Boost your comprehension 11 workbook

TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 01

CROP-GROWING SKYSCRAPERS
Sentence 01
1. Original sentence
By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying
the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population
will increase by about three billion people by then.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying
the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population
will increase by about three billion people by then.
By (time), S V. Ving O, S V.
2.2.

Complete sentence

Nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres by the year 2050. The
human population will increase by about three billion people by then (if we) apply the most

conservative estimates to current demographic trends.

Sentence 02
1. Original sentence
If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban
renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round
production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed
for horizontal farming.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban
renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round
production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed
for horizontal farming.
If V-PII, S V (that), S V O1, O2, and O3 that VO
2.2.

Complete sentence

Proponents claim (that) if (vertical farms are) successfully implemented, vertical farms
offer the promise of urban renewal, (vertical farms offer) sustainable production of a safe
and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and eventually
(vertical farms offer) the repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal
farming.

Sentence 03
1. Original sentence
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for
granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant,
natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for
granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant,
natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.
S V O (that) SV. Along the way, S V O (that) SV, Ving O
2.2.

Complete sentence

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops (that) we now take
for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land (that) we worked. This action
often turns verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.


Sentence 04
1. Original sentence
This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we
subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more
than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly
changing climate, that is not what happens.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we
subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more
than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly
changing climate, that is not what happens.
S V that SVO, yet S V O and V O. However, due to smth, S V what V.
2.2.

Complete sentence

This means that, for the majority, we (as) humans have shelter from the elements, yet we
subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and (we) can do no
more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a
rapidly changing climate, that (a good weather year) is not what happens.

Sentence 05
1. Original sentence
A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial
light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and
grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence


A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial
light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight
and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system.
However, S V that SVO.Without it, S V O and V, Ving O
2.2.

Complete sentence

However, a major drawback of vertical farming is that the plants would require artificial
light. Without (artificial light), those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more
sunlight and (those plants) grow more quickly. This reduces the efficiency of the system.

Sentence 06
1. Original sentence
Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable
energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for
the near future.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable
energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for
the near future.
S V O unless SV, and S V O
2.2.

Complete sentence

Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable
energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for
the near future.

Sentence 07
1. Original sentence
At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would
have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy.
Your explanation in Vietnamese


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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would
have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy.
At the moment, S V ...the detrimental impact (that) SVO, particulary as regards O.
2.2.

Complete sentence

However, at the moment, more (attempt) needs to be done to reduce the detrimental
impact that it (=vertical farming) would have on the environment, particularly as regards
the use of energy.

Sentence 08
1. Original sentence
While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most

experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available
on urban rooftops.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most
experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available
on urban rooftops.
While SV (that) SV, S V (that) S V that SVO.
2.2.

Complete sentence

While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, currently
most experts believe (that) it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available
on urban rooftops.

READING PASSAGE 02

THE FALKIRK WHEEL


Sentence 01

1. Original sentence
Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11
locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of
11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered
- that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km.
S V –[...]- that V
Note:[...]=(which) (be) O in which SV
2.2.

Complete sentence

Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11
locks which are enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or
lowered. These 11 locks stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km.

Sentence 02
1. Original sentence
When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to
create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting

commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration
of the region.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence


When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to
create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting
commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration
of the region.
When SV, S V O which V not only O1, but also O2
2.2.

Complete sentence

When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to
create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark .This landmark would not only be a fitting
commemoration of the Millennium, but it is also a lasting symbol of the economic
regeneration of the region.

Sentence 03
1. Original sentence

The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources,
both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast
turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources,
both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast
turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.
S V by smth, most notably O1, but also O2
2.2.

Complete sentence

It is claimed that the unique shape of the structure has been inspired by various sources,
which are both manmade and natural. This shape has been inspired most notably by a
Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a
whale or the spine of a fish.

Sentence 04
1. Original sentence

In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries
to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into
position in five large sections by crane.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries
to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into
position in five large sections by crane.
In (time),S V1 and V2, before SV, and V.
2.2.

Complete sentence

In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries
to Falkirk, before it (the structure) was bolted back together again on the ground, and
finally it (the structure) was lifted into position in five large sections by crane.

Sentence 05
1. Original sentence
Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two
smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the
gondolas always remain level.

Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two
smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the
gondolas always remain level.
S V O, (which) V by smth - so Ving that SVO
2.2.

Complete sentence


Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width. These cogs are
connected by two smaller cogs which travel in the opposite direction to the outer cogs.
This ensures that the gondolas always remain level.

Sentence 06
1. Original sentence
The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference
between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall,
which was built by the Romans in the second century AD.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference
between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall,
which was built by the Romans in the second century AD.
S V, Ving O, which V by smb
2.2.

Complete sentence

The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference
between the two canals. This is because of the presence of the historically important
Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD.

READING PASSAGE 03

REDUCING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Sentence 01
1. Original sentence
Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already
released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is
now inevitable.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………


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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already
released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is
now inevitable.
Inversion: Such is O, and such is O that SVO.
2.2.

Complete sentence

Both our dependence on fossil fuels and the volume of carbon dioxide that has been
already released into the atmosphere are so great that many experts agree that significant
global warming is now inevitable.

Sentence 02
1. Original sentence
For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies,
aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies,
aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds.
For decades, S V, (and) O which VO.
2.2.

Complete sentence

For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, and
aircrafts which have deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse
clouds.

Sentence 03
1. Original sentence
The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting forests
in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have focused
on achieving a general cooling of the Earth.


Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting
forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have
focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth.
S V – [...]- VO
Note: [...]= which VO
2.2.

Complete sentence

The majority of geo-engineering projects that have been carried out so far - which include
planting forests in deserts and include depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth
of algae –have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth.

Sentence 04
1. Original sentence
Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches
would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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………………………………………………………………………………………………..........
............................................................................................................................................
2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches

would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow.
Whereas SVO, S V O, thus Ving O
2.2.

Complete sentence

Whereas the regions native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation,
birches would shed their leaves in winter, and therefore this enables radiation to be
reflected by the snow.


Sentence 05
1. Original sentence
Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be
used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be
used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.
S say that SVO
2.2.

Complete sentence

Some climate scientists say that re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to
ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming.

Sentence 06
1. Original sentence
And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally
guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were to end
geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered
condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s certainly something
to worry about’.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally
guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were to end
geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered


condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s certainly something
to worry about’.

And S V: S V (that) S V that if S (V-simple past) O, then S would V O. That S V O
2.2.

Complete sentence

And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally
guarded about the role of geo-engineering: 'I think all of us agree that if we were to end
geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered
condition very rapidly, and probably this would happen within ten to twenty years. That’s
certainly something to worry about.’

Sentence 07
1. Original sentence
‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to
cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. ‘But all the models
suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to
cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. ‘But all the models
suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’
S say (that) SV1O and V2O. But S V O

2.2.

Complete sentence

Rasch says, ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or plans to seed
clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’. ‘But all the
models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’

Sentence 08
1. Original sentence
“A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot “, says Dr Dan
Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied
the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate.


Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

“A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot “, says Dr Dan
Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied
the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate.
S who VO say: ‘SV that SV’.
2.2.

Complete sentence

Dr Dan Hunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has
studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate, says: ‘A
further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot “.

Sentence 09
1. Original sentence
According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s
International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity
to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its
possibilities.’
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s
International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity
to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its
possibilities.’
According to smb, ‘S V O to a position where SVO’
2.2.

Complete sentence


According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s
International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity
to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its
possibilities.’

TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 01

RAISING THE MARY ROSE
Sentence 01
1. Original sentence
On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of
southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle
of Wight.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast
of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the
Isle of Wight.
S V in the area of water (which is) V

2.2.

Complete sentence

On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of
southern England in the area of water (which is) called the Solent, (which is located)
between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight.

Sentence 02
1. Original sentence
Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit
by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the
water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew.
Your explanation in Vietnamese


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2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit
by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in
the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew.
S V: while S V thatSVO, S V thatSVO, S thatSVO
2.2.

Complete sentence

Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she (Mary Rose)
was not hit by the French, some people maintain that she (Mary Rose) was outdated,
overladen and sailing too low in the water, other people (say) that she (Mary Rose) was
mishandled by undisciplined crew.

Sentence 03
1. Original sentence
The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard right side at an angle
of approximately 60 degrees. The hull the body of the ship acted as a trap for the sand
and mud carried by Solent currents.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle
of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand
and mud carried by Solent currents.
S V O, Ving+O. S V O sand and mud (which was) VO
2.2.

Complete sentence

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle

of approximately 60 degrees. The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand
and mud (which were) carried by Solent currents.


Sentence 04
1. Original sentence
Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the
fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found
the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1. Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the
fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found
the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed.
S V O, and S V O, VingO. S V, and V O, Ving O
2.2. Complete sentence

Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the
fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. Deane dived down, and found
the equipment caught on a timber (which protruded) slightly from the seabed.

Sentence 05
1. Original sentence

The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military
historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua
Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
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2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military
historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua
Club, initiated a project called ‘Solent Ships’.
S V O. But S V O,Ved+O
2.2.

Complete sentence


The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. But in 1965, military
historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua
Club, initiated a project (which was) called ‘Solent Ships’.

Sentence 06
1. Original sentence
Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the
operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to
the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered.
S V O. but S VwhenSV
2.2.

Complete sentence

Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. But the climax to the
operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship’s frame was uncovered.

Sentence 07
1. Original sentence
McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet
unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet
unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts.

S V thatSVO, but V thatSVO
as yet =…until and including this time
2.2.

Complete sentence


McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but (they) were
as yet unaware that it (the wreck) also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved
artefacts.

Sentence 08
1. Original sentence
While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given
the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given
the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.
WhileSVO, S V O, whenSVO
2.2.

Complete sentence

While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given
the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available.

Sentence 09
1. Original sentence
These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose
slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame,
clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage
operation progressed to the second stage.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose
slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame,
clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage
operation progressed to the second stage.


S V O. S V whenSVOthatSVO
2.2.

Complete sentence

These (12 hydraulic jacks) raised it (the body of the ship) a few centimetres over a period
of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It was only when the hull
was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the
surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage.

READING PASSAGE 02

WHAT DESTROYED THE CIVILISATION OF EASTER
ISLAND?
Sentence 01
1. Original sentence
The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without the
use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The moai were carved with stone tools, then transported for many kilometres, without
the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms.
SV
2.2.

Complete sentence

The moai were carved with stone tools, then (the moai were) transported for many
kilometres, without the use of animals or wheels, to massive stone platforms.

Sentence 02
1. Original sentence
Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to
assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to
assume the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.
S V thatSV, whileSVO. VedO, VingO
2.2.

Complete sentence

Local folklore maintains that the statues walked, while researchers have tended to
assume (that) the ancestors dragged the statues somehow, using ropes and logs.

Sentence 03
1. Original sentence
When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In

the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments,
which proved that the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of years.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In
the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments,
which proved (that) the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands of
years.
WhenSV, S V O. S V O which was Ved that SVO
2.2.

Complete sentence

When the Europeans arrived, Rapa Nui was grassland, with only a few scrawny trees. In
the 1970s and 1980s, though, researchers found pollen (which was) preserved in lake
sediments, which proved the island had been covered in lush palm forests for thousands
of years.

Sentence 04
1. Original sentence
The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as power
displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways of
asserting their dominance.

Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets them as
power displays by rival chieftains who, trapped on a remote little island, lacked other ways
of asserting their dominance.
S V thatSVO. S V O whichVO who VO
2.2.

Complete sentence

He (Diamond) thinks (that) the moai accelerated the self-destruction. Diamond interprets
them as power displays by rival chieftains who, (were) trapped on a remote little island,
(and) lacked other ways of asserting their dominance.

Sentence 05
1. Original sentence
Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State
University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological
catastrophe' - but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State
University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological
catastrophe' - but they believe the islanders themselves weren’t to blame.
S V thatSVO andthat SVO but S V O
2.2.

Complete sentence

Archaeologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of California State
University agree that Easter Island lost its lush forests and that it was an ‘ecological
catastrophe' - but they (archaeologists) believe (that) the islanders themselves weren’t to
blame to the catastrophe.


Sentence 06
1. Original sentence
Recent experiments Indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and
a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The
figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and
rock them side to side.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Suggestion
2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Recent experiments Indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and
a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The
figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and
rock them side to side.
S V thatSVO. S V O
2.2.

Complete sentence

Recent experiments indicate that as few as 18 people could, with three strong ropes and
a bit of practice, easily manoeuvre a 1,000 kg moai replica a few hundred metres. The
figures’ fat bellies tilted them forward, and a D-shaped base allowed handlers to roll and
rock them side to side.

Sentence 07
1. Original sentence
They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby
doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’ campaign of deforestation.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Suggestion

2.1.
Grammatical analysis of the sentence

They would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and thereby
doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’ campaign of deforestation.
S V1 O thereby V2


2.2.

Complete sentence

They (the rats) would have prevented the reseeding of the slow-growing palm trees and
thereby (the rats) doomed Rapa Nui’s forest, even without the settlers’ campaign of
deforestation

Sentence 08
1. Original sentence
Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm
forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable
until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had
no immunity.
Your explanation in Vietnamese
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Suggestion
2.1.

Grammatical analysis of the sentence

Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm
forest did. They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or less stable
until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which islanders had
no immunity.
S V O that SV when SV. S V (that)SVO,who SVO
2.2.

Complete sentence

Hunt and Lipo also see no evidence that Rapanui civilisation collapsed when the palm
forest did (collapsed). They think its population grew rapidly and then remained more or
less stable until the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced deadly diseases to which
islanders had no immunity.

Sentence 09
1. Original sentence
Hunt and Lipo’s vision, therefore, is one of an island populated by peaceful and ingenious
moai builders and careful stewards of the land, rather than by reckless destroyers ruining
their own environment and society.