Sybex CCNP complete study guide may 2005 ebook DDU kho tài liệu bách khoa

CCNP®
Complete Study Guide

Wade Edwards, et al.

SYBEX®


CCNP®
Complete
Study Guide

Wade Edwards, CCIE, Terry Jack, CCIE,
Todd Lammle, CCNP, Robert Padjen, CCNP,
Arthur Pfund, CCIE, Toby Skandier, CCNP,
Carl Timm, CCIE

San Francisco • London


Associate Publisher: Neil Edde
Acquisitions and Developmental Editor: Maureen Adams
Production Editor: Mae Lum
Technical Editor: Craig Vazquez
Copyeditor: Sarah Lemaire
Compositor: Craig J. Woods, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Graphic Illustrator: Happenstance Type-O-Rama
CD Coordinator: Dan Mummert
CD Technician: Kevin Ly
Proofreaders: Jim Brook, Candace English, Jennifer Larsen, Nancy Riddiough
Indexer: Nancy Guenther

Book Designers: Bill Gibson, Judy Fung
Cover Designer: Archer Design
Cover Illustrator/Photographer: Photodisc and Victor Arre
Copyright © 2005 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No
part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but
not limited to photocopy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher.
Portions of this book were published under the titles:
CCNP: Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks Study Guide © 2004 SYBEX Inc., CCNP: Building Cisco Multilayer
Switched Networks Study Guide © 2004 SYBEX Inc., CCNP: Building Cisco Remote Access Networks Study
Guide © 2004 SYBEX Inc., and CCNP: Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting Study Guide © 2004 SYBEX Inc.
Library of Congress Card Number: 2005920775
ISBN: 0-7821-4421-7
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Manufactured in the United States of America
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To Our Valued Readers:
Thank you for looking to Sybex for your CCNP exam prep needs. Cisco developed the CCNP
certification to validate expertise in implementing and managing Cisco internetworking solutions, and it is currently one of the most highly sought after IT certifications. Just as Cisco is
committed to establishing measurable standards for certifying those professionals who work
in the field of internetworking, Sybex is committed to providing those professionals with the
information they need to excel.
We at Sybex are proud of our reputation for providing certification candidates with the practical
knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the highly competitive IT marketplace. This four-in-one
CCNP Complete Study Guide reflects our commitment to provide CCNP candidates with the
most up-to-date, accurate, and economical instructional material on the market.
The authors and the editors have worked hard to ensure that the book you hold in your
hands is comprehensive, in-depth, and pedagogically sound. We’re confident that this book
will exceed the demanding standards of the certification marketplace and help you, the
CCNP certification candidate, succeed in your endeavors.
As always, your feedback is important to us. If you believe you’ve identified an error in the
book, please send a detailed e-mail to And if you have general comments
or suggestions, feel free to drop me a line directly at At Sybex, we’re continually striving to meet the needs of individuals preparing for certification exams.
Good luck in pursuit of your CCNP certification!

Neil Edde
Publisher—Certification
Sybex, Inc.


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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Neil Edde and Maureen Adams for giving us the opportunity to
update this Study Guide. We would also like to take a moment to thank everyone else involved
in the creation of this book, including Production Editor Mae Lum; Technical Editor Craig
Vazquez; Copyeditor Sarah Lemaire; Proofreaders Jim Brook, Candace English, Jennifer
Larsen, and Nancy Riddiough; Indexer Nancy Guenther; and Dan Mummert and Kevin Ly

of the CD group.


Contents at a Glance
Introduction

xxix

Part I

Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI)

1

Chapter 1

Routing Principles

3

Chapter 2

IP Addressing

37

Chapter 3

Network Address Translation

75

Chapter 4

IGRP and EIGRP

99

Chapter 5

OSPF Operation in a Single Area

141

Chapter 6

Interconnecting OSPF Areas

175

Chapter 7

Integrated IS-IS

205

Chapter 8

Border Gateway Protocol

235

Chapter 9

Advanced Border Gateway Protocol

283

Chapter 10

Route Optimization

323

Chapter 11

Design Considerations

357

Part II

Building Cisco Multilayer Switched
Networks (BCMSN)

377

Chapter 12

The Campus Network

379

Chapter 13

Connecting the Switch Block

413

Chapter 14

VLANs, Trunks, and VTP

445

Chapter 15

Layer 2 Switching and the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

481

Chapter 16

Using Spanning Tree with VLANs

501

Chapter 17

Inter-VLAN Routing

537

Chapter 18

Multilayer Switching (MLS)

553

Chapter 19

Understanding and Configuring Multicast Operation

585

Chapter 20

Quality of Service (QoS)

637

Chapter 21

Catalyst Switch Technologies

677


Contents at a Glance

Part III

Building Cisco Remote Access
Networks (BCRAN)

vii

703

Chapter 22

Cisco Solutions for Remote Access

705

Chapter 23

Asynchronous Connections

745

Chapter 24

Point-to-Point Protocol

763

Chapter 25

Using Microsoft Win-dows 95/98/2000/XP

797

Chapter 26

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

815

Chapter 27

Remote Access with Digital Subscriber Line

865

Chapter 28

Remote Access with Cable Modems and
Virtual Private Networks

877

Chapter 29

Frame Relay

887

Chapter 30

Queuing and Compression

915

Chapter 31

Network Address Translation and
Port Address Translation

941

Chapter 32

Centralized Security in Remote Access Networks

967

Part IV

Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting (CIT)

Chapter 33

Troubleshooting Methodology

Chapter 34

Network Documentation

1001

Chapter 35

End-System Documentation and Troubleshooting

1023

Chapter 36

Protocol Attributes

1053

Chapter 37

Cisco Diagnostic Commands and
TCP/IP Troubleshooting

1081

Chapter 38

TCP/IP Routing Protocol Troubleshooting

1137

Chapter 39

Troubleshooting Serial Line and Frame
Relay Connectivity

1177

Chapter 40

Troubleshooting ISDN

1203

Chapter 41

Troubleshooting Switched Ethernet

1235

Chapter 42

Applying Cisco’s Diagnostic Tools

1283

Index

985
987

1327


Contents

Introduction

xxix

Part I
Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

1

2

3

Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI)

1

Routing Principles

3

Components of Routing Data
Routing Tables
Populating the Routing Table
Reaching the Destination
Convergence

RIP Convergence
IGRP Convergence
EIGRP Convergence
Link-State Convergence
Verifying and Testing a Route
Verifying Routes
Testing and Troubleshooting Routes
Summary
Exam Essentials

4
5
6
20
23
23
25
27
28
29
29
30
34
34

IP Addressing

37

Review of IPv4 Addressing

IP Terminology
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
Extending IP Addresses
Variable-Length Subnet Masks
Classless Interdomain Routing
Route Summarization
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion Chart
An Overview of IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Format
IPv6 Address Types
Summary
Exam Essentials

38
39
40
45
46
54
56
66
66
67
68
73
73

Network Address Translation

75

Understanding Network Address Translation
NAT Terminology
NAT Operations
Configuring NAT
Configuring Static NAT

76
77
82
88
89


Contents

Chapter

4

Configuring Dynamic NAT
Configuring NAT Using Overloading
Configuring TCP Load Distribution
Configuring NAT for Overlapping Addresses
Verifying and Troubleshooting the NAT Configuration
Summary
Exam Essentials

91
92

93
94
95
97
98

IGRP and EIGRP

99

Scalability Features of Routing Protocols
Distance-Vector Protocol Scalability Issues
Scalability Limitations of Link-State Routing Protocols
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
IGRP Features and Operation
IGRP Configuration
Verifying and Troubleshooting IGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Route Tagging
Neighbor Relationships
Route Calculation
EIGRP Metrics
Redistribution for EIGRP
Configuring EIGRP
Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

5

ix

OSPF Operation in a Single Area
Open Shortest Path First
OSPF Terminology
OSPF Operation
NBMA Overview
NBMA Environments
Broadcast
Non-Broadcast
Point-to-Point
Point-to-Multipoint
Configuring OSPF
Discovering the Network with OSPF
Configuring OSPF—Single Area
Configuring OSPF—Single Area (NBMA Environment)
Verifying OSPF Configuration
Summary
Exam Essentials

100
101
102
102
103
111
114
118
119

119
120
125
128
128
133
139
140
141
142
143
145
155
155
156
157
158
158
159
159
163
166
170
173
174


x

Contents

Chapter

6

Interconnecting OSPF Areas
OSPF Scalability
Categories of Multi-Area Components
OSPF Router Roles
Link-State Advertisements
OSPF Area Types
Basic Multi-Area Configuration
RouterA
RouterB
RouterC
Configuring Multi-Area OSPF
Stub Area Configuration
RouterB
RouterC
RouterD
Configuring OSPF for a Stub Area
Totally Stubby Area Configuration
RouterB
RouterC
RouterD
Configuring OSPF for a Totally Stubby Area
Not-So-Stubby Area Configuration
RouterA
RouterB
RouterC

RouterD
Configuring OSPF for a Not-So-Stubby Area
OSPF Virtual Links
RouterA
RouterB
RouterC
Verifying and Troubleshooting OSPF
Route Information
Link-State Database Information
Routing Protocol Information
Viewing Neighbor Information
Viewing OSPF Packets
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

7

Integrated IS-IS
Integrated Intermediate System to Intermediate System
Integrated IS-IS Operation
IS-IS Terminology
IS-IS Areas

175
176
177
177
179

181
182
183
183
183
184
184
185
186
186
186
187
187
188
188
189
189
190
190
190
191
191
193
194
195
195
196
196
197
198

200
202
202
203
205
206
208
208
208


Contents

Network Entity Titles
Neighbor and Adjacency Initialization
Designated Router
IS-IS PDUs
LSP Flooding
SPF Algorithm
Network Types
Configuring IS-IS
Verifying and Troubleshooting IS-IS
Route Information
Link-State Database Information
Routing Protocol Information
Viewing Neighbor Information
Viewing SPF Information
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

8

Border Gateway Protocol
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP Terminology
BGP Operation
Message Header Format
OPEN Message
UPDATE Message
KEEPALIVE Message
NOTIFICATION Message
Neighbor Negotiation
Route Selection
BGP Synchronization
Route Aggregation
When and When Not to Use BGP
Configuring BGP
Minimal BGP Configuration
iBGP and eBGP Configuration
eBGP Multihop Configuration
Injecting Routes into BGP
Verifying and Troubleshooting the Operation of BGP
Route Information
Viewing Neighbor Information
Debugging BGP Information
Summary
Exam Essentials

xi

211
212
213
215
217
217
218
219
225
225
226
228
229
230
232
232
235
236
237
238
239
240
242
247
247
249
252
256
259

259
260
260
262
266
268
272
273
274
276
280
281


xii

Contents

Chapter

Chapter

9

10

Advanced Border Gateway Protocol

283

Overcoming Scalability Limitations of iBGP
Route Reflection
Configuring Route Reflection for iBGP
Confederations
Configuring Confederations
BGP Filters
Distribute Lists
Prefix Lists
Route Maps
Communities
Peer Groups
Multi-homing
Resolving Next-Hop Issues
Route Aggregation
Summary
Exam Essentials

284
285
288
293
296
300
301
302
306
309
311
316
318

319
320
320

Route Optimization
Filtering
Access Groups
Distribute Lists
Route Maps
Policy-Based Routing
Source-Based Policies
Type of Traffic Policies
Type of Service Policies
Verifying and Troubleshooting
Policy-Based Routing Operation
Redistribution
Classless to Classful Redistribution
Filtering with Redistribution
Configuring Redistribution
RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
Connected Interfaces, Static Routes, and Default Routes
Classless to Classful Redistribution
Filtering with Redistribution
Summarization
EIGRP
OSPF

IS-IS

323
324
324
326
327
328
329
330
331
333
336
338
338
338
338
340
341
341
343
345
349
351
353
353
354
355

Contents

Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

11

Part II
Chapter

12

Design Considerations

xiii

355
356
357

Three-Layer Hierarchical Design Model
Access Layer
Distribution Layer
Core Layer
IP Address Assignment
Considering Routing Protocols in Network Design
OSPF
EIGRP
IS-IS

BGP
Summary
Exam Essentials

358
358
362
363
364
368
369
370
371
372
374
374

Building Cisco Multilayer Switched
Networks (BCMSN)

377

The Campus Network
Understanding Campus Internetworks
Looking Back at Traditional Campus Networks
Performance Problems and Solutions
The 80/20 Rule
Introducing the New Campus Model
Network Services
Using Switching Technologies

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
Layer 2 Switching
Routing
Layer 3 Switching
Layer 4 Switching
Multilayer Switching (MLS)
Understanding the Cisco Hierarchical Model
Core Layer
Distribution Layer
Access Layer
Using Cisco Catalyst Products
Access Layer Switches
Distribution Layer Switches
Core Layer Switches
Applying the Building Blocks

379
381
381
382
384
386
387
388
388
391
391
392
393
393

394
396
397
397
398
398
399
400
400


xiv

Contents

Switch Block
Core Block
Scaling Layer 2 Backbones
Scaling Layer 3 Backbones
SAFE
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

13

Connecting the Switch Block
Understanding Cable Media
The Background of IEEE Ethernet
LAN Segmentation Using Switches

Using Ethernet Media in Your Network
10BaseT
FastEthernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Connecting and Logging In to a Switch
Cabling the Switch Block Devices
Cisco IOS- and Set-Based Commands
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

14

VLANs, Trunks, and VTP
Understanding the Design Benefits of Virtual LANs
Broadcast Control
Security
Flexibility and Scalability
The Collapsed Backbone and the VLAN
Scaling the Switch Block
Defining VLAN Boundaries
Assigning VLAN Memberships
Configuring Static VLANs
Identifying VLANs
Frame Tagging
VLAN Identification Methods
Trunking
Configuring Trunk Ports
Clearing VLANs from Trunk Links

Verifying Trunk Links
Using VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)
VTP Modes of Operation
VTP Advertisements
Configuring VTP
Adding to a VTP Domain
VTP Pruning

401
401
404
406
407
410
410
413
414
415
416
417
417
417
420
423
424
426
441
442
445
446

447
448
448
449
450
451
452
452
457
458
458
461
461
463
464
465
466
468
470
475
475


Contents

Auxiliary VLANs
802.1Q Tunneling
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

Chapter

15

16

xv

477
477
478
478

Layer 2 Switching and the Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP)

481

Layer 2 LAN Switching
Comparing Bridges to Switches
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2
Spanning Tree Operation
Selecting the Best Path
Selecting the Designated Port
Spanning Tree Port States
Spanning Tree Example
LAN Switch Types
Store-and-Forward
Cut-Through (Real Time)

FragmentFree (Modified Cut-Through)
Configuring Spanning Tree
Summary
Exam Essentials

482
482
483
487
488
491
492
493
494
495
495
496
496
499
499

Using Spanning Tree with VLANs

501

Creating VLAN Standards
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)
Common Spanning Tree (CST)
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree+ (PVST+)
Multiple Spanning Tree (MST)

Scaling the Spanning Tree Protocol
Determining the Root
Configuring the Root
Setting the Port Cost
Setting the Port Priority
Changing the STP Timers
Using Redundant Links with STP
Parallel Fast EtherChannel Links
Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)
Load Balancing and Redundancy
PortFast
UplinkFast
BackboneFast
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
Summary
Exam Essentials

502
503
504
504
505
505
506
506
510
513
517
519
520

526
526
527
529
532
533
534
534


xvi

Contents

Chapter

17

Inter-VLAN Routing
Routing Between VLANs
Multiple Links
A Single Trunk Link
An Internal Route Processor
Internal Routing on an IOS-Based Switch
Using ISL and 802.1Q Routing
Configuring ISL/802.1Q with an External Router
Configuring ISL/802.1Q on an Internal Route Processor
Configuring VLANs on an Internal Route Processor
Configuring Internal Routing on an IOS-Based Switch
Summary

Exam Essentials

Chapter

18

Multilayer Switching (MLS)
Understanding the Fundamentals of MLS
MLS Requirements
MLS Procedures
Disabling MLS
Configuring MLS-RP
Enabling MLS
VTP Domain Assignments
VLAN Assignments
Interface Configurations
MSA Management Interface
Verifying the MLS Configuration
Access Control Lists (ACLs)
Configuring the MLS Switch Engine
Enabling MLS on the MLS-SE
Configuring Flow Masks
Using Cache Entries
Displaying the MLS Cache Entries
Removing MLS Cache Entries
Using Acceptable MLS Topologies
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)
The Trouble with CEF and Layer 3 Switching
Legacy Routing and Layer 3 Switching
Summary

Exam Essentials

Chapter

19

Understanding and Configuring
Multicast Operation
Multicast Overview
Unicast

537
538
540
541
541
542
542
543
545
546
549
551
551
553
554
556
557
562
564

564
565
566
567
568
568
570
570
571
571
572
574
575
575
577
577
578
582
583

585
587
587


Contents

Broadcast
Multicast
Using Multicast Addressing

Mapping IP Multicast to Ethernet
Layer 3 to Layer 2 Overlap
Managing Multicast in an Internetwork
Subscribing and Maintaining Groups
Internet Group Management Protocol
Version 1 (IGMPv1)
Internet Group Management Protocol
Version 2 (IGMPv2)
Internet Group Management Protocol
Version 3 (IGMPv3)
Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)
IGMP Snooping
Routing Multicast Traffic
Distribution Trees
Managing Multicast Delivery
Planning and Preparing for Using IP Multicast
End-to-End IP Multicast
Configuring IP Multicast Routing
Enabling IP Multicast Routing
Enabling PIM on an Interface
Configuring a Rendezvous Point
Configuring TTL
Joining a Multicast Group
Changing the IGMP Version
Enabling CGMP and IGMP Snooping
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

20

Quality of Service (QoS)
Understanding Application Needs
E-mail
WWW Traffic
Voice over Ethernet
Understanding the Fundamentals of QoS
Best Efforts Networks
QoS Options
The Differentiated Services Model
IEEE 802.1p
Applying the QoS Model
Prioritizing Traffic Classes
Queuing Mechanisms

xvii

588
589
590
591
594
595
596
596
599
600
601
603
604

605
609
619
620
620
621
622
625
628
629
631
631
634
634
637
638
639
639
640
642
642
646
647
649
650
650
651


xviii

Contents

Configuring QoS on Cisco Switches
Queuing Mechanisms
Redundancy in Switched Networks
Hot Standby Router Protocol
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
Transparent Ethernet
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

21

Catalyst Switch Technologies
The Switching Process
Switch Architecture and Components
Bridging Table Operation
Memory
Software
Switches: The Current Range
2950 Series Switches
3550 Series Switches
4000 Series Switches
6500 Series Switches
Debugging, Management, and System Testing
The Cisco Cluster Management Suite (CMS)
Debugging

System Testing
Summary
Exam Essentials

Part III
Chapter

22

653
658
663
663
671
671
673
674
675
677
678
679
682
683
686
688
689
691
693
695
697

697
697
698
700
700

Building Cisco Remote Access
Networks (BCRAN)

703

Cisco Solutions for Remote Access

705

What Is Remote Access?
WAN Connection Types
WAN Encapsulation Protocols
Selecting a WAN Protocol
Choosing Remote Connection Cisco Products
Fixed Interfaces
Modular Interfaces
Product Selection Tools
Cabling and Assembling the WAN
Internetworking Overview and Remote
Access Interface Options

706
707
717

720
726
727
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Contents

Identifying Company Site Equipment
Verifying a Network Installation
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

23

Asynchronous Connections
Understanding Asynchronous Modems
Signaling and Cabling
Modulation Standards
Configuring Asynchronous Modem Connections
Automatic Configuration
Manual Configuration
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

24

Point-to-Point Protocol
PPP Overview and Architecture
The Flag Field
The Address Field
The Control Field
The Protocol Field
The Information Field
The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field
Configuring Access Servers
Configuring PPP
Dedicated or Interactive PPP
Interface Addressing Options for Local Devices
PAP and CHAP Authentication
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
PPP Callback
PPP Compression and Multilink
Compression Configuration
Multilink Configuration
Verifying and Troubleshooting PPP
The debug ppp authentication Command
The debug ppp negotiation Command
The debug ppp packet Command
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

25

Using Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/XP
Reasons to Use Dial-Up Networking
Configuring Dial-Up Networking with Windows 95/98

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Configuring a Dial-Up Connection Client
Dial-Up Networking Application
Make New Connection Wizard
Connection Properties

Setting Additional Configuration Options
Locking DTE Speed
Launching Terminal Windows
Verifying a Dial-Up Connection
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

26

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
What Is Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)?
ISDN Line Options
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
ISDN Function Groups
ISDN Reference Points
ISDN Protocols
LAPD Frames
Layer 2 Negotiation
ISDN Call Setup and Teardown
ISDN Configuration
Using a Legacy Interface
Using a Dialer Interface
Authentication
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR)
Configuring DDR
Using Optional Commands

Using DDR with Access Lists
Verifying the ISDN Operation
Dial Backup
Setting Up Dial Backup
Testing the Backup
Bandwidth on Demand
Channelized T-1/E-1 (PRI)
Configuring ISDN PRI
Configuring E-1
Summary
Exam Essentials

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Contents

Chapter

27

Remote Access with Digital Subscriber Line
What Is Digital Subscriber Line?
The Different Flavors of DSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
G.lite
High Bit-Rate DSL
Symmetric DSL
ISDN DSL
Very-High Data Rate DSL
Cisco DSL Routers
Configuring DSL
Troubleshooting DSL
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

28

Remote Access with Cable Modems and
Virtual Private Networks
What Is a Cable Modem?
DOCSIS
Cisco’s Cable Modem Product Line
Cisco Cable Manager
Virtual Private Networks
IPSec
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

29

Frame Relay
Understanding Frame Relay
What Is Frame Relay?
A Brief History of Frame Relay
Frame Relay Virtual Circuits
Switched Virtual Circuits
Permanent Virtual Circuits
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)
DCLI Mapping
Frame Relay Local Management Interface (LMI)
Configuring Frame Relay
Frame Relay Congestion Control
Factors Affecting Performance
Congestion Handling by Frame Relay Switches
Congestion Handling by Routers
Point-to-Point and Multipoint Interfaces
Verifying Frame Relay
The show interface Command

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Contents

The show frame-relay pvc Command
The show frame-relay map Command
The show frame-relay lmi Command
The debug frame-relay lmi Command
Frame Relay Switching
Frame Relay Switching Commands
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
Using Traffic-Shaping Techniques
Configuring Traffic Shaping
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

Chapter

30

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Queuing and Compression

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Queuing
Traffic Prioritization
Queuing Policy
IOS Queuing Options
Weighted Fair Queuing
Priority Queuing
Custom Queuing
Cisco’s Newer Queuing Technologies
Low Latency Queuing
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing
Committed Access Rate
Compression

TCP Header Compression
Payload Compression
Link Compression
Compression Considerations
Viewing Compression Information
Summary
Exam Essentials

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Network Address Translation and
Port Address Translation

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Understanding Network Address Translation (NAT)
NAT Terminology
How NAT Works
Advantages of NAT
Disadvantages of NAT
NAT Traffic Types
Performing NAT Operations
Translating Inside Local Addresses
Overloading Inside Global Addresses

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Contents

Using TCP Load Distribution
Overlapping Networks
Configuring NAT
Configuring Static NAT

Configuring Dynamic NAT, Inside Global
Address Overloading, and TCP Load Distribution
Configuring NAT to Perform Overlapping
Address Translation
Verifying NAT Configuration
Troubleshooting NAT
Clearing NAT Translation Entries
Using Port Address Translation (PAT)
Disadvantages of PAT
Configuring PAT
Monitoring PAT
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

32

Centralized Security in Remote Access Networks
Security Terminology
Cisco Access Control Solutions
CiscoSecure
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
How AAA Works
Router Access Modes
Character-Mode Connections
Packet-Mode Connections
AAA Configuration
Authentication Configuration
Authorization Configuration
Accounting Configuration

Virtual Profiles
Summary
Exam Essentials

Part IV
Chapter

Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting (CIT)
33

Troubleshooting Methodology
The Complexity of Internetworks
Cisco Troubleshooting Model
Step 1: Gather Symptoms
Step 2: Isolate the Problem
Step 3: Correct the Problem
Document the Changes

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Troubleshooting by Layer
Bottom-Up Troubleshooting Approach
Top-Down Troubleshooting Approach
Divide-and-Conquer Troubleshooting Approach
Summary
Exam Essentials
Chapter

34

Network Documentation
The Network Baseline
Network Configuration Table
Router Network Configuration Table
Switch Network Configuration Table
Network Topology Diagrams
Components of a Network Topology Diagram
Creating a Network Topology Diagram
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

35

End-System Documentation and Troubleshooting
End-System Network Configuration Table
Creating an End-System Network Configuration Table
End-System Network Topology Diagram
Creating an End-System Network Topology Diagram
Troubleshooting End-System Problems
End-System Troubleshooting Commands
Summary
Exam Essentials

Chapter

36

Protocol Attributes
The OSI Reference Model
Global Protocol Classifications
Connection-Oriented Protocols
Connectionless Protocols
Layer 2: Data Link Layer Protocols and Applications
Ethernet/IEEE 802.3
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
Frame Relay
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Layers 3 and 4: IP Routed Protocols
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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