Handbook of construction management scope schedule and cost control

HANDBOOK OF
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
Scope, Schedule, and Cost Control

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Industrial Innovation Series
Series Editor
Adedeji B. Badiru

Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) – Dayton, Ohio
PUBLISHED TITLES
Carbon Footprint Analysis: Concepts, Methods, Implementation, and Case Studies,
Matthew John Franchetti & Defne Apul
Cellular Manufacturing: Mitigating Risk and Uncertainty, John X. Wang
Communication for Continuous Improvement Projects, Tina Agustiady
Computational Economic Analysis for Engineering and Industry, Adedeji B. Badiru &
Olufemi A. Omitaomu
Conveyors: Applications, Selection, and Integration, Patrick M. McGuire
Culture and Trust in Technology-Driven Organizations, Frances Alston
Design for Profitability: Guidelines to Cost Effectively Management the Development Process
of Complex Products, Salah Ahmed Mohamed Elmoselhy
Global Engineering: Design, Decision Making, and Communication, Carlos Acosta, V. Jorge Leon,
Charles Conrad, & Cesar O. Malave
Global Manufacturing Technology Transfer: Africa–USA Strategies, Adaptations, and Management,
Adedeji B. Badiru
Guide to Environment Safety and Health Management: Developing, Implementing, and
Maintaining a Continuous Improvement Program, Frances Alston & Emily J. Millikin
Handbook of Construction Management: Scope, Schedule, and Cost Control,

Abdul Razzak Rumane
Handbook of Emergency Response: A Human Factors and Systems Engineering Approach,
Adedeji B. Badiru & LeeAnn Racz
Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas, and Calculations, Adedeji B. Badiru &
Olufemi A. Omitaomu
Handbook of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Second Edition, Adedeji B. Badiru
Handbook of Military Industrial Engineering, Adedeji B. Badiru & Marlin U. Thomas
Industrial Control Systems: Mathematical and Statistical Models and Techniques,
Adedeji B. Badiru, Oye Ibidapo-Obe, & Babatunde J. Ayeni
Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques, Adedeji B. Badiru,
Abidemi Badiru, & Adetokunboh Badiru
Inventory Management: Non-Classical Views, Mohamad Y. Jaber
Kansei Engineering—2-volume set
•
Innovations of Kansei Engineering, Mitsuo Nagamachi & Anitawati Mohd Lokman
•
Kansei/Affective Engineering, Mitsuo Nagamachi
Kansei Innovation: Practical Design Applications for Product and Service Development,
Mitsuo Nagamachi & Anitawati Mohd Lokman
Knowledge Discovery from Sensor Data, Auroop R. Ganguly, João Gama, Olufemi A. Omitaomu,
Mohamed Medhat Gaber, & Ranga Raju Vatsavai
Learning Curves: Theory, Models, and Applications, Mohamad Y. Jaber
Managing Projects as Investments: Earned Value to Business Value, Stephen A. Devaux
Modern Construction: Lean Project Delivery and Integrated Practices, Lincoln Harding Forbes &
Syed M. Ahmed


PUBLISHED TITLES
Moving from Project Management to Project Leadership: A Practical Guide to Leading Groups,
R. Camper Bull

Project Management: Systems, Principles, and Applications, Adedeji B. Badiru
Project Management for the Oil and Gas Industry: A World System Approach, Adedeji B. Badiru &
Samuel O. Osisanya
Project Management for Research: A Guide for Graduate Students, Adedeji B. Badiru,
Christina Rusnock, & Vhance V. Valencia
Project Management Simplified: A Step-by-Step Process, Barbara Karten
Quality Management in Construction Projects, Abdul Razzak Rumane
Quality Tools for Managing Construction Projects, Abdul Razzak Rumane
A Six Sigma Approach to Sustainability: Continual Improvement for Social Responsibility,
Holly A. Duckworth & Andrea Hoffmeier
Social Responsibility: Failure Mode Effects and Analysis, Holly Alison Duckworth &
Rosemond Ann Moore
Statistical Techniques for Project Control, Adedeji B. Badiru & Tina Agustiady
STEP Project Management: Guide for Science, Technology, and Engineering Projects,
Adedeji B. Badiru
Sustainability: Utilizing Lean Six Sigma Techniques, Tina Agustiady & Adedeji B. Badiru
Systems Thinking: Coping with 21st Century Problems, John Turner Boardman & Brian J. Sauser
Techonomics: The Theory of Industrial Evolution, H. Lee Martin
Total Productive Maintenance: Strategies and Implementation Guide, Tina Agustiady
& Elizabeth A. Cudney
Total Project Control: A Practitioner’s Guide to Managing Projects as Investments,
Second Edition, Stephen A. Devaux
Triple C Model of Project Management: Communication, Cooperation, Coordination,
Adedeji B. Badiru

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HANDBOOK OF

CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
Scope, Schedule, and Cost Control

edited by

Abdul Razzak Rumane

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
Version Date: 20160511
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2664-5 (Hardback)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Rumane, Abdul Razzak, author.
Title: Handbook of construction management : scope, schedule, and cost
control / editor: Abdul Razzak Rumane.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Series:
Industrial innovation series | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016006907 | ISBN 9781482226645 (hard back)
Subjects: LCSH: Building--Superintendence--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TH438 .R76 2017 | DDC 624.068--dc23
LC record available at />Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at



To
My parents
For their prayers and love
My prayers are always for my father who always encouraged me.
I wish he would have been here to see this book and give me blessings.

My prayers and love for my mother who always inspires me.

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Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................xi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xxi
Foreword ................................................................................................................................... xxvii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... xxix
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... xxxi
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................xxxvii
Synonyms ................................................................................................................................. xxxix
Editor.............................................................................................................................................. xli
Contributors ................................................................................................................................xliii
1. Overview of Construction Projects ....................................................................................1
Abdul Razzak Rumane
2. Project Delivery Systems .................................................................................................... 13
Abdul Razzak Rumane
3. Construction Management Delivery System..................................................................43
Abdul Razzak Rumane
4. Construction Management Tools ...................................................................................... 67
Abdul Razzak Rumane
5. BIM in Design and Construction .................................................................................... 145
Cliff Moser
6. Construction Contract Documents ................................................................................. 163
Abdul Razzak Rumane
7. Construction Management ............................................................................................... 187
Abdul Razzak Rumane

(Section 7.3.11 by Edward Taylor, and Jitu C. Patel)
8. Lean Construction .............................................................................................................. 677
Zofia K. Rybkowski and Lincoln H. Forbes
9. ISO Certification in the Construction Industry ........................................................... 731
Shirine L. Mafi, Marsha Huber, and Mustafa Shraim
Appendix I: Contractor’s Quality Control Plan .................................................................. 761
Bibliography................................................................................................................................ 783
Author Index ............................................................................................................................... 785
Subject Index .............................................................................................................................. 787
ix

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List of Figures
Figure 1.1

Types of construction projects ..............................................................................3

Figure 1.2

Traditional contracting system (design–bid–build) ...........................................3

Figure 1.3

Construction project trilogy ................................................................................ 10

Figure 2.1

Design–bid–build (traditional contracting system) contractual
relationship ............................................................................................................ 16

Figure 2.2

Multiple-prime contractor contractual relationship ........................................ 17

Figure 2.3

Design–build–delivery system ........................................................................... 18

Figure 2.4

Logic flow diagram for a construction projects’ design–bid–build system .....19

Figure 2.5

Logic flow diagram for a construction projects’ design–build system......... 20

Figure 2.6

Project manager type delivery system contractual relationship ...................22

Figure 2.7

Agency construction management contractual relationship ......................... 25

Figure 2.8

Construction manager at risk contractual relationship (CM-at-risk) ............ 25

Figure 2.9

Integrated project delivery system contractual relationship .......................... 26

Figure 2.10 Contract proposal procedure for the designer ................................................. 36
Figure 2.11 Overall scope of work of the designer ............................................................... 37
Figure 3.1

Construction management roadmap ................................................................. 47

Figure 3.2

Design–bid–build with agency CM ................................................................... 53

Figure 3.3

Sequential activities of agency CM design–bid–build–delivery system ...... 53

Figure 3.4

Multiple-prime contractor contractual relationship ........................................54

Figure 3.5

Sequential activities of agency CM–multiple prime contractor delivery
system .....................................................................................................................54

Figure 3.6

Design–build–delivery system with agency CM ............................................. 55

Figure 3.7

Sequential activities of agency CM—design–build–delivery system ........... 55

Figure 3.8

Construction manager type delivery system (agency CM) ............................ 56

Figure 3.9

Sequential activities of agency CM delivery system........................................ 56

Figure 3.10 Construction management-at-risk (CM-at-risk) with agency CM ................. 57
Figure 3.11

Sequential activities of CM-at-risk delivery system with agency CM .......... 57

Figure 3.12 Construction management contractual relationship (CM-at-risk)................. 58
Figure 3.13 Sequential activities of CM-at-risk delivery system......................................... 58

xi

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xii

List of Figures

Figure 4.1

Cause and effect for false ceiling rejection .......................................................... 71

Figure 4.2

Check sheets .......................................................................................................... 71

Figure 4.3

Control chart for air handling unit air distribution (cfm) .............................. 72

Figure 4.4

Flow diagram for contractor’s staff approval.................................................... 73

Figure 4.5

Employee reporting histogram ........................................................................... 74

Figure 4.6

Pareto analysis for construction cost ................................................................. 74

Figure 4.7

Pie chart for site staff ............................................................................................ 75

Figure 4.8

Run chart for manpower ..................................................................................... 76

Figure 4.9

Scatter diagram ..................................................................................................... 76

Figure 4.10 Stratification chart .................................................................................................77
Figure 4.11 Activity network diagram ................................................................................... 78
Figure 4.12 Arrow diagramming method for a concrete foundation ................................ 78
Figure 4.13 Dependency relationship diagram..................................................................... 79
Figure 4.14 PDM diagramming method ................................................................................ 79
Figure 4.15

Critical path method............................................................................................. 81

Figure 4.16 Gantt chart for a substation .................................................................................83
Figure 4.17

Affinity diagram for a concrete slab ..................................................................83

Figure 4.18 Interrelationship digraph.....................................................................................84
Figure 4.19 T-shaped matrix .................................................................................................... 85
Figure 4.20 Roof-shaped matrix .............................................................................................. 86
Figure 4.21 Prioritization matrix ............................................................................................. 86
Figure 4.22 Process decision diagram chart .......................................................................... 87
Figure 4.23

Tree diagram for no water in storage tank........................................................ 87

Figure 4.24

Benchmarking process ......................................................................................... 89

Figure 4.25 Cause and effect for masonry work ................................................................... 90
Figure 4.26

Failure mode and effects analysis process ........................................................ 91

Figure 4.27 FMEA recording form .......................................................................................... 92
Figure 4.28 Process mapping/flowcharting for approval of variation order ................... 94
Figure 4.29 Root cause analysis for rejection of executed marble work ................................ 95
Figure 4.30 PDCA cycle for preparation of shop drawing ....................................................... 96
Figure 4.31 Statistical process control chart for generator frequency ............................... 97
Figure 4.32 Brainstorming process ......................................................................................... 99


xiii

List of Figures

Figure 4.33

Delphi technique process .................................................................................. 100

Figure 4.34

Mind mapping .................................................................................................... 101

Figure 4.35

Cellular main switch board............................................................................... 104

Figure 4.36

Concurrent engineering for construction life cycle....................................... 104

Figure 4.37

Value stream mapping for emergency power system ................................... 108

Figure 4.38

House of quality for hospital building project ............................................... 113

Figure 4.39

Six Sigma roadmap ............................................................................................. 114

Figure 4.40 Logic flow of activities in the study stage ....................................................... 131
Figure 4.41 Preliminary schedule for construction project............................................... 137
Figure 4.42

Major activities in the detailed design phase ................................................. 139

Figure 4.43 Cost of quality during the design stage .......................................................... 140
Figure 4.44

PDCA cycle for construction projects (design phases) .................................. 140

Figure 4.45 Project monitoring and controlling process cycle.......................................... 142
Figure 4.46

Root cause analysis for bad concrete ............................................................... 143

Figure 4.47

PDCA cycle (Deming wheel) for execution of works .................................... 143

Figure 4.48 Flowchart for concrete casting .......................................................................... 144
Figure 6.1

Table of contents .................................................................................................. 167

Figure 7.1

Construction project quality trilogy................................................................. 192

Figure 7.2

Triple constraints ................................................................................................. 192

Figure 7.3

Construction management integration ............................................................ 193

Figure 7.4

Construction management process elements integration diagram ............. 194

Figure 7.5

Construction project planning steps ................................................................ 199

Figure 7.6

Major elements in construction project development process
(design–bid–build system) ................................................................................. 200

Figure 7.7

Simple organizational structure ....................................................................... 201

Figure 7.8

Functional organizational structure (departmental) ..................................... 202

Figure 7.9

Functional organizational structure (engineering discipline)...................... 202

Figure 7.10

Divisional organizational structure ................................................................. 202

Figure 7.11 Divisional organizational structure (customer) .............................................. 203
Figure 7.12

Divisional organizational structure (construction categories) ..................... 203

Figure 7.13

Divisional organizational structure (geographical) ....................................... 203

Figure 7.14

Matrix-type organizational structure............................................................... 204

Figure 7.15

Functional organizational structure (projectized) ......................................... 205

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xiv

Figure 7.16

List of Figures

Team-based organizational structure .............................................................. 205

Figure 7.17 Network/boundaryless organizational structure .......................................... 206
Figure 7.18

Candidate selection procedure .......................................................................... 207

Figure 7.19 Project staffing process ....................................................................................... 208
Figure 7.20

Training process cycle ........................................................................................ 212

Figure 7.21

Overview of project management process groups......................................... 219

Figure 7.22 Project integration management ....................................................................... 220
Figure 7.23

Construction project stakeholders .................................................................... 232

Figure 7.24

Flow chart for development of terms of reference ......................................... 241

Figure 7.25

Development of project scope documents....................................................... 242

Figure 7.26

Approach to development of work breakdown structure ............................ 242

Figure 7.27 Typical levels of WBS process ........................................................................... 244
Figure 7.28 Typical levels of WBS process (project design) ............................................... 245
Figure 7.29 WBS for concrete works ..................................................................................... 245
Figure 7.30

WBS for fire suppression works ........................................................................ 246

Figure 7.31

WBS for plumbing works ................................................................................... 246

Figure 7.32

WBS for HVAC works ......................................................................................... 246

Figure 7.33

WBS for electrical works .................................................................................... 247

Figure 7.34 Consultant’s (supervisor’s) organizational breakdown structure ............... 248
Figure 7.35

Contractor’s organizational breakdown structure ......................................... 249

Figure 7.36 RAM for concrete works .................................................................................... 251
Figure 7.37

Scope validation process for construction project (design and bidding
stage)......................................................................................................................254

Figure 7.38 Scope control process ......................................................................................... 255
Figure 7.39

Request for information ..................................................................................... 258

Figure 7.40

Process to resolve scope change (contractor initiated) .................................. 259

Figure 7.41

Request for variation........................................................................................... 260

Figure 7.42

Process to resolve request for variation ........................................................... 261

Figure 7.43 Site work instruction........................................................................................... 262
Figure 7.44 Request for modification .................................................................................... 263
Figure 7.45 Process to resolve scope change (owner initiated) ......................................... 264
Figure 7.46 Variation order proposal .................................................................................... 265
Figure 7.47 (a) Variation order and (b) VO attachment ...................................................... 266


xv

List of Figures

Figure 7.48

Schedule development process ......................................................................... 269

Figure 7.49

Project activities and codes ................................................................................ 271

Figure 7.50

(a) Activity relationship and (b) dependency relationship ........................... 278

Figure 7.51

Arrow diagramming method for design phases............................................ 279

Figure 7.52

Activity-on-node diagram ................................................................................. 279

Figure 7.53

PDM diagramming method .............................................................................. 280

Figure 7.54

Manpower estimation ........................................................................................ 281

Figure 7.55 Activity block .......................................................................................................284
Figure 7.56 Gantt chart for guardhouse building............................................................... 286
Figure 7.57 Critical path method (diagram for guardhouse building) ............................ 287
Figure 7.58

Schedule: Classifications versus levels............................................................. 292

Figure 7.59 Schedule monitoring and controlling process ................................................ 296
Figure 7.60 Analysis of prices ................................................................................................300
Figure 7.61 Process of establishing construction budget ................................................... 301

Figure 7.62

Project S-curve (budgeted) ................................................................................ 302

Figure 7.63 Baseline change request ..................................................................................... 303
Figure 7.64

Earned value S-curve ......................................................................................... 307

Figure 7.65

Project quality management plan for design stage ........................................309

Figure 7.66 Logic flow diagram for development of contractor’s quality control plan .....311
Figure 7.67 Project team acquisition process ....................................................................... 317
Figure 7.68 Conflict management flowchart........................................................................ 319
Figure 7.69 Equipment status................................................................................................. 322
Figure 7.70 Material management process for construction project ................................ 323
Figure 7.71 Contractor’s procurement log ............................................................................ 324
Figure 7.72

Communication model ....................................................................................... 324

Figure 7.73 Communication plan development process .................................................... 326
Figure 7.74 Transmittal form .................................................................................................. 329
Figure 7.75 Site transmittal for material ............................................................................... 333
Figure 7.76 Specification comparison statement .................................................................334
Figure 7.77 Site transmittal for workshop drawings .......................................................... 335
Figure 7.78 (a) Submittal process (paper-based) and (b) submittal process (electronic) .....336
Figure 7.79 Transmittal form.................................................................................................. 338

Figure 7.80 Contractor’s submittal status log ...................................................................... 339

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xvi

List of Figures

Figure 7.81

Contractor’s shop drawing submittal log ......................................................340

Figure 7.82

Agenda format for meeting ............................................................................. 341

Figure 7.83

Meeting attendees .............................................................................................342

Figure 7.84

Minutes of meeting format ..............................................................................343

Figure 7.85

Transmittal for minutes of meeting................................................................344

Figure 7.86

Risk management cycle .................................................................................... 347

Figure 7.87

Procurement management processes stages for construction projects..... 361

Figure 7.88

Contract management process ........................................................................ 362

Figure 7.89

Bidding tendering (procurement process)..................................................... 372

Figure 7.90

Safety framework .............................................................................................. 377

Figure 7.91

The ability to influence safety ......................................................................... 377

Figure 7.92

Personal fall arrest system ............................................................................... 380

Figure 7.93

Hierarchy of control .......................................................................................... 388

Figure 7.94

Process for establishing financial plan........................................................... 392

Figure 7.95

Contractor’s cash flow ....................................................................................... 395

Figure 7.96

Claim management process............................................................................. 398

Figure 7.97

Construction project life cycle (design–bid–build) phases ......................... 405

Figure 7.98

Construction project life cycle (design–build) phases .................................405

Figure 7.99

Major activities relating to conceptual design processes ............................ 407

Figure 7.100

Logic flow process for conceptual design phase ..........................................408

Figure 7.101

Logic flow diagram for selection of designer (A/E) ..................................... 412

Figure 7.102

Project design team organizational chart ...................................................... 413

Figure 7.103

House of quality for college building project ...............................................423

Figure 7.104 Typical schedule ................................................................................................430
Figure 7.105 Major activities relating to schematic design processes ..............................434
Figure 7.106

Structural/civil design team organizational chart.......................................440

Figure 7.107 Logic flow process for the schematic design phase .....................................445
Figure 7.108 VE study process activities ..............................................................................448
Figure 7.109 Typical preliminary schedule .......................................................................... 449
Figure 7.110

Major activities in relation to design development processes .................... 457

Figure 7.111

Design management team ............................................................................... 461

Figure 7.112

Design development stages ............................................................................. 465

Figure 7.113 Project schedule ................................................................................................. 481


xvii

List of Figures

Figure 7.114 Manpower histogram .......................................................................................484
Figure 7.115

Design review steps .......................................................................................... 486

Figure 7.116 Major activities relating to construction documents processes.................. 494
Figure 7.117 Logic flow process for construction document phase ................................. 495
Figure 7.118 Construction schedule ...................................................................................... 501
Figure 7.119

Major activities relating to bidding and tendering processes .................... 511

Figure 7.120 Logic flow process for bidding and tendering phase .................................. 512
Figure 7.121 Bid clarification .................................................................................................. 514
Figure 7.122

Contract award process .................................................................................... 516

Figure 7.123 Major activities relating to construction processes ...................................... 517
Figure 7.124 Logic flow process for construction phase .................................................... 518
Figure 7.125 Logic flow diagram for development of construction schedule. ............... 533

Figure 7.126 Contractor’s construction schedule ................................................................534
Figure 7.127 Project S-curve ................................................................................................... 554
Figure 7.128 S-curve (cost loaded) ......................................................................................... 555
Figure 7.129

Manpower plan ................................................................................................. 556

Figure 7.130 Equipment schedule ......................................................................................... 558
Figure 7.131

Job site instruction............................................................................................. 561

Figure 7.132

Notice to proceed .............................................................................................. 565

Figure 7.133

Kick-off meeting agenda .................................................................................. 566

Figure 7.134 Request for staff approval ................................................................................ 568
Figure 7.135

Request for subcontractor approval................................................................ 570

Figure 7.136

Material/product manufacturer selection procedure .................................. 573

Figure 7.137

Material/product/system approval procedure ............................................. 574

Figure 7.138

Shop drawing preparation and approval procedure ................................... 576

Figure 7.139

Builders workshop drawing preparation and approval procedure........... 583

Figure 7.140

Composite drawing preparation and approval procedure ......................... 584

Figure 7.141

Contractor’s manpower chart .......................................................................... 590

Figure 7.142 Equipment list and utilization schedule for major buildings project........ 592
Figure 7.143

Material procurement procedure .................................................................... 594

Figure 7.144 Supply chain process in construction project ............................................... 595
Figure 7.145

Minutes of meeting ........................................................................................... 598

Figure 7.146 Safety violation notice.......................................................................................604

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xviii

List of Figures

Figure 7.147

Safety disciplinary notice ................................................................................. 605

Figure 7.148

Accident report .................................................................................................. 609

Figure 7.149

Summary procedure for actions after accident ............................................. 610

Figure 7.150

Contractor’s planned S-curve .......................................................................... 612

Figure 7.151

Progress payment submission format ............................................................ 613

Figure 7.152

Progress payment approval process ............................................................... 614

Figure 7.153

Payment certificate ............................................................................................ 615

Figure 7.154

Claim resolution process .................................................................................. 616

Figure 7.155 Logic flow diagram for monitoring and control process ............................ 620
Figure 7.156

Planned versus actual....................................................................................... 622

Figure 7.157

Daily progress report ........................................................................................ 624

Figure 7.158

Work in progress ............................................................................................... 627

Figure 7.159

Daily checklist status ........................................................................................ 628

Figure 7.160

Traditional monitoring system ........................................................................ 631

Figure 7.161 Digitized progress monitoring ........................................................................ 632
Figure 7.162 Submittal monitoring form .............................................................................. 633
Figure 7.163 Project progress status ......................................................................................634
Figure 7.164 S-curve (work progress) ................................................................................... 635
Figure 7.165 Sequence of execution of works ...................................................................... 636
Figure 7.166 Flowchart for concrete casting ........................................................................ 637
Figure 7.167 Process for structural concrete work .............................................................. 637
Figure 7.168

Checklist for form work ................................................................................... 639

Figure 7.169 Notice for daily concrete casting .....................................................................640
Figure 7.170 Checklist for concrete casting .......................................................................... 641
Figure 7.171 Quality control of concreting ..........................................................................642
Figure 7.172

Report on concrete casting ...............................................................................643

Figure 7.173 Notice for testing at lab.....................................................................................644
Figure 7.174

Concrete quality control form .........................................................................645

Figure 7.175

Cause-and-effect diagram for concrete ..........................................................646

Figure 7.176

Checklist ............................................................................................................. 647

Figure 7.177

Remedial note ....................................................................................................648

Figure 7.178 Nonconformance report ................................................................................... 649
Figure 7.179 Testing, commissioning, and handover ......................................................... 660


xix

List of Figures

Figure 7.180 Logic flow process for testing, commissioning, and handover phase ...... 666
Figure 7.181

Development of inspection and test plan ...................................................... 667

Figure 7.182 Checklist for testing of electromechanical works ........................................ 668
Figure 7.183 Project closeout report ...................................................................................... 669
Figure 7.184 Handing over certificate ................................................................................... 671
Figure 7.185

Handing over of spare parts ............................................................................ 673

Figure 7.186

Project substantial completion procedure ..................................................... 675

Figure 8.1

The entry year of several technological advances........................................ 678

Figure 8.2

Three characteristics used to draw distinctions between Lean project
delivery and traditional (design–bid–build) project delivery ..................... 683

Figure 8.3

The “Kaizen stairway”—A chain of continuous improvement ................. 683

Figure 8.4

Recapturing waste as value .............................................................................684

Figure 8.5

The Lean project delivery system ..................................................................... 688

Figure 8.6

Example of bar chart used to sequence activities involved in the
installation and finishing of interior walls ................................................... 691

Figure 8.7

Example of a bar chart representing the installation and finishing
of interior walls and its transformation into a line-of-balance (LOB)

schedule .............................................................................................................. 692

Figure 8.8

Line-of-balance reveals time and location of a potential scheduling
conflict ................................................................................................................ 692

Figure 8.9

Parallel flows are revealed using LOB scheduling ...................................... 693

Figure 8.10

Example of LOB applied to a 15-storey high-rise building......................... 693

Figure 8.11

(a) Empire State Building overall view. (b) Building section and LOB
schedule of the Empire State Building depicting near parallel flows ....... 694

Figure 8.12

The Last Planner system of production control ........................................... 697

Figure 8.13

The Last Planner serves as a “kanban” that pulls activities, as
informed by a cloud of shared knowledge ................................................... 699

Figure 8.14

Six-week look-ahead planning process .......................................................... 700

Figure 8.15

A percent plan complete (PPC) chart ............................................................. 701

Figure 8.16

Cost with added markup (a) versus target costing (b) ................................ 703

Figure 8.17

Diagram of the target value design process.................................................. 703

Figure 8.18

The target value design process...................................................................... 705

Figure 8.19

The MacLeamy curve ....................................................................................... 706

Figure 8.20

The Sutter Health integrated project delivery relationship........................ 707

Figure 8.21

The PDCA or Deming cycle ............................................................................ 710

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Figure 8.22

List of Figures

Graphic definition of the Lean construction PDCA engine ......................... 711

Figure 8.23 Plus-delta chart (+/∆) chart used to facilitate continuous improvement .......711
Figure 8.24 An Ishikawa fishbone or cause-and-effect diagram...................................... 712
Figure 8.25

Pareto chart based on calculations in Table 9.3 .............................................. 714

Figure 8.26 Causes transferred from the Pareto chart to the Ishikawa fishbone
diagram ................................................................................................................ 714
Figure 8.27 Conducting five whys/root cause analysis on the “largest bone” of the
cause–effect diagram ......................................................................................... 715
Figure 8.28

Swimlane diagrams comparing the RFI communication process .............. 716

Figure 9.1

ISO 9001 implementation model ....................................................................... 737

Figure I.1

Site quality control organization ....................................................................... 763

Figure I.2

Method of sequence for concrete structure work ........................................... 774

Figure I.3

Method of sequence for block masonry work................................................. 775

Figure I.4

Method of sequence for false ceiling work ...................................................... 775

Figure I.5

Method of sequence for mechanical work (public health) ............................ 776

Figure I.6

Method of sequence for mechanical work (fire protection) .......................... 776

Figure I.7

Method of sequence for HVAC work................................................................777

Figure I.8

Method of sequence for electrical work ........................................................... 778

Figure I.9

Method of sequence for external works ........................................................... 779


List of Tables
Table 1.1

Construction project life cycle.................................................................................8

Table 1.2

Principles of quality in construction projects ..................................................... 11

Table 2.1

Categories of project delivery systems ................................................................ 14

Table 2.2

Design–bid–build ................................................................................................... 16

Table 2.3

Design–build ........................................................................................................... 18

Table 2.4

Difference between design–build and EPC ........................................................ 21

Table 2.5

Project manager delivery system .........................................................................22

Table 2.6

Construction management .................................................................................... 24

Table 2.7

Integrated project delivery system ....................................................................... 26

Table 2.8

Relationship among the project participants...................................................... 27

Table 2.9

Fixed-price/lump-sum contracts .......................................................................... 28

Table 2.10 Unit price contracts ................................................................................................. 28
Table 2.11 Cost reimbursement contracts .............................................................................. 29
Table 2.12 Remeasurement contracts......................................................................................30
Table 2.13 Target price contracts ............................................................................................. 30
Table 2.14 Time and material contracts .................................................................................. 31
Table 2.15

Cost plus guaranteed maximum price contracts ............................................... 32

Table 2.16 Procurement selection types and selection criteria ...........................................34
Table 2.17

Qualification-based selection of architect/engineer (consultant) .................... 35

Table 2.18 Contents of request for proposal for a designer/consultant ............................. 38
Table 2.19

Request for qualification (prequalification of contractor) ................................. 39

Table 2.20 Difference between request for proposal and request for qualification......... 40
Table 2.21 Contractor selection criteria .................................................................................. 41
Table 3.1

Difference between project manager and construction management
types of project delivery systems ......................................................................... 46

Table 3.2

Major considerations for need analysis of a construction project ................... 49

Table 3.3

Need statement........................................................................................................ 50

Table 3.4

Consultant’s qualification for feasibility study................................................... 50

Table 3.5

Qualifications of construction manager .............................................................. 61

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List of Tables

Table 4.1

Classic quality tools ................................................................................................ 70

Table 4.2

Management and planning tools .........................................................................77

Table 4.3

Activities to construct a substation building ......................................................80

Table 4.4

L-shaped matrix ...................................................................................................... 85

Table 4.5

Process analysis tools ............................................................................................. 88

Table 4.6

The 5 whys analysis for cable burning ................................................................ 93

Table 4.7

5W2H analysis for slab collapse ........................................................................... 93

Table 4.8

Process improvement tools.................................................................................... 95

Table 4.9

SIPOC analysis for an electrical panel ................................................................. 96

Table 4.10 Innovation and creative tools ................................................................................ 98
Table 4.11 5W2H analysis for new product ......................................................................... 101
Table 4.12 Lean tools ............................................................................................................... 103
Table 4.13 5S for construction projects ................................................................................. 106
Table 4.14 Mistake proofing for eliminating design errors ............................................... 107
Table 4.15

Cost of quality ....................................................................................................... 110

Table 4.16 Fundamental objectives of Six Sigma DMADV tool ........................................ 119
Table 4.17

Fundamental objectives of Six Sigma DMAIC tool.......................................... 120

Table 4.18 Fundamental objectives of Six Sigma DMADDD tool..................................... 124
Table 4.19

Level of inventives ................................................................................................ 125

Table 4.20 Construction project development stages ......................................................... 127
Table 4.21 Major elements of study stage............................................................................. 129
Table 4.22 Need assessment for a construction project ..................................................... 132
Table 4.23

Major considerations for feasibility study of a construction project ............. 132

Table 4.24

Typical contents of terms of reference documents........................................... 132

Table 4.25 5W2H analysis for project need .......................................................................... 134
Table 4.26

Major elements of design stage ........................................................................... 134

Table 4.27 Major items for data collection during concept design phase ....................... 135
Table 4.28 Development of concept design.......................................................................... 136
Table 4.29 Development of a schematic design for a construction project ..................... 138
Table 4.30 Major elements of bidding and tendering stage............................................... 141
Table 4.31 Major elements of the construction stage .......................................................... 141
Table 4.32 Major activities by contractor during the construction phase ....................... 142

Table 6.1

MasterFormat® 2014 .............................................................................................. 177


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List of Tables

Table 7.1

SWOT analysis for construction material testing laboratory. ......................... 196

Table 7.2

Reasons for planning ............................................................................................ 197

Table 7.3

Job analysis (KESAA requirements) for contractor project manager ............ 209

Table 7.4

Team development stages .................................................................................... 210

Table 7.5

Training needs for contractor’s project manager .............................................. 217

Table 7.6

Project integration management processes ....................................................... 219

Table 7.7

Major construction project activities relating to initiating process group.......222

Table 7.8

Major construction activities relating to planning process group................. 223

Table 7.9

Major construction activities relating to project execution process group.........227

Table 7.10

Major construction activities relating to monitoring and controlling
processes group ..................................................................................................... 229

Table 7.11 Major construction activities relating to closing process group .................... 232
Table 7.12

Stakeholders responsibilities matrix ..................................................................234

Table 7.13

WBS dictionary ...................................................................................................... 250

Table 7.14

Responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) ......................................................... 251

Table 7.15

RACI matrix ........................................................................................................... 252

Table 7.16

Causes of changes in construction project ........................................................ 256

Table 7.17 Advantages of project planning and scheduling ............................................. 268
Table 7.18

Bill of quantities (BOQ) ........................................................................................ 274

Table 7.19 Activities to construct guardhouse building. ................................................... 285
Table 7.20

Schedule levels ...................................................................................................... 290

Table 7.21

Generic schedule classification matrix............................................................... 292

Table 7.22 Characteristics of schedule classification .......................................................... 293
Table 7.23

Cost estimation levels for construction projects............................................... 299

Table 7.24

Earned value management terms .......................................................................306

Table 7.25

Parameters of earned value management .........................................................306

Table 7.26

Contents of contractor’s quality control plan .................................................... 312

Table 7.27 Responsibilities for site quality control.............................................................. 313
Table 7.28 Analysis for communication matrix .................................................................. 327
Table 7.29 Communication matrix ........................................................................................ 327
Table 7.30

List of project control documents ....................................................................... 330

Table 7.31

List of logs ..............................................................................................................345

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List of Tables

Table 7.32

Risk register ........................................................................................................... 349

Table 7.33

Risk probability levels. ......................................................................................... 350

Table 7.34 Risk assessment ..................................................................................................... 351
Table 7.35

Typical categories of risks in construction projects ......................................... 354

Table 7.36 Major risk factors affecting owner...................................................................... 356
Table 7.37

Risk variables for feasibility study ..................................................................... 357

Table 7.38 Major risk factors affecting designer (consultant) ............................................ 358
Table 7.39

Major risk factors affecting contractor ............................................................... 358

Table 7.40

PQQs for selecting construction manager.........................................................364

Table 7.41

PQQs for selecting designer (A/E) ..................................................................... 365

Table 7.42

PQQs for selecting design–build contractor ..................................................... 367

Table 7.43 PQQs for selecting contractor.............................................................................. 369
Table 7.44 Designer’s (A/E) selection criteria ...................................................................... 370
Table 7.45 Checklist for bid evaluation ................................................................................. 373
Table 7.46 Contents of contract administration plan .......................................................... 375
Table 7.47 Contract closeout checklist .................................................................................. 376
Table 7.48

Contents of contractor’s financial plan............................................................... 393

Table 7.49

Logs by finance department ................................................................................ 396

Table 7.50

Major causes of construction claims .................................................................. 397

Table 7.51

Effects of claims on construction projects ......................................................... 399

Table 7.52

Preventive actions to mitigate effects of claims on
construction projects ..........................................................................................400

Table 7.53

Documents required for analysis of construction claims ............................... 403

Table 7.54

Phases in construction project life cycle ............................................................404

Table 7.55 Responsibilities of various participants (design–bid–build type of
contracts) during the conceptual design phase ................................................ 413
Table 7.56 Checklist for owner requirements (architectural). ........................................... 417
Table 7.57 Checklist for owner’s preferred requirements (structural) ............................. 419
Table 7.58

Checklist for owner’ preferred requirements (mechanical). .......................... 420

Table 7.59 Checklist for owner’s preferred requirements (HVAC). .................................. 421
Table 7.60 Checklist for owner’s preferred requirements (electrical). ............................. 421
Table 7.61

Elements to be included in concept design drawings .....................................423

Table 7.62

Quality check for cost estimate during concept design .................................. 431


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List of Tables

Table 7.63 Analysis of concept design .................................................................................. 432
Table 7.64

Responsibilities of various participants (design–bid–build type of
contracts) during schematic design phase.........................................................440

Table 7.65

Schematic design deliverables .............................................................................442

Table 7.66

Analysis of schematic design .............................................................................. 453

Table 7.67

Responsibilities of various participants (design–bid–build type of
contracts) during design development phase .................................................. 462

Table 7.68 Design development deliverables .......................................................................464
Table 7.69 Checklist for design drawings ............................................................................ 483
Table 7.70 Interdisciplinary coordination ............................................................................ 487
Table 7.71 Responsibilities of various participants (design–bid–build type of
contracts) during construction documents phase ............................................ 496
Table 7.72

Construction documents deliverables................................................................ 498

Table 7.73 Quality check for design drawings ....................................................................508
Table 7.74 Constructability review for design drawings ................................................... 510
Table 7.75 Responsibilities of various participants (design–bid–build type of
contracts) during bidding and tendering phase ............................................... 513
Table 7.76 Contents of contractor’s construction management plan ................................ 520
Table 7.77

Responsibilities of supervision consultant ........................................................ 523

Table 7.78

Subcontrator prequalification questionnaire .................................................... 525

Table 7.79 Matrix for site administration and communication......................................... 528
Table 7.80 Responsibilities of various participants (design–bid–build type of
contracts) during construction phase................................................................. 530
Table 7.81

Contents of contractor’s communication management plan .......................... 559

Table 7.82 Major risks during construction phase and mitigation action ....................... 562
Table 7.83 Contents of contractor’s HSE plan ......................................................................564
Table 7.84

Contractor’s responsibilities to manage construction quality ........................ 588

Table 7.85

Points to be reviewed during monthly safety meeting ................................... 597

Table 7.86 Potential risks on scope, schedule, and cost, during construction phase
and its effects and mitigation action .................................................................. 599
Table 7.87

Concept of safety disciplinary action................................................................. 606

Table 7.88

Consultant’s checklist for smooth functioning of project ............................... 617

Table 7.89

Monitoring and control plan references for construction projects ................ 621

Table 7.90 Monthly progress report ...................................................................................... 629

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