1.3 Research questions .............................................................................................2
1.4 Method of the study ...........................................................................................3
1.5 Scope of the study ..............................................................................................3
1.6 Significance of the study ...................................................................................4
1.7 Design of the study ............................................................................................4
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................5
2.1 Previous studies .................................................................................................5
2.1.1 International Studies ....................................................................................5
2.1.2 Research in Vietnam ...................................................................................6
2.2 Overview of syntax and semantic ......................................................................7
2.2.1 Theory of syntax ..........................................................................................7
2.2.1.1 Concept .....................................................................................................7
2.2.1.2 Clause - basic link unit ...........................................................................8
2.2.2 Theory of semantic ....................................................................................10
2.2.2.1 Concept ...................................................................................................10
2.2.2.2 Expression method ...............................................................................11
2.2.3 Overview of linking words ......................................................................11
2.2.3.1 Definition of Linking words .................................................................11
2.2.3.2 Linking words classification ................................................................12
2.3 Linking words in English and in Vietnamese ..................................................12
2.3.1 Linking words in English ........................................................................15
2.3.1.1 Structure ................................................................................................15
2.3.2 Linking words in Vietnamese .................................................................18

2.3.2.1 Structure ...............................................................................................18

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2.3.2.2 Meaning ................................................................................................18
2.4 Conlusion .......................................................................................................24
Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................25
3.1 Subjects ..........................................................................................................25
3.2 Instruments.....................................................................................................25
3.3 Procedures ......................................................................................................26
3.4 Statistical Analysis ...........................................................................................27
3.5. Summary .........................................................................................................27
Chapter 4: FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY
CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS ................28
4.1 Syntactic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel ..............................28
4.1.1 Linking words has a incorporate word ....................................................28
4.1.2 Linking words includes many incorporate words ...................................30
4.2 Semantic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel ..............................31
4.2.1 Elaboration ...............................................................................................31
4.2.2 Extention .................................................................................................36
4.2.3 Spatio – Temporal ...................................................................................37
4.2.4 Logical expresstion..................................................................................39
4.2.5 Comparation ............................................................................................40
4.2.6 Causality –Result .....................................................................................41
4.2.7 Conditional - Result..................................................................................42
4.2.8 Dismissive ................................................................................................43
4.3 Contrastive analysis of Linking words in English and Vietnamese in “Jane
Eyre” novel ............................................................................................................44
4.3.1 Structure ...................................................................................................44

4.3.2 Meaning ...................................................................................................46
4.4 Implication .......................................................................................................47
4.4.1 Implication for teaching and learning .....................................................47
4.4.2. Implication for translating ........................................................................49
4.5 Summary ..........................................................................................................49
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION .......................................................................................51
5.1 Summary of Findings ......................................................................................51
5.2 Conclusions ......................................................................................................51
5.3 Recommendations for Further Study ...............................................................52

iv


REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................53
APPENDIX ...............................................................................................................56

v


LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Meaning of linking words in English and Vietnamese. ........................... 17
Table 3.1. Summary of the research of the problem ................................................. 27

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figures 4.1: The rate of linking words is investigated (%) ....................................... 28
Figures 4.2. Semantic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel .................... 31
Figures 4.3. Elaboration rate (%) .............................................................................. 32

Figures 4.4. Extention rate (%) ................................................................................. 36
Figures 4.5. Spatio – Temporal rate (%) ................................................................... 39
Figures 4.6. Logical expresstion rate (%) ................................................................. 40
Figures 4.7. Comparation rate (%) ............................................................................ 41
Figures 4.8. Causality –Result rate (%) .................................................................... 41
Figures 4.9. Conditional –Result rate (%)................................................................. 43
Figures 4.10. Dismissive rate (%) ............................................................................. 44

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1

Rationale for the study

In today's modern social life, people tend to associate each other with which
English is the vehicle language of attachment. English is widely used in the world
and is regarded as an international language. Most of the international media are
using English as a medium. From the field of science-technology-economics-tradesport-information-culture ... all fields in social life, English is used for translation
and is considered as a language. The main language used for communication,
exchange and cooperation. Mainly because English is used and it has become an
indispensable need of modern human life. In the process of using English and
translation, text is an indispensable tool. At present, the Vietnamese and English
text types are being used the most in communication in Vietnam. Grammar in
Vietnamese and English for the target audience and the most attention in the
process of teaching and learning English, as well as translation from English to
Vietnamese and vice versa. There must be grammatical documents for specialized
documents in the form of a comparison between native and native languages, to
help learners or researchers quickly acquire advanced knowledge The term

"reconciliation" is often used to refer to a method or study that focuses on two or
more languages. The purpose of language comparison studies is to elucidate
similarities and differences or to justify the incompatibility of two or more
languages. Comparative study provides the ability to determine not only facts and
phenomena that have similar functions in the translated languages, but also their
position in functional systems. One of the most worldwide famous literature
masterpieces, “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte, long lives with readers not only
because of the excellent plot. The considerable attention to the linguistics of the
timeless novel has always been paid by scholars across the nations. One of the most
loved linguistic aspects debated is the abundance of linking word exploited in this
work of art. As a consequence, loads of researches have been conducted to make an
analysis of the aforementioned topic.
Boasting the vivid and superb language, “Jane Eyre” earns a huge popularity
in Vietnam and the work. Since its introduction, the translation version by Tran
Anh Kim has gained noticeable success in winning the hearts of the keen readers.

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The author would like to conduct a study to explore the use of linking word
in the novel and also an analysis of their Vietnamese equivalents in the Vietnamese
translation version to examine the way to express the equivalents of linking word in
this art in Vietnamese and suggest some solutions to deal with the difficulties in
translating linking word into Vietnamese.
"Features of Linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel and Vietnamese
equivalents" for the purpose of pointing out the similarities and differences between
the combination of the two English-Vietnamese languages in this novel, help
foreign language learners recognize and understand the use of linking words in
English and Vietnamese.
1.2

Aims and objectives of the study

For research on linking words in English, the study goes into the linking
words analysis in Chartlote's "Jane Eyre" and compares it with the translation by
Tran Anh Kim, thus offering some suggestions. teaching linking words as well as
translating English into Vietnamese.
To achieve this goal, research should achieve the following results:
- Description of the structure and meaning of linking words in English
- Analysis of linking words in Jane Eyre and comparison with Tran Anh
Kim's translation
- Proposing a number of tutorials and linking words in English for
Vietnamese
1.3

Research questions

The research questions, therefore, are posed as follows:
(1) What are the semantic and syntactic features of linking word in “Jane
Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte?
(2)What are the similarities and differences of linking words in Jane Eyre's
work with Tran Anh Kim's translation?
(3) What are the recommendations for learners in translating linking words
into Vietnamese?

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1.4

Method of the study
To answer the research questions presented in 1.3. The study was

conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods, analyzing 150 linking words
in the Jane Eyre novel. The comparison method will then be used to compare the
linking words in Jane Eyre's novel with the translation by Tram Anh Kim.
Particularly, English linking words in the novel and the Vietnamese
equivalents in the translation version by Tran Anh Kim are put into comparison in
terms of structure. In this way, the use of linking words in this work will be
extensively investigated while the Vietnamese equivalents are correspondingly
reviewed.
1.5

Scope of the study

“Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte was first published in 1847, and was later
translated into many languages.
“Jane Eyre” was translation into the target language by Tran Anh Kim, a
member of Vietnamese writer associations and introduced to Vietnamese readers
by Nguyen Duc Nam. The translation version, which is about 763 pages thick, was
published in 2012 by the publishing house of Vietnamese writer associations.
The task of examining every nominal group in the original version would be
considered infeasible due to the big number of the chapters in the literary work
compared to the small scale of the research. Therefore, this research is limited to
describing, analyzing and collating the features of linking words in Jane Eyre's
novel by Charlotte Bronte. in quantities of 400 words listed.
It would appear to be a question of curiosity to readers why the data
selection would come from these chapters. While keen readers of this incomparable
novel would observe the very popularity of linking word throughout the whole
novel, the most primary and influential ones which make a generous contribution to

the success of the work by depicting the settings as well as visualizing the
characters are seen here in the chapters. Also, the focus of the study would be to the
linking word which are believed to be complicated in structures and worth
analyzing as well as debating. It would, therefore, account for the fact that the data
would be 100 linking words scattered in the novel.

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1.6

Significance of the study

Theoretically, this study hopes to provide an insight of the so-call popular
English phenomenon – Linking words in the novel that have over-one-hundredyear existence and numerous keen readers, therefore, contributing to the theories of
semantic features of linking words in general.
Practically, the findings of this study will redound to the benefit of society
considering that translation plays an important role in language teaching and learning
today. The greater demand of graduates with good quality of translation justifies the
need for more effective teaching translation tips approach. The study contributes as a
material for teachers and students in teaching and practicing translation.
Based on this study, its meaning is to point out the similarities and disparities
between the incorporate forms in the two English-Vietnamese languages, which help
learners to learn and learn foreign languages. Use the incorporate combination of the
two languages and improve your professional skills in your own mother tongue and
enrich your native language. That's why I chose this topic for research.
1.7

Design of the study

The study is designed into 5 chapters
Chapter 1 is Introduction of the study. The author would like to give a overview
of the study, including Rationale, Aims and Objectives of the study, Research questions,
Methods of the study, Scope of the study and significance of the study.
Chapter 2 is Literature review. In this chapter, the previous studies related to the
thesis, the theoretical background and the theoretical framework will be provided.
Chapter 3 is Data and Methods. It consist of subjects, instruments,
procedures and statistical analysis.
Chapter 4 is the Findings and Discussion.
Chapter 5 is the conclusion with summary of the thesis and
recommendations for further studies.

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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous studies
2.1.1 International Studies
In 1976, the publishers of London and Nework published the book
"Cohesion in English" written by M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan [108]. This
is the first study of linking words. This book presented the links: References,
Substitution, Ellipsis, Lexical cohesion, and Linking words. Halliday and Hassan
argue that: The connection must be based on their semantic relationship. But It is
not a fixed relationship. This is a detailed study of linking words in particular, other
links in general. After introducing the concept of linking words, Halliday and
Hassan classified linking words into four main categories according to their
semantics: Additive, Advertise, Causal and Relationship time. At the same time,
they also made a number of statements from the expression of semantic
relationships in linking words, and the analysis of a number of typical expressions.

In general, this book has contributed a great deal to the theory, linking words in
particular, and semantic relationships in linking words.
In 1998, M.K.Halliday's second edition of "An Introduction to Functional
Grammer" (published six times) was translated by Hoang Van Van. On the basis of
the first project in 1976, Halliday undertook the supplementation and correction of
related issues, particularly on alignment.
In 1992, the Philadelphia publisher in Amsterdam published a review of
J.R.Martin's work on "English Text - System and Structure". It can be seen as a
careful study of linkages, including linking words. It introduces readers to the
concept of Internal Relations and External Relations - new point compared to
Halliday. Martine has set the criteria for distinguishing between these two types of
connections. In particular, it relies on circumtaintial identifying relationals to
distinguish external relations, and is based on the concept of projection to identify
internal relations. It also divides each type of interior and exterior connection
according to the types of relations: Addictive relations, Consequential relations,
Comparative relations,Temporal and Locative relations. In item 6 of the book, the
author mentions: Conhesion and register and Cohesive harmony analysis. In the
first part (Conhesion and register), this book summarizes and cites a number of
statements by M.K.Halliday and Ruaqaiya Hassan on the problem of linkage and
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language. The rest - Cohesive harmony analysis, JRMartin refers to the skill (or
procedure) examines the interaction of the chain of addresses, vocabulary and
grammar experience... Cohesive harmony analysis is mainly used to examine the
association in text units; Therefore, it is aware of the existence of the linkage.
However, the work is only preliminary steps on linking words.
Thus, in our incomplete coverage of material, linking words have been
noticed by many English learners; and its achievements, especially in terms of
theoretical foundations, have also been reached.

2.1.2 Research in Vietnam
In Vietnam, there are many studies that mention the linking structure,
semantics, and the use of linking words.
In 1980, Hanoi University introduced the study "Vietnamese and English
Grammar”, was writen by Hoang Trong Phien. It present the models of the
sentence for each type of relationship in the compound sentence - which, in our
opinion, it is linking words such as: causality, condition , concessions, purpose
statements, comparisons, typesetting, contrast, selection, and compound sentences.
This studyis extremely valuable for us to look at the basic semantics of linking
words as well as for linking words document.
In 2006, the book "Links in Vietnamese and English: Texts, Circles, Links,
Paragraphs" by Diep Quang Ban was reprinted (the third time). This book presents
a clear article on the four items mentioned in the title. It’s very convenient for
reference. In part 2, it mentions links, including linking words (from p.132-134).
Diep Quang Ban also split linking words into two basic types: loose linking words
and tight linking words. In particular, in Part One gives some fifteen interpretations
of the concept of text, distinguishes the concept of text and discourse, of spoken
and written language, and outlines the characteristics of a text in general. . Trần
Ngọc Thêm also mentioned the structural theory - the structure of the meaning of
the message in the text.
In 2007, Pedagogical University published the book "Textbook" by Diep
Quang Ban under the project of training high school teachers of the Ministry of
Education and Training. We must recognize: This is a very comprehensive, was
writing of aspects of the text; The study deals with most of the links, including

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linking words. In his article, Diep Quang Ban mentions linking words and means of
connection; and the common meaning in linking words. On the means of

connection, he divides into two broad categories: the word relation (equality /
dependency) and the conjugal term (alternative pronoun / conjugation of
meaningful and cooperative words). As for the common relationships in linking
words, in addition to the four relations that Halliday states: complement, contrast,
time, causality; Diep Quang Ban also mentions two more types of relationship:
purpose and condition. In general, works are an aggregation of prior works, so their
contribution is negligible.
In general, the studies mentioned above are quite comprehensive about
general issues of text, links and linking words.
On the basis of inheriting theoretical and practical studies, as well as
observing specific articles. This dissertation is based on the English and
Vietnamese materials, linking words in a systematic and comprehensive manner.
2.2 Overview of syntax and semantic
2.2.1 Theory of syntax
2.2.1.1 Concept
According to Tran Ngoc Them, the link is considered a specific attribute, it
is only in the upper sentence, and is based on the statement to determine the linkage
of the text. Actually, speaking is the realization of the sentence model, or the
sentence itself in the process of communication. This is a remarkable point in the
theory of Tran Ngoc Them, because he has attached "sentences" in particular,
language in general with the process of communication, with the process of
language of the administration.
Diep Quang Ban, the clause is a clause that says, as Halliday, it consists of
two elements, namely the Theme-Topic, which is the opening element of the text
(usually to the left) and the constituent part object; Rthemecomment (usually on the
right) is about the topic. If Halliday views Theme- Topic as the basic structure of
semantic and informational relations, Cao Xuan Hao views it as a fundamental
relation of grammar. Overall, this is a rather complicated issue. Although the
subject of this thesis is linking words, it is impossible not to mention this issue.

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However, for the sake of description, we consider the clause to be a clause
consisting of two basic components of the subject - predicate. That is:In the clause,
there may appear grammatical relationships such as equality, subordination but it
must have a subjective relationship. And so, there are cases where the clause will
coincide with the statement; but there will also be instances of speeches; Especially
the complex statement, which will include many clauses.
Conclusion: Syntax is the rules that combine words, groups of words into
structures that express meaning in sentences in natural language. There are two
main syntax systems: VO (verb) and OV (object-verb). In these systems there are
sub-systems related to the subject's location. Vietnamese is SVO type. The term
"syntax" is also used in logic and artificial language branches as computer
languages.
2.2.1.2 Clause - basic link unit
We chose the clause as the base unit to analyze linkages in general and
linking words in particular. For the following main reasons.
- Methodically:
+ Functional grammatical-based linguistics systems each use clause units to
study in both languages. For example, English: Halliday, Ton Thi My Nhat, Thai
Minh Duc; Vietnamese: Hoàng Văn Vân, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền ...
+ From a grammatical point of view, we need to choose a unit of uniformity
for linking words.
- In terms of function:In general terms, the clause can function as the basic
link unit for the following reasons:
+ First of all, the clause is the smallest unit of meaning that gives a relatively
complete message: "clause as a mesage (Halliday). That is the structure of the
message meaning is expressed through the clause.
+ Second, the clause can assume the basic unit of clause as an exchange. In

this respect, we emphasize the function of communicating information through the
subject, which Halliday asserted: "The subject is the warranty for the exchange. It
is the speaker who is responsible for the validity of what he is saying.

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The subject structure proves that the clause is a unit with a relatively stable
grammatical structure; and it is one of the basic structures that underlie higher
grammar units. Actually, the clause is an independent and separate unit, so it must
be analyzed separately as a basic unit. According to Halliday, "the relationship
between clause and clause is similar to the relationship between a word and a
phrase: the sentence is evolved by extending it out of the clause. Thus, in function,
the clause may take on the same functions as the spokesperson. It is the grammar
that is capable of fulfilling the basic essence of a complete statement. And the
clause becomes pronounced when the clause is interrupted by spoken punctuation
(dots, exclamations, etc.), then the statement is a single clause.
+ Third, the clause is an representation - it represents the ongoing processes
of the text maker. In it, the body (the person who performs the action) is the active
participant, which plays the basic function in this performance.
From the functional point of view, Hallliday explains why not selecting
singular clauses (phonemes, phonetics, words, phrases) as a basis for linking and
choosing the clause: "We will not deal refers to the structure to the intrinsic element
structure of the word; Our main concern is being placed in higher units of words,
especially in clause. The reason is that the accepted mode of interpretation is the
functional mode in which the grammatical structure is explained in relation to
meaning; and there is a general principle in the language through which the larger
units play a more direct function of realization in higher-level models.
Halliday also explains why we do not choose a larger unit than the clause,
which is the basic unit of association: "A sentence can be interpreted as a clause: a

clause and other clauses modifying it. And "we can assume that the concept of"
complex clause "can help us to fully explain the organization and function of
sentences. Thereby, we find that the spokesman is not the smallest unit of function
as the clause. That is, based on the clause, from the Bottom up process, we can
fully enlighten the notion of statements or statements; But reverse operation can be
difficult.
In fact, not all statements contain only one clause, for example:
When do you go to Hanoi?
Tomorrow.

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(syntax> speech, which is not a clause, but a word.)
It rains heavily! (syntax = spokesperson.)
Mom go to work; I go to school. (syntax> mouthpiece, specifically the
mouthpiece consists of two syntax.)
Thus, a syntax may not be a statement (rarer 3), and also when a
spokesperson is not necessarily a syntax (rarer 1).
2.2.2 Theory of semantic
2.2.2.1 Concept
Diep Quang Ban [6] defines the sentence link: "Linking sentence is the use
at the beginning of the sentence or before the predicate (before the verb in the
predicate). Words that have the ability to relate to two types of relationship are
connected. And in that way, it connects these two sentences "
While defining loosely coupled and tight linking, the author also asserted
that: Linking is the use of tight or loose words to link sentences. with the master
sentence.
Nguyen Duc Dan's linkage classification system is not linked, but he refers
to this array through the "Link by Grammar Signals" section and the author

classifies this into form link.
David Nunan also gives a general understanding: "It is the method of
association because it signifies relations, which can only be reasonably understood
by reference to other parts of the text.
Tran Ngoc Them the concept of linking sentences through the concept of
linearity: "The basis for linking two statements is the existence of relationships in
which there are semantic relationships between them. In linear terms, those
relationships are in latent form. If these relationships are represented by lexical
means, then there is a linking phenomenon or linking words in general.
And Tran Ngoc Them also introduces the concept of linking sentences by
introducing its pattern or structure: "The linking phenomenon is in the form of a
binary relation aRb, where (a, b) is the pair of parts The order was arranged (...).
Here, R is the connecting medium. And the twofold relation here is semantic.

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In particular, a lot of comments suggest that linking words are formally
linked. If, in this view, we have dropped an important subclass of linking is an
unconnected sentence. In our view, conjunctive is the form of the link, and the real
meaning of the two clauses is content, semantic logic. Placing sentence sentences
into formal forms is only a matter of relative nature and for convenience purposes.
Thus, the sentence link is a connection of meaning meaning two (or many)
clauses, marked by connecting means (relational, transitive, etc.). There are not
even link elements of this form. Here, we follow the definition of Tran Ngoc Add.
Conclusion: Linking sentences is a meaningful link between sentences and
sentences, between paragraphs and paragraphs of words that have links.
2.2.2.2 Expression method
To link two or more clauses, the authors provide the following means:
- Linking words

- Adverbs
- Special structures,
"In English, there are some phrases that are very close to the phrase but
relatively stable in terms of organization, are used to the words that make them
retain their independence, sometimes a word in which can be replaced by other
words. "[83; 184]
Thus, the relationship of words in a language is relatively fixed - both in
grammatical and semantic terms, so it can be considered as "a unit available in
language."
2.2.3 Overview of linking words
2.2.3.1 Definition of Linking words
The use of media identifiers indicates the linking words of the authors are
inconsistent.
Nguyen Huu Quynh mentioned the concept of linking words. "Linking
words are words, describing specialized grammatical relationships that connect
elements in sentences or elements in phrases.

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Le Bien in his book, "Words of Modern English," also introduces the
concept of linking words: Linking words are words that express the relationships
between concepts in thinking. "[8; 161].
Nguyen Tai Can [12] in the book "English Grammar", on page 341 also
confirmed similar.
In addition, Diep Quang Ban also outlined the features of combining ability
and syntactic function of the word: used to connect words, phrases, sentences and
paragraphs have a syntactical relationship.
Based on the above concepts, we find that the majority of authors refer to
linking words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs as linking words;

Conclusion: Linking words are words that link ideas, sentences together.
2.2.3.2 Linking words classification
Connectors of Addition
- FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, IN ADDITION, ADDITIONALLY,
BESIDES (THAT): used to complement the idea was presented previously. Often
these connectors are used to connect two sentences; These are usually commas ().
They can also be used to link two independent clauses in a sentence; In this case,
the prefix is followed by a semicolon (;) followed by a comma (,).
* Note: It is possible to use WHAT'S MORE, ON TOP OF THAT with
equivalent meaning but in context does not require the use of formal style.
- ALSO, AS WELL, NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO, TOO: Used to link two
ideas in the same sentence. These words precede the clause / phrase, and before /
after the verb, also connect two pairs of verbs / nouns / adjectives / adverbs (not
only ... but also) sentence (as well, too).
Observe the location and usage of complementary words through the
following examples:
Original: My professor is an extremely fascinating person.
She tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard.
-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. Hơn nữa, sẽ biết một số
most interesting stories I have.

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-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. In addition, she tells some of
the most interesting stories I have ever heard.
-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. Besides, she tells some of
the most interesting stories I have ever heard.
-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. Besides that, she tells some
of the most interesting stories I have ever heard.

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. Moreover, she tells some of
the most interesting stories I have ever heard.
-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. She tells some of the most
interesting stories I have ever heard, too.
-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. She also tells some of the
most interesting stories I have ever heard.
- My professor is an extremely fascinating person, and she tells some of the
most interesting stories I have ever heard.
-> professor is an extremely fascinating person. She tells some of the most
interesting stories I have ever heard as well.
- My professor is not only fascinating fascinating person but also tells some
of the most interesting stories I have ever heard.
- APART FROM, EXCEPT (FOR), AS WELL AS, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR
INSTANCE: used to add information to the previous listing. After these
conjunctions often use nouns / phrases:
Example: She has a car as well as a motorbike.
I can eat anything except for shrimps.
Apart from Tom, all other students were present in the class yesterday.
You can book tickets in many different ways, for example, online, at the
agent's agent or over the telephone.
Connectors of Opposition
- HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, ON THE OTHER
HAND, ON THE CONTRARY, CONVERSELY, NORTHWITHSTANDING:
used to introduce a contrary idea to the idea presented earlier. Often these
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connectors are used to connect two sentences; These are usually commas (). They
can also be used to link two independent clauses in a sentence; In this case, the
prefix is followed by a semicolon (;) followed by a comma (,).

* Note: on the other hand, only used to express the contrast between two
objects.
IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH: used
to initiate an opposite idea presented earlier (or later). These conjunctions are used
to connect two clauses in the same sentence. In spite of and despite are used before
a noun or verb phrase while although, though and even though precede a clause.
- WHILE, WHEREAS: This is used to link two clauses that have logically
opposite meanings to form a sentence. If while and whereas are at the beginning of
the sentence, use comma (,) before starting the second clause; If you are in the
middle of the sentence, do not use commas.
- YET, BUT: used to initiate an opposite idea that was presented earlier.
These conjunctions are usually used to connect two clauses in the same sentence.
Before yet and but usually have a comma (,).
Observe the usage of the words through the following example:
Original story: I broke my leg in the accident. I felt great
- I broke my leg in the accident. However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless, I felt
great.
-> Although / Though / Even though I broke my leg, I felt great.
-> Despite / In spite of breaking my leg in the accident, I felt great ...
- I broke my leg in the accident, yet felt great
Example: - Long-time unemployment waits for those whose skills are
outdated. On the other hand, people who have retrained or have more flexible skills
can find jobs in new services or high-tech industries.
- While some people have money to burn, others must count every single
penny they
2.3 Linking words in English and in Vietnamese

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In general, linking words in English and Vietnamese are similar in
expressing meaningful relationships. However, there are some structural
differences of linking words. And perhaps the most fundamental difference is the
use - the use of conjunctions in specific contexts.
Derived from the characteristics of English as the transposition language,
English grammar is important in structure and form. Meanwhile, Vietnamese is a
monolingual language, but the word order is one of the grammatical modes that
play a central role. After analyzing the differences in methodology between the two
languages, we find that these differences focus on differences in the type of
language.
2.3.1 Linking words in English
2.3.1.1 Structure
For linking words, both languages have the following types (also
constructive):
- Linking words continuously and interrupted.
Ex: Not all activities affecting an income statement are central to ongoing
operation. (2) Using excess cash to purchase stocks in other companies is an
investing activity for Papa John's. (3) However, any interest or dividents earned on
the investment is called investment income or revenue. (4) Likewise, borrowing
money is a financing activities. (5) However, the cost of then using that money is
called interest expense.
The word "however" (5) performs the link function, not with its adjacent
statement, which is connected to a previous statement (3). The contrast that
"however" represents is the contrast between the name of the business model (2) the interest expense with the business form (1) set out in (3) - using the proceeds to
buy shares, it is "investment income or revenue". Thus, the role that "however"
represents in this case is the interruption of linking words.
- Loose and tight
Linnking words are based on the dependency (meaning and form) of the
sentence to separate into tight and loose.
Example:

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