WORKBOOK boost your vocabulary cam9 dinhthang

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Trân trọng cảm ơn,
Đinh Thắng


TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN
Đinh Thắng


Giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012.



Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.



Từng làm việc tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012).



Học bổng bán phần (75%) của khóa học thạc sỹ nằm trong chương trình Erasmus
Mundus.

Facebook: dinhthangielts | Website: www. ielts-dinhthang.com

… cùng các bạn Ngọc Anh, Tấn Phong, Âu Lê, Luyện Linh, Thu Anh.


BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK

HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH WORKBOOK
Sách dành cho các bạn đã học cuốn Boost your vocabulary – Cambridge IELTS 9 do team
IELTS family thực hiện.
Tốt nhất, các bạn nên học xong ít nhất 3 cuốn Boost (Ví dụ cuốn 9,10,11 hoặc cuốn 9,10,12)
thì mới chuyển sang giai đoạn ôn tập trong cuốn Workbook này. Vì quá trình ôn tập cuốn
Workbook có thể ngốn thời gian của bạn, trong khi đọc một cuốn Boost mới có thể giúp bạn “vô
tình” gặp lại các từ đã học và từ sẽ ngấm tự nhiên hơn. Vậy nên, nếu bạn chưa học xong 3
cuốn Boost, thì chưa nên học theo cuốn này.
* Nếu bạn đã học xong 3 cuốn Boost thì chắc chắn lượng từ vựng của bạn đã tăng rồi, và các
bạn có thể thực hiện các bước sau để giúp bạn củng cố lại lượng từ vựng đó:
Bước 1: Điền nghĩa của từ (tiếng Anh hoặc tiếng Việt đều được) vào cột bên phải cuốn sách
này. Lúc điền có thể đối chiếu ngữ cảnh gốc ở cột bên trái.
Bước 2: Trường hợp bạn quên nghĩa của từ nào đó, hãy xem ví dụ liên quan đến từ đó ở
cuối mỗi passage để đoán nghĩa. Ví dụ sau passage 1, test 1, cuốn Workbook 9 này có từ số 1
= synthetic đã được giới thiệu ở trong bảng, cột bên phải.
Bước 3. Trường hợp bạn vẫn quên nghĩa của từ đó thì có 3 khả năng
1- Từ đó khó và ít gặp, và bạn không nhất thiết phải nhớ. Vậy nên đừng quá lo.
2- Ví dụ của team làm sách chưa đủ tốt. Rất khó để chọn được một ví dụ hoàn hảo. Mặc dù đã
cố gắng lọc vài ngàn ví dụ để chọn ra tầm 600 ví dụ cho các từ của cuốn sách này, nhưng việc
đưa ra ví dụ đủ dễ để giúp các bạn đoán từ mà không nắm được nghĩa vẫn thực sự là rất khó.

3- Khả năng ghi nhớ của bạn chưa tốt. Bạn nên đọc lại cuốn Boost nếu thấy có trên 40% các từ
bạn không thể nhớ nghĩa chính xác.

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Test 1
READING PASSAGE 1
1. Synthetic=…

William Henry Perkin

2. Curiosity= …

The man who invented synthetic dyes
William Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in
London, England.
As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests
in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering.
But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet
functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home
that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for
chemistry.
As a student at the City of London School, Perkin
became immersed in the study of chemistry. His

talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by
his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to
attend a series of lectures given by the eminent
scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution.
Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm
further, and he later went on to attend the Royal
College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering
in 1853, at the age of 15.
At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College
of Chemistry was headed by the noted German
chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific
gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two
years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not
long after that, Perkin made the scientific
breakthrough that would bring him both fame and
fortune.
At the time, quinine was the only viable medical
treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the
bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America,
and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the
available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some
passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic
substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star
pupil was moved to take up the challenge.
During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in
the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house. He

3. Prompt= …
4. Stumble upon something= …
5. Run-down= …

6. Solidify= …
7. Enthusiasm=…
8. Become immersed in=…
9. Devotion= …
10. Perceive=…
11. Enrolment= ...
12. Gift=
13. Breakthrough=
14. Fame=
15. Fortune=
16. Derive=
17. Substitute=

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was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline,
an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste
product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not
end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a
mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific
training and nature prompted him to investigate the
substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate
and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the
experimental process, he finally produced a deep

purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous
scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only
the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his
unexpected find.
Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural
sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of
these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were
difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed,
the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so
costly that in society at the time only the rich could
afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in
hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop
that Perkin’s discovery was made.
Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could
be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first
synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this
breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But
perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions
to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the
new dye had commercial possibilities.
Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it
later became commonly known as mauve (from the
French for the plant used to make the colour violet).
He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert
Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye
would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e.
would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So,
over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he
left college to give birth to the modern chemical
industry.

With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a
factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and
plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited by
product of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works
began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed
material in 1857. The company received a commercial
boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she
decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon,

18. Manufacture=
19. Mysterious=
20. Excretion=
21. Obtain =
22. Extract something from something=
23. Afford=
24. Backdrop=
25. Grasp=
26. Fabric=
27. Patent=
28. Instant=
29. Recognition=
30. Commercial=
31. Assure=
32. Fierce=
33. Objection=
34. Mentor=
35. Utilise=

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mauve was the necessary shade for all the
fashionable ladies in that country.
Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also
appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus
making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was
bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more.
Perkin went back to the drawing board.
Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune
assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued
his research. Among other dyes he developed and
introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black
(1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is
important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye
discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely
decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical
research in many ways. For instance, they were used
to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria,
allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as
tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes
continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what
would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their
current use is in the search for a vaccine against
malaria.

36. Boost=
37. Flatter=
38. Shade=
39. Be all the rage=
40. Clamour for=
41. Go back to the drawing board=
42. Merely=
43. Vital=
44. Crucial=

1. Synthetic =
_Synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon are made entirely from carcinogenic
petrochemicals that contribute to numerous health and environmental problems.
2. Curiosity =
_ Children have a natural curiosity about the world around them.
3. Prompt =
_ What exactly prompted him to call you in the middle of the night?
4. Stumble upon something =
_ Workmen stumbled upon huge fossil bones while digging foundations for a
new building.
5. Run-down =
_ The building was run-down, so the rents were low.
6. Solidify =
_ The two countries signed a treaty to solidify their alliance.

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7. Enthusiasm =
_ The company has had another successful year, thanks to
the enthusiasm and energy of our workforce.
8. Become immersed in =
_ She got some books out of the library and immersed herself in Jewish history
and culture.
9. Devotion =
_He is a person with devotion to work because he is always willing to give up his
personal time in order to do extra hours.
10. Perceive =
_ The human eye is capable of perceiving thousands of insignificant details.
11. Enrolment =
_ Figures for female enrolment in IT degree courses remain low.
12. Gift =
_ Elena sure has a gift for telling stories.
13. Breakthrough =
_ Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.
14. Fame =
_Most celebrities gain fame by working hard for years in their chosen professions while
others get famous because of their scandals.
15. Fortune =
_ She inherited a fortune from her grandmother.
16. Derive =
_ Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
17. Substitute =
_ Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
18. Manufacture =

_The car was manufactured in Germany until 1961.

19. Mysterious =
_ There was something mysterious about him, and she wanted to ask him a lot
of questions.
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20. Excretion =
_ The excretion of toxic substances through the skin.
21. Obtain =
_He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
22. Extract something from something =
_ The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking.
23. Afford =
_ Many smaller companies simply cannot afford to
buy health insurance for employees and remain in business.
24. Backdrop =
_ A love story set against a backdrop of war and despair.
25. Grasp =
_ A short opening paragraph enables the reader to quickly grasp what the article is
about.
26. Fabric =
_ The fact that cotton absorbs humidity makes it a great fabric for summer days.
27. Patent =

_ If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it.
28. Instant =
_ We knew that there were no instant or easy solutions to overcome the problems that
we faced.
29. Recognition =
_ There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak.
30. Commercial =
_ “Em chưa 18” achieved huge commercial success with two million tickets sold and
became the highest-grossing Vietnamese film at the Vietnamese box office.
31. Assure =
_ Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine.

32. Fierce =
_ Fierce winds prevented the race from taking place.
33. Objection =
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_There were 14 letters of support for the scheme and eight letters of objection.
34. Mentor =
_ You need a mentor to guide you along the way.
35. Utilise =
_The offices have a heating system that utilises solar energy.
36. Boost =
_ The win boosted the team’s confidence.

37. Flatter =
_ Finding out your real body shape will help you choose clothes which flatter you best.
38. Shade =
_The room has been decorated in pastel shades (= soft and light colours) throughout.
39. Be all the rage =
_ DiCaprio became all the rage after starring in the film ‘Titanic’.
40. Clamour for =
_ The audience cheered, clamouring for more.
41. Go back to the drawing board =
_ The current system just isn’t working – we need to go back to the drawing board
and start afresh.
42. Merely =
_ He’s merely a boy! you can’t expect him to understand.
43. Vital =
_ Regular exercise is vital for your health.
44. Crucial =
_Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.

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READING PASSAGE 2

IS THERE ANYBODY OUT
THERE

The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence

1. Extra-terrestrial=

The question of whether we are alone in the Universe
has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now
stand poised on the brink of the answer to that
question, as we search for radio signals from other
intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by
the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial
intelligence], is a difficult one. Although groups
around the world have been searching intermittently
for three decades, it is only now that we have
reached the level of technology where we can make
a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for
any sign of life.

2. Haunt=

A
The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity
- the same curiosity about the natural world that
drives all pure science. We want to know whether we
are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether
life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or
whether there is something very special about the
Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that
we see around us on the planet. The simple
detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to
answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense,

SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure
science which is continually pushing out the horizon
of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons
for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere.
For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for
perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats
of nuclear war and pollution over the last few
decades have told us that our survival may be
tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or
will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a
planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect

8. Curiosity=

3. Poised on the brink/edge of
something=
4. Intermittently=
5. Determined=
6. Make an attempt to do something=
7. Primary=

9. Drive=
10. Evolve=
11. Foster=
12. Detection=
13. Sufficient=
14. A cog in the machine/wheel=
15. Tenuous=

16. Wipe something out=

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that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy,
their ages will range from zero to several billion
years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is
likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The
mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that
long-term survival is possible, and gives us some
cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older
civilisation may pass on the benefits of their
experience in dealing with threats to survival such as
nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats
that we haven’t yet discovered.
B
In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI
scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFQs
(Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored
since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for
them to be strong enough to bear serious
consideration (although it is also important to keep an
open mind in case any really convincing evidence
emerges in the future). Second, we make a very
conservative assumption that we are looking for a

life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs
radically from us we may well not recognise it as a
life form, quite apart from whether we are able to
communicate with it. In other words, the life form we
are looking for may well have two green heads and
seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in
that it should communicate with its fellows, be
interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a
star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively,
have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and
water.
C
Even when we make these assumptions, our
understanding of other life forms is still severely
limited. We do not even know, for example, how
many stars have planets, and we certainly do not
know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given
the right conditions. However, when we look at the
100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and
100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it
seems inconceivable that at least one of these
planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the
best educated guess we can make, using the little
that we do know about the conditions for carbon-

17. Optimism=
18. Adopt=
19. Ground rules=
20. Evidence=
21. An open mind=

22. Convincing=
23. Conservative =
24. Assumption=
25. Radically=
26. Resemble=
27. Fellow=
28. Orbit=
29. Inconceivable=

30. Estimate=

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based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in
100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet
orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours
are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost
next door in astronomical terms.

31. Astronomical=

D
An alien civilisation could choose many different
ways of sending information across the galaxy, but

many of these either require too much energy, or else
are severely attenuated while traversing the vast
distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a
given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in
the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the
greatest distance, and so all searches to date have
concentrated on looking for radio waves in this
frequency range. So far there have been a number of
searches by various groups around the world,
including Australian searches using the radio
telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now
there have not been any detections from the few
hundred stars which have been searched. The scale
of the searches has been increased dramatically
since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10
million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough
search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in
this project is being spent on developing the special
hardware needed to search many frequencies at
once. The project has two parts. One part is a
targeted search using the world’s largest radio
telescopes, the American-operated telescope in
Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in
Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching
the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for
signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz.
The other part of the project is an undirected search
which is monitoring all of space with a lower
sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s
Deep Space Network.

34. Traverse=

E
There is considerable debate over how we should
react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation.
Everybody agrees that we should not reply
immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of
sending a reply over such large distances at short
notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would

32. Severely=
33. Attenuate=

35. Frequency=
36. To date=
37. Concentrate on=
38. Various=
39. Radio telescope=
40. Scale=
41. Dramatically=
42. Conduct =
43. Hardware=
44. Sensitivity=
45. Monitor=
46. Considerable=
47. Debate=

48. Immediately=
49. Ethical=

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have to be addressed by the global community
before any reply could be sent. Would the human
race face the culture shock if faced with a superior
and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no
urgency about this. The stars being searched are
hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of
years for their signal to reach us, and a further few
hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not
important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or
decades, while the human race debates the question
of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a
reply.

50. Address=
51. Superior=
52. Urgency=

1. Extra-terrestrial =
_ Maybe the reason scientists have yet to receive signals from extraterrestrial
intelligence is because there isn't any extraterrestrial intelligence sending signals.
2. Haunt =

_ 30 years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction.
3. Poised on the brink/edge of =
_ The economy is poised on the edge of collapse.
4. Intermittent =
_ The afternoon will be warm but unsettled, with intermittent light rain.
5. Determined =
_ Several publishers rejected her book, but that just made her all the more determined.
6. Make an attempt to do something =
_ The climbers will make another attempt to reach the summit today.
7. Primary =
_ The money I earn is extra, my husband's job is our primary source of income.
8. Curiosity =
_ I opened the packet just to satisfy my curiosity.

9. Drive =
_ Phil, driven by jealousy, started spying on his wife.
10. Evolve =
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_ Over the past three years he has evolved into one of America's most successful
restaurant owners.
11. Foster =
_ Recent studies show that advertising usually fosters competition and therefore lower
prices.

12. Detection =
_ By flying low, the plane was able to avoid detection by enemy radar.
13. Sufficient =
_ It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to
convict him.
14. A cog in the machine/wheel =
_ Copywriters have been seen as just a cog in the big advertising machine’
15. Tenuous =
_ The police have only found a tenuous connection between the two robberies.
16. Wipe something out =
_ Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
17. Optimism =
_ There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.
18. Adopt =
_ Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
19. Ground rules =
_ Our book lays down the ground rules for building a patio successfully.
20. Evidence =
_ At present we have no evidence of life on other planets.
21. An open mind =
We should keep an open mind until all of the evidence is available.
22. Convincing =
_ My April Fool story was so convincing that my friends thought it was real.

23. Conservative =
_ Older people tend to be more conservative and a bit suspicious of anything new.

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24. Assumption =
_ My calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain
steady.
25. Radically =
_ The situation is radically different from that of ten years ago.
26. Resemble =
_ A: Who in your family do you resemble most?
B: That's an easy question. I look like and act like my dad for sure.
27. Fellow =
_ Our fellow travellers were mostly Spanish-speaking tourists.
28. Orbit =
_ All planets in our solar system, including Earth, revolve around, in other
words, orbit the sun.
29. Inconceivable =
_ It is inconceivable that a man in such a powerful position could act so unwisely.
30. Estimate =
_ We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher.
31. Astronomical =
_ We have ten major astronomical events that will take place in 2018 such as super
blue blood moon, solar eclipse, and meteor shower.
32. Severely =
_ The town was severely damaged in the war.
33. Attenuate =
_ Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated.
34. Traverse =

_ Stanley traversed the continent from west to east.
35. Frequency =
_ Fatal road accidents have decreased in frequency over recent years.
36. To date =
_ Her best performance to date was her third place at the World Junior Championships.
37. Concentrate on =

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_ I couldn’t concentrate on my work – my mind was on other things.
38. Various =
_Vietnam's coast line hosts various beautiful beaches such as Cat Ba, Nha Trang, My
Khe, and Mui Ne.
39. Radio telescope =
_ In astronomy the transmitter is usually a radio telescope, and it usually acts also as
the detector.
40. Scale =
_ Nuclear weapons cause destruction on a massive scale.
41. Dramatically =
_ Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby to take care of.
42. Conduct =
_We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus
service.
43. Hardware =

_ The thieves stole thousands of pounds worth of computer hardware.
44. Sensitivity =
_ Interviewing victims of crime must be done with sensitivity.
45. Monitor =
_ Comings and goings are monitored by security cameras.
46. Considerable =
_Michael has already spent considerable time in Barcelona, so he knows very well
about this city.
47. Debate =
_ They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion.
48. Immediately =
_ If your baby has a fever you should call the doctor immediately.

49. Ethical =
_ The use of animals in scientific tests raises different ethical questions.
50. Address =
_ Environmental problems relating to the factory have yet to be addressed.
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51. Superior =
_ For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding.
52. Urgency =
_ “Let’s get out of here!”, he said with a sense of urgency when he realized that there
was a fire in the room.

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READING PASSAGE 3
The history of the tortoise
If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea.
At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising
individuals within many different animal groups moved
out onto the land, sometimes even to the most
parched deserts, taking their own private seawater
with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the
reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all
around us, other groups that have succeeded out of
water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as
woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes,
spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the
plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none
of the other migrations could have happened.
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign
of every aspect of life, including breathing and
reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of
thoroughgoing land animals later turned around,
abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling,
and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone

part way back. They show us what the intermediates
might have been like, on the way to extreme cases
such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the
small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their
close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land
creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine
habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even
come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe
air, having never developed anything equivalent to
the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles
went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all
vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air.
However, they are, in one respect, less fully given
back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles
still lay their eggs on beaches.
There is evidence that all modem turtles are
descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived
before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils
called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis

1. Evolutionary = ….
2. Parched = ….
3. Reptile = ….
4. Mammal = ….
5. Prior = ….
6. Involve = ….
7. Thoroughgoing = ….
8. Abandon = ….
9. Terrestrial = ….
10. Cease = ….

11. Revert to somebody/something =
….
12. Remote = ….
13. Ancestor = ….
14. Ashore = ….
15. Breed = ….
16. Equivalent to = ….
17. Incarnation = ….

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talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which
appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles
and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell
whether fossil animals lived on land or in water,
especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s
obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries
of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The
fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like
dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less
obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of
their forelimbs.
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale
University, obtained three measurements in these

particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and
tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to
plot the three measurements against one another. All
the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of
points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water
turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph.
There was no overlap, except when they added some
species that spend time both in water and on land.
Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on
the triangular graph approximately half way between
the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of
land tortoises. The next step was to determine where
the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR
talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on
the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both
these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from
the era before our turtles returned to the water.
You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises
have probably stayed on land ever since those early
terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of
them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you
draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and
tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s
land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply
nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles.
This suggests that modem land tortoises have not
stayed on land continuously since the time of P.
quenstedti and P talampayensis. Rather, their
ancestors were among those who went back to the
water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in

(relatively) more recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double
return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and
birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and

18. Fragment = ….
19. Contemporary = ….
20. Forelimb = ….
21. Obtain = ….
22. Plot = ….
23. Form = ….
24. Cluster of something = ….
25. Overlap = ….
26. Amphibious = ….
27. Approximately = ….
28. Determine = ….
29. Era = ….
30. Apparently = ….
31. Aquatic = ….
32. Constitute = ….
33. Remarkable = ….

34. Generation = ….

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before that various more or less worm-like creatures
stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval
bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed
there for a very large number of generations. Later
ancestors still evolved back into the water and became
sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the
land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest
of deserts.

1. Evolutionary =
_ It follows from all this that natural selection cannot be the sole explanation of
evolutionary change.
2. Parched =
_ Due to prolonged drought, the whole land was parched – nothing planted, nothing
sprouting, no vegetation growing on it.
3. Reptile =
_ Reptiles are cold-blooded animals – they need the sun to stay warm.
4. Mammal =
_ Humans, dogs, elephants, and dolphins are all mammals, but birds, fish, and
crocodiles are not.
5. Prior =
_Passengers may board the plane twenty minutes prior to departure.
6. Involve =
_ The test involves simple calculations, such as addition and subtraction.
7. Thoroughgoing =
_ The programme has been a thoroughgoing success.
8. Abandon =
_ The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside

a hospital.

9. Terrestrial =
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_ Cats, ants or monkeys are called terrestrial animals, as compared with aquatic
animals like fish and lobsters.
10. Cease =
_ The factory has now ceased production and will close next month because of lack of
money.
11. Revert to somebody/something =
_ The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.
12. Remote =
_ Children in remote areas don’t get choice or opportunities like those in big cities.
13. Ancestor =
_ Twelve thousand years ago, our ancestors were primitive savages living in caves.
14. Ashore =
_ Seals come ashore to breed.
15. Breed =
_ At this time of year the birds return to the island to breed.
16. Equivalent =
_ A mile is equivalent to about 1.6 kilometers.
17. Incarnation =
_ He believed he had been a cat in a previous incarnation.

18. Fragment =
_ The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window.
19. Contemporary =
_ Atkins is still working, long after many of his contemporaries have retired.
20. Forelimb =
_ In amphibians and reptiles (birds included), these two bones are distinct, but together
form a single structure bearing many of the muscle attachments for the forelimb.

21. Obtain =
_He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
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22. Plot =
_ We plotted a graph to show the increase in sales figures this year.
23. Form =
_ In English the past tense is usually formed by adding "ed".
24. Cluster of something =
_ There was a cluster of fans around him, asking for autographs.
25. Overlap =
_ Maxwell’s responsibilities overlap yours, so you will be sharing some of the work.
26. Amphibious =
_ Most species of frogs are amphibious because they can live both on land and in
water.
27. Approximately =

_ The disease affects approximately 10% of the adult population.
28. Determine =
_Nothing less than this liberation will allow black people to determine their own
destinies.
29. Era =
_21st Century is considered as the era of technology.
30. Apparently =
_ I wasn’t there, but apparently it went well.
31. Aquatic =
_Some of my favorite aquatic sports are diving, swimming and surfing.
32. Constitute =
_ Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the earth's atmosphere.

33. Remarkable =
_ Nobody can doubt that the invention of the airplane was one of the most remarkable
inventions in human history.
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34. Generation =
_ The younger generation smokes less than their parents did.

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Test 2
READING PASSAGE 1
A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function
deficit in young children can have a major impact on
their development of speech and communication,
resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn
at school. This is likely to have major consequences
for the individual and the population as a whole. The
New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from
research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of
children in that country are affected by hearing loss.

1. Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing
etc impairment= ...
2. Deficit=...
3. Speech=...
4. Detrimental= ...

B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that
classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers
and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organisation
of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics,
and mechanical means of ventilation such as airconditioning units all contribute to the number of
children unable to comprehend the teacher's voice.
Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also

suggested that recent trends in learning often involve
collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as
much as individual possession of information. This all
amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which
have the potential to be particularly serious for
children experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in
classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in
comprehending and processing verbal communication
with other children and instructions from the teacher.

5. Consequence= ...

C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially
failing to learn to their maximum potential because of
noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of
noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in
typical classroom environments are now the subject of
increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise
Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the
World Health Organization, has established an
international working party, which includes New
Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control
for school rooms.

14. Exacerbate = ...

D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom
situations are not limited to children experiencing
disability, those with a disability that affects their

6. Carry out= ...
7. Preliminary= ...
8. Acoustics= ...
9. Ventilate= ...
10. Comprehend= ...
11. Collaborative= ...
12. Possession= ...
13. Potential =...

15. Instruction= ...
16. Generate= …
17. Evaluate= ...
18. Reverberation= ...

19. Disability= ...

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