The SAGE handbook of small business and entrepreneurship

Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support
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Printed in the UK

Chapter 1 © Robert Blackburn,
Dirk De Clercq and Jarna
Heinonen 2018
Chapter 2 © Claire M. Leitch and
Richard T. Harrison 2018
Chapter 3 © Hamid Vahidnia,
H. Shawna Chen, J. Robert Mitchell
and Ronald K. Mitchell 2018
Chapter 04 © Kristina Nyström
2018
Chapter 05 © Maura McAdam
and Danny Soetanto 2018
Chapter 06 © Stephen Drinkwater
2018
Chapter 07 © Judith van Helvert
and Mattias Nordqvist 2018
Chapter 08 © Helen Haugh,
Fergus Lyon and Bob Doherty
2018
Chapter 09 © Christian Lechner
and Abeer Pervaiz 2018

Chapter 10 © Fokko J. Eller and
Michael M. Gielnik 2018
Chapter 11 © Ivan Zupic and
Alessandro Giudici 2018
Chapter 12 © Samuel Adomako
and Kevin F. Mole 2018
Chapter 13 © Michael H. Morris,
Susana C. Santos, Christopher
Pryor and Xaver Neumeyer 2018
Chapter 14 © Bjørn Willy Åmo
and Lars Kolvereid 2018
Chapter 15 © Mark Freel 2018
Chapter 16 © Rosalind Jones,
Sussie C. Morrish, Jonathan
Deacon and Morgan P. Miles
2018

Chapter 17 © Colin Mason 2018
Chapter 18 © Marc Cowling and
Catherine Matthews 2018
Chapter 19 © Anders Hoffmann
David J. Storey 2018
Chapter 20 © John Kitching 2018
Chapter 21 © Erik Stam and Ben
Spigel 2018
Chapter 22 © Zhongming Wang
and Yanhai Zhao 2018
Chapter 23 © Niina Nummela
2018
Chapter 24 © Wafa N.

Almobaireek, Ahmed
Alshumaimeri and Tatiana S.
Manolova 2018
Chapter 25 © Luke Pittaway,
Louisa Huxtable-Thomas and
Paul Hannon 2018
Chapter 26 © Thomas M. Cooney
2018
Chapter 27 © Ulla Hytti and Sirpa
Koskinen 2018
Chapter 28 © Aaron F. McKenny,
Miles A. Zachary, Jeremy C. Short
and David J. Ketchen Jnr 2018
Chapter 29 © Anne Kovalainen
2018
Chapter 30 © Cristina
Díaz-García 2018
Chapter 31 © Bengt Johannisson
2018
Chapter 32 © Seppo Poutanen
2018

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2017938473
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-4739-2523-6


Contents
List of Figures
ix
List of Tables
xi
Notes on the Editors and Contributorsxiii
Acknowledgmentsxxvii
1Introduction
Robert Blackburn, Dirk De Clercq and Jarna Heinonen

1

PART I  PEOPLE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESSES

13

2

Entrepreneurial Leadership: A Critical Review and Research Agenda
Claire M. Leitch and Richard T. Harrison

15

3

Entrepreneurial Action Research: Moving Beyond Fixed Conceptualizations
Hamid Vahidnia, H. Shawna Chen, J. Robert Mitchell and Ronald K. Mitchell

38

4

Pre- and Post-entrepreneurship Labor Mobility of Entrepreneurs
and Employees in Entrepreneurial Firms
Kristina Nyström

60

5

Networks and Entrepreneurship
Maura McAdam and Danny Soetanto

74

6

Migrant Entrepreneurship
Stephen Drinkwater

94

7

Entrepreneurship from a Family Business Perspective
Judith van Helvert and Mattias Nordqvist

107

8

Social Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship and Social Value Creation
Helen Haugh, Fergus Lyon and Bob Doherty

125

PART II ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION
9

10

Entrepreneurial Strategy: A Contingency Review and Outlook for
Future Research
Christian Lechner and Abeer Pervaiz
Perspectives on New Venture Creation

Fokko J. Eller and Michael M. Gielnik

143

145

166


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THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

11

New Venture Growth: Current Findings and Future Challenges
Ivan Zupic and Alessandro Giudici

191

12

Small Business Growth and Performance
Samuel Adomako and Kevin F. Mole

220

13

The Nature of Entrepreneurial Exit

Michael H. Morris, Susana C. Santos, Christopher Pryor and Xaver Neumeyer

242

14

Corporate Entrepreneurship
Bjørn Willy Åmo and Lars Kolvereid

259

15

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Small Business
Mark Freel

279

16

Entrepreneurial Marketing in Small Enterprises
Rosalind Jones, Sussie C. Morrish, Jonathan Deacon and Morgan P. Miles

297

17

Financing Entrepreneurial Ventures
Colin Mason

321

18

Internal Financial Management in Smaller, Entrepreneurial Businesses
Marc Cowling and Catherine Matthews

350

PART III  ENTREPRENEURIAL MILIEU

371

19

Can Governments Promote Gazelles? Evidence from Denmark
Anders Hoffmann and David J. Storey

373

20

Exploring Firm-Level Effects of Regulation: Going Beyond Survey Approaches 391
John Kitching

21

Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Erik Stam and Ben Spigel

22

Entrepreneurial Social Responsibility423
Zhongming Wang and Yanhai Zhao

23

Bringing ‘I’ into ‘E’ – What Could It Mean? Reflections on the Past,
Present and Future of International Entrepreneurship Research
Niina Nummela

407

443

24

Challenges to Venture Growth in Emerging Economies
Wafa N. Almobaireek, Ahmed Alshumaimeri and Tatiana S. Manolova

454

25

Learning and Educational Programs for Entrepreneurs
Luke Pittaway, Louisa Huxtable-Thomas and Paul Hannon

471

Contents

vii

26

The Use of Case Studies in Entrepreneurship Education
Thomas M. Cooney

491

27

Enterprise Education Pedagogy and Redesigning Learning Outcomes:
Case of a Public Reform School
Ulla Hytti and Sirpa Koskinen

505

PART IV RESEARCHING SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

519

28

In Search of Causality in Entrepreneurship Research: Quantitative Methods in
Corporate Entrepreneurship
521
Aaron F. McKenny, Miles A. Zachary, Jeremy C. Short and David J. Ketchen Jnr.

29

Qualitative Research in Entrepreneurship
Anne Kovalainen

542

30

Gender and Entrepreneurship at the Crossroads: Where Do You Want to Go?
Cristina Díaz-García

560

31

Making Entrepreneurship Research Matter: The Challenging Journey to
an Academic Identity
Bengt Johannisson

32

Critical Perspectives in Entrepreneurship Research
Seppo Poutanen

Author Index
Subject Index

578

594

614
635


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List of Figures
  4.1 Labor mobility of entrepreneurs pre- and post-entrepreneurial activity
  4.2 Labor mobility of employees pre- and post-employment
in an entrepreneurial firm
  5.1 An example of network mapping produced by the respondents
  5.2 An illustration of Mark’s networks
  5.3 An illustration of Kim’s networks
  5.4 An illustration of John’s networks
  5.5 An illustration of Toni’s networks
  7.1 Succession from an entrepreneurial process perspective (Nordqvist et al., 2013)
10.1 The integrative model of new venture creation
11.1 Map of the new venture growth literature
14.1 An input, process, context and output model of corporate entrepreneurship
15.1 The evolution of the CAD industry
16.1 The SME entrepreneurial marketing orientation (EMO) conceptualized model
(Jones & Rowley, 2011)
16.2 Network-based internationalization model (Vasilchenko & Morrish, 2011)
16.3 Entrepreneurial marketing from a networking perspective
16.4 Entrepreneurial marketing from an emerging market perspective
16.5 Entrepreneurial marketing from an SEM perspective
17.1 The valley of death

17.2 Traditional funding escalator
17.3 The venture capital investment process (based on Fried & Hisrich, 1994)
17.4 The new funding escalator – the ‘bundling’ approach
18.1 The importance of internal funds in developing country SMEs’ financing
18.2 Use of internal funds to finance the business in European SMEs
18.3 SMEs with audited financial statements in developing countries
21.1 Relationships between attributes within entrepreneurial ecosystems (Spigel, 2017)
21.2 Key elements, outputs and outcomes of the entrepreneurial ecosystem
(based on Stam, 2015)
22.1 Dimensions of ESR
22.2 Key components of ESR under change and cultural integration
25.1 Early concepts in entrepreneurial learning
27.1 Juxtaposing universalistic and idiosyncratic approaches to entrepreneurship
education (Blenker et al., 2012)
30.1 Tendency of publication in women entrepreneurship
30.2 Tendency of publication by research perspective 2002–15
31.1Originality as a complementary quality criterion in (social)
research triggering enactive research as an appropriate methodology

62
65
83
84
85
86
86
113
167
193
260

281
303
307
309
311
313
322
322
327
338
354
355
363
415
416
433
434
474
508
568
570
586


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List of Tables
  2.1 Entrepreneurial leadership: focus of research
18

  2.2 Entrepreneurial leadership: establishing the boundaries
19
  2.3 Featured studies: key characteristics
23
  3.1 Examples of fixed conceptualizations in explaining entrepreneurs and
their actions
45
  5.1 Networking articles published since 1985 with highest citation metrics;
articles selected were published between 1985 and 2010
76
  5.2 Female and male entrepreneurial networks
87
  5.3 Networks of entrepreneurs located at and outside incubators
88
  6.1 Background statistics on self-employment in the UK by migrant group,
2014–1598
  6.2 Self-employment rates for key demographic categories in the
UK by migrant group, 2014–15
101
  6.3 Self-employment rates by period of arrival in the UK by migrant group,
2014–15102
  6.4 Self-employment rates by area of residence within the UK by migrant group,
2014–15103
  7.1 A summary of ideological tensions (Koiranen, 2003)
111
  9.1 Entrepreneurship and strategic management
146
11.1 Findings and suggestions for further research from previous reviews
205
12.1 Summary of studies measuring business growth

223
12.2 Storey’s (1994) variables influencing small business growth
229
16.1 Research questions pertaining to networks in entrepreneurial marketing
310
16.2 Research questions pertaining to the adoption of entrepreneurial marketing
in an emerging market context
312
16.3 Research questions pertaining to social entrepreneurial marketing (SEM) and
the process of entrepreneurship
314
17.1 Types of bootstrapping techniques
324
17.2 Types of crowdfunding
335
19.1 Principal Agent: the delivery of business advice
377
19.2 Timetable of key events leading to the creation of Growth Houses
378
19.3 Goals for the regional Growth Houses, 2007–10
381
19.4 Number of employees in firms using the Growth Houses
385
19.5 Sales change for Growth House clients and control group firms
385
19.6 Comparing Growth House clients and control group firms, 2008–9 to 2013–14
386
21.1 Comparison of industrial district, cluster and innovation system literature
411
21.2 Differences and similarities between entrepreneurial ecosystems and

related concepts
412
22.1 Comparison of entrepreneurship responsibility characteristics
427
24.1 Factor analysis for investigated firms
461
24.2 OLS regression estimates on predictors of new venture growth (n = 1,126)
462


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24.3 Interview data: respondent profiles and major themes
25.1 Conceptual studies in entrepreneurial learning (2005–15)
25.2 Key philosophies and components of programs for entrepreneurs
28.1 Empirical studies of the corporate entrepreneurship–performance relationship
28.2 Summary of methodological decisions in corporate entrepreneurship research
28.3 Best practices for identifying causal relationships in entrepreneurship research
28.4 Empirical challenges and possible solutions in empirical
entrepreneurship research
30.1Epistemology, theoretical perspectives and positions within feminism
30.2Questions about women entrepreneurs and their ventures regarding
two issues from the different research perspectives
30.3 Publications about female entrepreneurship
31.1The contemporary community of research in entrepreneurship
and small business – influential journals
31.2The exodus of advanced entrepreneurship research to the promised land
of management – the bibliometric picture

464
476
480
523
525
533
536
563
567
569
584
584


Notes on the Editors
and Contributors
THE EDITORS
Robert Blackburn  is Associate Dean for Research, Kingston University Business School,
Director of the Small Business Research Centre and Editor-in-Chief of the International Small
Business Journal. He has undertaken research for private and public sector organizations
worldwide on entrepreneurship and small business, including the OECD, the European
Commission and Parliament, the UK’s HM Treasury and HM Revenue and Customs, and banks
and support agencies. Robert has held the Presidency of the European Council for Small
Business and Entrepreneurship, is a Trustee and Treasurer of the Society for the Advancement
of Management Studies, a member of the research committee of the Chartered Association of
Business Schools, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a member of the Executive of the
International Network of Business and Management Journals and is holder of the Queen’s
Award for Enterprise Promotion.
Dirk De Clercq  is Professor of Management in the Goodman School of Business at Brock

University, Canada. He is also Research Professor in the Small Business Research Centre at
Kingston University, UK. His research interests are in the areas of entrepreneurship, innovation
and organizational behaviour. He is Consulting Editor of International Small Business Journal
and has published articles in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business
Venturing, Journal of International Business, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of
Product Innovation Management and Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, among others.
Jarna Heinonen is Professor in Entrepreneurship and Director of the Entrepreneurship Unit
within Turku School of Economics, University of Turku. In the field of entrepreneurship her
research interests in particular include entrepreneurship education, corporate entrepreneurship
and entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurship policies and family business. She has conducted research for the European Commission, the OECD and various national ministries and
other such bodies and is well connected to entrepreneurship stakeholders nationally and internationally. She is the book review editor at International Small Business Journal and has
recently published in Journal of Small Business Management, International Small Business
Journal, European Educational Journal and Journal of Small Business and Enterprise
Development. She is also Visiting Professor at Kingston University in the UK and holds numerous positions of trust in the scientific community as well as in business and society.

THE CONTRIBUTORS

Samuel Adomako  is Assistant Professor in Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the
Entrepreneurship Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.
Samuel has a multidisciplinary academic background and holds degrees in Sociology,
Management and Entrepreneurship. His research examines the nexus of entrepreneurship,


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innovation and creativity within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and analyses the
role of institutions in new venture creation or new business formation. Samuel received his PhD
from University of Warwick.

Wafa N. Almobaireek,  PhD in Business, Nottingham University, UK, is Associate Professor
of Marketing and Entrepreneurship at King Saud University (KSU), the Dean of the Business
School at Princess Nourah University (PNU) in Saudi Arabia, and a former Director of the
Prince Salman Institute for Entrepreneurship (IPSE) at KSU. Research and teaching interests
include marketing, small businesses and entrepreneurship. Dr Almobaireek is the author of a
number of books in the area of small businesses and entrepreneurship. She is currently working
on a number of projects in the same areas for several organizations in Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed Alshumaimeri, PhD in Marketing, Nottingham University, UK, is a practitioner and
mentor for entrepreneurial innovation. He was one of the founders of Alsafat Capital, Almajd
Satellite Channels and China Motors Company (CMC). Research and consulting interests
include entrepreneurship, networking, business collaborations, business incubation and technology. Previously, Dr Alshumaimeri was the Assistant General-Director of the Saudi Credit
Bank and served as the Dean of the Prince Salman Institute for Entrepreneurship and the Dean
of Development at King Saud University. Dr Alshumaimeri is a bilingual author and has published eight books and numerous articles in academic and practitioner journals.
Bjørn Willy Åmo,  PhD, is Associate Professor in Innovation at Nord University Business
School. His research interests focus on corporate entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, entrepreneurship education, social entrepreneurship and other aspects of entrepreneurship. He uses
both qualitative and quantitative research methods. He teaches entrepreneurship courses and
research methods at both bachelor and master levels. Dr Åmo is a member of the Norwegian
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor team.
H. Shawna Chen, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Goodman School of Business at Brock
University. She teaches undergraduate and graduate entrepreneurship courses, such as business
planning and creativity. Her research interests focus on entrepreneurial cognition and action.
Before pursuing her PhD at Texas Tech University, Shawna was a serial entrepreneur involved
in multiple Internet start-ups in the Washington DC area and a consultant in corporate finance
and strategy.
Thomas M. Cooney is Professor in Entrepreneurship at the Dublin Institute of Technology,
Academic Director of the DIT Institute for Minority Entrepreneurship and Adjunct Professor
at the University of Turku (Finland). He is a former President of the International Council for
Small Business (2012–13) and of the European Council for Small Business (2009–11) and was
Chair of the ICSB 2014 World Entrepreneurship Conference. He was a Member of the
Department of Enterprise, Jobs and Innovation ‘Entrepreneurship Forum’ (2013–14) and has

been a policy advisor to the Irish government, the European Commission, OECD and other
international organizations. He was a founding Director of Startup Ireland and works in various
capacities with a range of businesses and not-for-profit organizations. He has researched and
published widely on the topic of entrepreneurship and further details of his work can be found
at www.thomascooney.com
Marc Cowling has a PhD in Business Economics from Warwick Business School and an MSc
in Economics from London University. Before his appointment at Brighton (as Professor of


Notes on the Editors and Contributors

xv

Entrepreneurship) he was Professor and Head of the Department of Management Studies at
Exeter Business School. Prior to that, he held the posts of Chief Economist at the Institute for
Employment Studies and The Work Foundation. He has also held positions at Warwick
Business School, Birmingham Business School and London Business School. He is currently
ranked in the top 11% of economists in the world by citations (H-index) according to Research
Publications in Economics (REPEC, 6 November 2016) and in entrepreneurship he was ranked
23rd in the world during the period 1995–2006 according to ‘Rankings of the Top
Entrepreneurship Researchers and Affiliations’. Marc has spent the last 24 years researching in
four core areas: The Dynamics of Early Stage Survival and Growth; The Financing of SMEs
and Entrepreneurial Businesses; Labour Market Dynamics and Evaluating Public Policy.
Jonathan Deacon is Professor of Marketing at the South Wales Business School where he is
Academic Director of the ‘Exchange’ at USW – an entrepreneurial Business Growth Hub and
the Centre for Research in Entrepreneurship and Marketing (CREaM). Jonathan’s career prior
to academia was within business – especially high growth, new venture starts. Professor
Deacon is an acknowledged ‘thought leader’ at the interface between Marketing, Entrepreneurship
and Management. He is Global Vice Chair of the board of trustees and fellow of the Chartered
Institute of Marketing, board member of the European Marketing Confederation and past editor

of the international Journal for Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship (JRME).
Cristina Díaz-García, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Business Administration
at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Campus Albacete), Spain. She is author of the book
Influencia del género en los recursos y resultados de las pequeñas empresas (Resources and
performance of SMEs: The influence of gender), her dissertation was awarded a better dissertation prize in 2006 by the Economic and Social Council (consultative body of the Spanish
Government). She is author and co-author of articles and book chapters on this topic. Her
research focuses on gender, with a special interest on women’s entrepreneurship and the effect
of gender diversity in innovation, and ecoinnovation. She is co-editor of the 5th book of the
Diana International Series by Edward Elgar titled ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship in Global and
Local Contexts’. She is reviewer for many journals and part of the editorial review board of
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research.
Bob Doherty is Professor of Marketing at The York Management School, University of York
and principal investigator on a four-year interdisciplinary research programme (£4.3m) on food
resilience titled ‘IKnowFood’, funded by the Global Food Security Fund. In addition he holds
a number of institutional-wide research positions including the research theme leader for sustainable food in the York Environmental Sustainability Research Institute (YESI). Bob specialises in research on hybrid organizations, namely the marketing and management aspects of fair
trade organizations and social enterprises. Recently his research interests have developed to
look at how hybrids can contribute to resilience in food systems. Bob has published in Journal
of Business Ethics, International Journal of Management Reviews, Business History and
Journal of Social Policy. For the past eight years he has been editor of the Emerald Group
Publishing’s Social Enterprise Journal.
Stephen Drinkwater is Professor of Economics at the Business School at the University of
Roehampton, London. Stephen is also a research fellow at the IZA in Bonn, CoDE at the
University of Manchester, CReAM at University College London and at the Wales Institute of
Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD). Stephen’s main research interests lie in applied micro economics, particularly within the labour market. His research has


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primarily focused on self-employment, labour market discrimination, international and interregional migration. He has received research funding from several external organizations
including the European Commission, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the OECD and the
Economic and Social Research Council. He has published papers in a range of international
peer-reviewed journals including Economica, Economics Letters, International Small Business
Journal, Journal of Population Economics, Journal of Regional Science, Labour Economics,
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Regional Studies, Small Business Economics and
Urban Studies.
Fokko J. Eller  is currently a PhD student and research assistant at the Institute of
Management & Organization at the Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany. He received
his Master of Arts in Management and Entrepreneurship from the Leuphana University of
Lüneburg. Prior to his master programme he studied International Business at the University
of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Germany and at the Guangdong University of
Foreign Studies, China. His research focuses on sustainable entrepreneurship. He is particularly interested in how opportunities in sustainable entrepreneurship come to life and in the
process of mission drift in hybrid organizations.
Mark Freel is the Royal Bank of Canada Professor for the commercialization of innovation at
the Telfer School of Management and Professor of innovation and entrepreneurship at
Lancaster University Management School.
Michael M. Gielnik is currently Professor for HR Development at the Leuphana University of
Lüneburg, Germany. He studied psychology at the University of Giessen, Germany, and
received his PhD from the Leuphana University of Lüneburg. He was a Visiting Senior Fellow
at the National University of Singapore Business School. His research interest is entrepreneurship from a psychological perspective. Specifically, his research focuses on entrepreneurial
learning and training, the entrepreneurial process and aging of entrepreneurs. He has taken a
special interest in entrepreneurship in developing countries. He has conducted several research
and practice projects on entrepreneurship in different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
Alessandro Giudici  is Lecturer in Strategy at Cass Business School (City, University of
London, UK). His research focuses on organizations that support start-ups and SME growth,
including venture associations, incubators, government agencies and the like, predominantly
from a capability and business model perspective. His research has been published in Business
History, Long Range Planning and Strategic Organization and is currently under review in a
number of peer-reviewed journals. Before entering academia, Alessandro worked as a marketing executive for a large multinational enterprise in the fast-moving consumer goods sector.

Paul Hannon is a graduate entrepreneur and has helped shape enterprise and entrepreneurship
education, support and development in the UK and overseas during the past 35 years. He is a
successful creator and innovator of local support initiatives for enterprise and entrepreneurship
stimulation in the private and public sectors; he has won accolades for his innovative
approaches to enterprise and entrepreneurship curricula design and delivery in higher education; and he is also an experienced entrepreneur with 10 years as the co-owner/director of a
small growing firm in the food industry. In 2015 Paul was invited to be a member of Maserati
100, the top 100 individuals in the UK who actively support the next generation of future
entrepreneurs. In 2016 he was appointed European Entrepreneurship Education Laureate by


Notes on the Editors and Contributors

xvii

the Sten K. Johnson Centre for Entrepreneurship at Lund University, Sweden. At Swansea
University in Wales Paul is Head of Section in Research, Engagement and Innovation Services.
He is Director of the Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership and is Director of Leading
Business Growth, a body that supports leadership development and growth in hundreds of
Welsh SMEs. The Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership offers research, learning and development opportunities to stimulate cultures and practices of entrepreneurial leadership for
individuals and organizations in highly uncertain, unpredictable and complex environments.
Up to the end of March 2013 Paul was Chief Executive at the UK’s National Centre for
Entrepreneurship in Education (formerly NCGE) that supports long-term cultural change in
UK universities and colleges.
Richard T. Harrison is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Co-Director of the
Centre for Strategic Leadership at the University of Edinburgh Business School. He was previously Dean of Queen’s University Management School and Director of the Leadership
Institute. He was Dixons Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the University of
Edinburgh and has also held Chair-level appointments at the University of Aberdeen and
University of Ulster. He has taught in China, Argentina, Australia, the US and Canada. His
current research interests are linked by a unifying interest in the nature of the entrepreneurial
process – in social and corporate as well as new venture contexts – as it is reflected in business

development (particularly in the financing of innovation and growth) and in the implications of
research and theorizing for practice and public policy. This includes the analysis of entrepreneurial finance, entrepreneurial learning and leadership processes, studies of the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in emerging economies (notably China, Malaysia) and examination
of the nature of peace entrepreneurship in conflict societies (Northern Ireland, Rwanda,
Kosova). In recognition of the importance of his research on entrepreneurial finance he was the
2015 recipient of the UK ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Award for
Outstanding Research Impact on Business.
Helen Haugh is Senior Lecturer at Cambridge Judge Business School, Director of the Masters
in Innovation, Strategy and Organizations, The Management of Technology and Innovation
programme and Research Director for the Centre for Social Innovation. Helen’s research interests focus on social and community entrepreneurship, family business and corporate responsibility. Her research in the social economy has examined community-led regeneration in rural
communities, cross-sector collaboration and innovations in governance. Her work has been
published in the Academy of Management Education and Learning, Organization Studies,
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business Ethics, Cambridge Journal of
Economics and Entrepreneurship and Regional Development.
Anders Hoffmann is now Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Energy, Utilities
and Climate in the government of Denmark. The work co-authored here is written in a personal capacity and relates to a previous role as Deputy Director General at the Danish
Business Authority. There he was responsible for developing and implementing most of the
business development policies in Denmark at the national, regional and local level. These
policies covered entrepreneurship, EU structural funds, design, creative industry, second
chance, clusters, market development, circular economy, sharing economy, social enterprises,
CSR, offset, EU Leader approach and standardization. He was also responsible for the
Authorities International division and the Danish approach to the reduction of economic burdens for firms. Dr Hoffmann holds a PhD in Economics and was a Senior Economist with the


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OECD, supervising a team of economists and statisticians and coordinating activities related
to micro-policy benchmarking. His academic output has been published in Journal of
International Economics and Economic Modelling.

Louisa Huxtable-Thomas is the Research Lead for the Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership
at Swansea University, Wales. She has extensive experience in case study research and workbased learning, in facilitation of innovation and invention in supported companies, and in training and supervision of PhD students. In this role she undertakes research for a successful
management and leadership programme aimed at improving leadership skills for owner-­
managers of small businesses. The role requires research into learning and teaching methods
most suitable for this group of mature students, also into post-full-time education as well as
analysis of the wider economic impacts that such learning has. In addition, Louisa has an academic role as advisor for two doctoral students and provides qualitative methodologies advice
to a further five students at the recommendation of their Directors of Studies. As well as holding a doctorate in business and economics, Louisa holds a Postgraduate Certificate in
Developing Higher Education and is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA). In
previous roles she qualified as a Chartered Environmentalist (CEnv) and Member of the
Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (MIEEM) and Institute of Environmental
Management and Assessment (AIEMA). Louisa has been considered a trusted advisor to the
Welsh Assembly Government and local authorities in Wales.
Ulla Hytti  is Research Director in the Entrepreneurship Unit at the University of Turku,
Finland. She has taught entrepreneurship at undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels
at the university, and has been conducting research into entrepreneurship education. Ulla was
a founding member of the Finnish Scientific Association for Entrepreneurship Education and
a President of the Association in 2014–15. She has organized and chaired several entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education conferences nationally and internationally. Ulla is an
Associate Editor at the Journal of Small Business Management and a Board Member in the
European Council for Small Business (ECSB).
Bengt Johannisson is Professor Emeritus of Entrepreneurship at Linnaeus University. From
1998–2007, he was the Editor-in-Chief of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development and he
himself has published widely on entrepreneurship, personal networking, family business as
well as on local and regional development. His current research interests are process and practice theories and enactive methodology as applied to different arenas for entrepreneurship. In
Sweden Bengt Johannisson has initiated several inter-university networks on research and postgraduate studies in entrepreneurship and for 15 years he was a co-director of the European
Doctoral Programme in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Bengt Johannisson
is the first Scandinavian Winner of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research (2008) and
in 2015 he received the European Entrepreneurship Education Award.
Rosalind Jones  is Lecturer in Marketing and Program Director at Birmingham Business
School, University of Birmingham. Her career until 2005 was in the public sector, prior to
completion of a PhD in entrepreneurial marketing in small software technology firms at Bangor

University, Wales. She is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and a ‘Chartered Marketer’
and Member of the Levitt Group of Senior Marketers for the Chartered Institute of Marketing.
She is Co-Chair of the Academy of Marketing, Entrepreneurial & Small Business Marketing
Special Interest Group and on the Steering Committee of the American Marketing Association
(AMA) Special Interest Group in Research at the Marketing and Entrepreneurship Interface.


Notes on the Editors and Contributors

xix

David J. Ketchen, PhD, The Pennsylvania State University, serves as Lowder Eminent Scholar
and Professor of Management in the Harbert College of Business at Auburn University. His
research interests include entrepreneurship and franchising, methodological issues in organizational research, strategic supply chain management, and the determinants of superior organizational performance. He has served as an Associate Editor for Academy of Management Journal,
Journal of Operations Management, Organizational Research Methods, Journal of Supply
Chain Management, Journal of International Business Studies and Journal of Management.
John Kitching is Professor in the Small Business Research Centre, Kingston University, UK.
His research interests include the influence of regulation on small business activity and performance, and exploring the implications of critical realist philosophy of science for small business and entrepreneurship studies.
Lars Kolvereid,  PhD, is Professor of Entrepreneurship. His research interests are entrepreneurship in general, especially new business creation processes and new business performance.
Dr Kolvereid has published a large number of articles and books and has supervised more than
25 doctoral students and is the leader of the Norwegian Global Entrepreneurship Monitor team.
Sirpa Koskinen has a PhD in Education and works as a special education teacher. She has extensive experience from various forms of demanding special education. Currently she works in a
hospital school in Hämeenlinna where her pupils are patients at a youth psychiatric ward. Previously
Sirpa worked in a state reform school. She has also worked as a special education teacher in an
upper secondary school with more than 500 pupils and in a Finnish school in Tallinn, Estonia.
Anne Kovalainen  is Professor of Entrepreneurship at the School of Economics at the
University of Turku, Finland. She has been visiting faculty fellow and visiting professor among
others at Stanford University, London School of Economics, Technology University Sydney,
and at Kingston University. Anne’s intellectual background is in economic sociology, gender
studies and business studies. Stemming from her disciplinary background, her publication track

record is multidisciplinary. She established an international multidisciplinary conference on
WORK in 2013, which runs biannually (latest on Work and Labour in the Digital Future
WORK2017). She is editorial board member in International Small Business Journal (ECSB)
and in Research in the Sociology of Work (ASA), among others. Her current research interests
deal with science and technology studies, research methodology, transformation of economies,
knowledge formation and changing relationships between entrepreneurship, work and gender.
She leads a large research consortium on work and platform economy, currently analyzing the
complexities of gig economy, sharing economy and platforms, including their transformational
effects on work and entrepreneurship, academic work, s­ elf-employment and entrepreneurship
(SWiPE). Professor Kovalainen holds several positions of trust and serves regularly national
and international science institutions.
Christian Lechner  is currently Full Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the Free
University of Bolzano, Italy. He is the Director of the PhD programme in Economics and
Management on Organizational and Institutional Outliers. He was former Professor in
Entrepreneurship and Strategy for 12 years at Toulouse Business School where he was involved
in entrepreneurship activities, the launch of an incubator and the coaching of small firms. He
holds a PhD in business administration from the University of Regensburg, Germany, an MBA
from the University of Georgia and degrees in business administration from the LudwigMaximilians-University in Munich and international business studies from the Università degli


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Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy. His research interests are inter-firm and inter-personal networks,
habitual entrepreneurship, organizational configurations of new firms and growth, the resourcebased view and entrepreneurial strategy.
Claire M. Leitch, DPhil, holds the Chair in Entrepreneurial Leadership at Lancaster University
Management School, where she is also Head of Department, Leadership and Management. Her
research interests concentrate on the development, enhancement and growth of individuals and
organizations in an entrepreneurial context with a particular focus on leadership, leadership

development and learning. She is an internationally recognized scholar whose work has shaped
theoretical debate and had significant industrial and policy impact. She has published in
Journal of Small Business Management, Organization Research Methods, Academy of
Management Learning and Education, British Journal of Management, Regional Studies and
Entre­preneurship Theory and Practice. Currently she is the Editor of International Small
Business Journal.
Fergus Lyon  is Professor of Enterprise and Organization and Director of the Centre for
Enterprise and Economic Development Research at Middlesex University. His research
focuses on social enterprise, hybrid organizations, enterprise support, innovation, trust and
sustainability. He is Deputy Director of the ESRC Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable
Prosperity (CUSP) and is leading a research theme on enterprise, the social economy and
investment. He has a background in international development and enterprise support and is
actively involved in conservation and farming enterprises in the UK. He has conducted
research on enterprise issues in the UK, Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. He
has published on social enterprise and alternative organizational forms in a range of journals
including International Small Business Journal, International Journal of Management
Reviews, Organization Studies, World Development and Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development. He published the Edward Elgar Handbook of Research Methods on Trust, now
in its second edition.
Tatiana S. Manolova,  DBA, Boston University,  is Professor of Management at Bentley
University, USA. Research interests include strategic management (competitive strategies of
new and small companies), international entrepreneurship and management in emerging
economies. She is affiliated with Diana International, an international research project exploring the growth strategies of women entrepreneurs worldwide. During 2010–11, she was a
Visiting Professor at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and conducted research on
entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia in affiliation with the Prince Salman Institute for
Entrepreneurship. Tatiana is the author of over 40 scholarly articles and book chapters. She
serves on the editorial boards of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business
Venturing, International Small Business Journal and the Babson College Entrepreneurship
Research Conference Board of Reviewers (2015–17).
Colin Mason is Professor of Entrepreneurship in the Adam Smith Business School, University

of Glasgow. He has held visiting positions at universities in Canada, Australia, New Zealand
and Argentina. His research and teaching are in the areas of entrepreneurship and regional
development. His specific research interests are in entrepreneurial finance and entrepreneurial
ecosystems. He has written extensively on business angel investing and has been closely
involved with government and private sector initiatives to promote business angel investment,
both in the UK and elsewhere. He is the founder and co-editor of the journal Venture Capital:
An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance (published by Taylor and Francis Ltd).


Notes on the Editors and Contributors

xxi

Catherine Matthews is currently Senior Lecturer in finance at the University of Brighton and
has worked there since 1998 when she joined the staff as a graduate teaching assistant. She has
since taught at post graduate and undergraduate levels across a number of subject areas, including economics, accounting and finance. Catherine has held external examiner and associate
editor roles and enjoys being an active member of the research community at Brighton. Her
research interests are in the area of small business finance and in particular trade credit management, which formed the focus of her doctoral research. Since being awarded her doctorate,
Catherine has been working on publishing-related papers.
Maura McAdam is Professor in Management and Director of Entrepreneurship at Dublin City
University, Dublin. She is a nationally and internationally recognized scholar within the area
of entrepreneurship having particular expertise in gender, entrepreneurial leadership, technology entrepreneurship and family business. Accordingly, her research has been published in top
rated North American and UK journals across a range of theoretical disciplines such as
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Small Business Management, Regional
Studies, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development and International Small Business
Journal. In addition, Maura has authored the book Female Entrepreneurship with Routledge
publishing. Maura is an editorial board member of leading UK and US journals such as
International Small Business Journal (ISBJ) and Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice
(ETP). In addition, Maura is an invited Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) and has
held Visiting Scholar positions at Massey University and Babson College; she is currently a

Visiting Scholar at the University of Nottingham and Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman
University, Saudi Arabia.
Aaron F. McKenny,  PhD, University of Oklahoma, is Assistant Professor of Management at the
University of Central Florida. His research is primarily focused on the intersection of entrepreneurship and strategic management with an emphasis on the role of social and other non-economic
phenomena in organizational settings. He is on the review boards for the Journal of Management,
Journal of Business Venturing and Family Business Review. His research has been published in
several journals, including Journal of Management, Organizational Research Methods, Journal of
Business Venturing, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
The Leadership Quarterly, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Family Business
Review, Business Communication Quarterly and Business Horizons.
Morgan P. Miles is Professor at Charles Sturt University. Previously he had been Professor of
Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the University of Canterbury, the Tom Hendrix Chair of
Excellence at the University of Tennessee at Martin, Professor of Enterprise Development at
the University of Tasmania and Professor of Marketing at Georgia Southern University. He has
been a visiting scholar at Georgia Tech, Cambridge University, University of Stockholm, the
University of Otago, University of Auckland and an Erskine Fellow at the University of
Canterbury. He holds a DBA in Marketing from Mississippi State University. His research
interests include entrepreneurial marketing and corporate social responsibility.
J. Robert Mitchell,  PhD,  is Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategy in the
Department of Management at Colorado State University. He teaches undergraduate and
graduate courses. Prior to joining Colorado State University, Rob was a Professor at the
University of Oklahoma and at the Ivey School of Business, where he continues to hold an
appointment as an adjunct research professor. He completed his doctoral studies in


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e­ ntrepreneurship and strategic management at the Kelley School of Business in Bloomington,

Indiana. Before pursuing his PhD at Indiana University, Rob worked in a technology start-up
in Salt Lake City, Utah and was involved in emerging enterprise consulting in Victoria, British
Columbia. Rob was also the recipient of the NFIB Best Dissertation Award from the
Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management. Among other outlets, his research
has been published in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business Venturing,
Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal and Strategic Management Journal.
Ronald K. Mitchell  is Professor of Entrepreneurship and JA Bagley Regents Chair in the
Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University, a Wheatley Institution Fellow and
Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Victoria, in BC Canada. Previously, he
was Winspear Chair in Public Policy and Business at the University of Victoria and Jointlyappointed Professor of Public Policy and Strategy at the Guanghua School of Management at
Peking University. He is a CPA, former CEO, consultant and entrepreneur. He received his PhD
from the University of Utah, winning the 1995 Heizer Dissertation Award. Ron publishes and
serves in editorial review capacities in the top entrepreneurship and management journals, and
was 2008–9 Chair of the Academy of Management Entrepreneurship Division. His academic
mission focuses on problems and possibilities in opportunity emergence: understanding the
core systems and institutions of society that enable greater human capacity. He researches,
consults and lectures worldwide.
Kevin F. Mole  is Associate Professor (Reader) in Entrepreneurship at Warwick Business
School where he is associated with the Enterprise Research Centre (enterpriseresearch.ac.uk).
His research interests include external support to small firms including policy choices in business support, the role of regulation and firm growth. He is published in journals such as the
Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of Business Venturing, International Small
Business Journal, British Journal of Management and Environment and Planning. He has
worked for the Advanced Institute of Management and his client list includes OECD, Grant
Thornton and the UK government department for business; past clients include the Small
Business Service and Business Link University.
Michael H. Morris holds the James W. Walter Clinical Eminent Scholar Chair at the University
of Florida. A pioneer in curricular innovation, he launched the first department and first school
of entrepreneurship at major research universities. Dr Morris has published 11 books and over
200 articles, book chapters and other scholarly publications. His current research is focused on
venture categories and their implications.

Sussie C. Morrish  is Associate Professor of Marketing in the Department of Management,
Marketing and Entrepreneurship at the University of Canterbury. Sussie teaches strategic marketing from basic to advanced levels. Sussie gained her PhD from the University of Canterbury
while simultaneously teaching at the University of Auckland Business School. Her main
research interests revolve around the marketing and entrepreneurship disciplines including
various strategic approaches to portfolio entrepreneurship, airline alliances, i­ nternationalization,
sustainability and country of origin effects. Her more recent research looks at the effects of the
Canterbury Earthquakes on social enterprise, hospitality and related industries.
Xaver Neumeyer is currently Assistant Professor and Burwell Chair of Entrepreneurship at the
School of Entrepreneurship, University of North Dakota, USA. His current research focuses on


Notes on the Editors and Contributors

xxiii

entrepreneurial ecosystems, specifically how these ecosystems are shaped by or shape entrepreneurs. He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Northwestern University in
2014 and his MSc in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from the Illinois Institute of
Technology in 2006. He also completed the Postdoctoral Bridge Program at the University of
Florida in 2015, specializing in Entrepreneurship and International Business.
Mattias Nordqvist is Professor in Business Administration, the Hamrin International Professor
of Family Business and Director of the Centre for Family Enterprise and Ownership (CeFEO)
at Jönköping University. Mattias is also Visiting Professor at the Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp. Mattias is a former Co-Director of the Global STEP Project and
Visiting Scholar at Babson College, USA, University of Alberta (Canada) and Bocconi
University (Italy). He has served on the board of the International Family Enterprise Research
Academy (IFERA) and is currently on the scientific committee of the Center for Young and
Family Enterprise (Cyfe) at the University of Bergamo (Italy), on the scientific committee of
the Family Business Centre at Lancaster University School of Management (UK) and on the
scientific committee of the Dutch Centre of Expertise in Family Businesses at the Windesheim
University of Applied Sciences (the Netherlands).

Niina Nummela  is Professor of International Business at the Turku School of Economics,
University of Turku, Finland, and Visiting Professor at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her
areas of expertise include international entrepreneurship, cross-border acquisitions and
research methods. She has published widely in academic journals, has edited several academic
books and serves on the editorial boards of Journal of International Business Studies and
International Small Business Journal.
Kristina Nyström is Associate Professor in Economics with specialisation in entrepreneurship and industrial dynamics at the Division of Economics at the Department of Industrial
Economics and Management at KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology and The Ratio
Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. Kristina Nyström’s research interests include firm dynamics
in terms of entry, expansion, contraction of business and exit, industrial and regional dynamics, labour mobility associated with establishment and closure of businesses, regional resilience to displacements and institutional aspects of entrepreneurship and firm dynamics.
Recent publications include articles in journals such as Regional Studies, Small Business
Economics and Labour.
Abeer Pervaiz is a doctoral student in the PhD programme in management and economics on
organizational and institutional outliers at the Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Italy. Her
educational background consists of an undergraduate degree in finance from the Lahore School
of Economics (LSE), Pakistan and an MSc in Entrepreneurship and Innovation from the
University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands on an Erasmus Scholarship. She has worked as a
research assistant at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan. Her
research interests include entrepreneurship, industry emergence, start-ups, strategy and social
movements.
Luke Pittaway  is the Copeland Professor of Entrepreneurship and Chair, Department of
Management at Ohio University (Athens, OH) where he leads the academic programmes in the
College of Business and the College’s enhancements of university-wide programmes. He was
formally the William A. Freeman Distinguished Chair in Free Enterprise and the Director of


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the Center for Entrepreneurial Learning and Leadership at Georgia Southern University where
he managed programmes in entrepreneurship until May 2013. Dr Pittaway has previously
worked at the University of Sheffield (UK), Lancaster University (UK) and the University of
Surrey (UK). He has been a Research and Education Fellow with the National Council of
Graduate Entrepreneurship and an Advanced Institute of Management Research Scholar. He is
on a number of editorial boards including those for the International Small Business Journal,
the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research and the Service
Industries Journal. Dr Pittaway’s research focuses on entrepreneurship education and learning
and he has a range of other interests, including entrepreneurial behaviour, networking, entrepreneurial failure, business growth and corporate venturing.
Seppo Poutanen is Senior Research Fellow and Docent of sociology at the Department of
Management and Entrepreneurship, University of Turku, Finland. His areas of expertise
include social epistemology, social theory, sociology of science, innovation studies, methodology of social sciences and economic sociology. Seppo Poutanen has acted as Visiting
Professor and Visiting Fellow at several universities (e.g. Stanford University, LSE,
University of Essex, Goldsmiths College, UTS Business School). One of his current research
projects focuses on the rise of the entrepreneurial university. He has published his research
in Social Epistemology, Critical Public Health, Journal of Critical Realism, Sociological
Research Online, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship and in several
edited volumes. Seppo Poutanen’s latest publication is a monograph with Anne Kovalainen:
Gender and Innovation in the New Economy – Women, Identity, and Creative Work, New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Christopher Pryor is Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at the University of Florida. He obtained
his PhD from the School of Entrepreneurship at Oklahoma State University. His current
research focuses on entrepreneurs’ behaviours and the intersection of institutional contexts and
entrepreneurship. His research has been published in Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,
among others.
Susana C. Santos  is a Postdoctoral research fellow at the Center for Entrepreneurship &
Innovation at Warrington College of Business at the University of Florida. She holds a PhD in
Human Resources Management and Organizational Behaviour from Instituto Universitário de
Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal. Her main research interests are in the cognitive, affective and
psychosocial processes of entrepreneurship, at individual and team levels.

Jeremy C. Short (PhD, Louisiana State University) is the Rath Chair in Strategic Management
at the University of Oklahoma. His research focuses on multilevel determinants of firm performance, strategic decision processes, entrepreneurship, research methods, franchising and
family business. He has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Management and Family
Business Review. He currently serves on the review boards for Journal of Management, Journal
of Business Venturing, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Organizational Research Methods
and Family Business Review. His research has appeared in a number of journals including the
Academy of Management Journal, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Strategic Management
Journal, Organization Science, Organizational Research Methods, Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes, the Journal of Management, Personnel Psychology,
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, The Leadership Quarterly, Academy of Management
Learning and Education, the Journal of Management Education, the Journal of Vocational