Summary of doctoral thesis in biology: Research on medicinal plant resources to propose solutions for conservation and sustainable use of some valuable species in Na Hang Nature Reserve,

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

VIETNAM ACADEMYOF SCIENCE AND

AND TRAINING

TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NGUYEN THI HAI
NGUYỄNTHỊ HẢI

RESEARCH ON MEDICINAL PLANT RESOURCES
TOPROPOSESOLUTIONS FORCONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
USEOF SOME VALUABLE SPECIES IN NA HANG NATURE RESERVE,
TUYEN QUANG PROVINCE

Major: Botany
Code: 9.42.01.11

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN BIOLOGY

HaNoi – 2018


The dissertationwas completed at the Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy ofScience and Technology

Supervisors:

1. PGS. TS. Trần Huy Thái

1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Huy Thai
2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Tien Dat
2. PGS. TS. Nguyễn Tiến Đạt

Reviewer1:
Reviewer2:
Reviewer3:

The dissertation will bedefended atthe Council ofPhD. Thesis Assessment held at the
Graduate University of Science and Technologyat ... , on……….. 2018

Thesis can be further referredat National Library of Vietnam, Library of Graduate
University of Science and Technology


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INTRODUCTION
1. The necessity of the dissertation
Na Hang Nature Reserve was established under Decision No. 274/UB-QD dated 9th
May 1994 by the People's Committee of Tuyen Quang province. About 68% of the area is
tropical moist forests. Of these, about 70% are limestone forest, and the rest are lowland
evergreen forest. In 2006, Nguyen Nghia Thin and his colleagues identified and listed 1,162
species of plants in the Na Hang Nature Reserve, many of them were listed in the Vietnam
Red Data Book (2007) such as Garcinia fragraeoides, Excentrodendron tonkinense,
Chukrasia tabularis, Markhamia stipulata etc.
Beside the research resultsof some authors at the Forest Inventory and Planning
Institute, Birdlife International program; Nguyen Nghia Thin and Dang Quyet Chien (2006);
Nguyen Anh Tuan et al. (2012); so far, there is no comprehensive research on medicinal

plant resources, especially the promising species in Na Hang Nature Reserve. On the other
hand, medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve are becoming increasingly
scarce, some of which are endangered due toindiscriminate and planless exploitation and.
The potential and prospects of medicinal plant resources and indigenous knowledge of
indigenous peoples in Na Hang Nature Reserve are plentiful and varied; But these studies
are few and far from complete. Research on the scientific basis for conserving, restoring and
sustainably using the diversity of medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen
Quang province, is an urgent, critical issue. scientific significance and high economic and
social value. Based on this situation, the author conducted the study "Research on
medicinal plant resources to propose solutions for conservation and sustainable use of
some valuable species in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province".
2. The goal of the dissertation
To study and evaluate the current status of medicinal plant resources in Na Hang
Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang provinceto propose solutions for conservation and
sustainable development of some valuable species.
3. The scientific and practical significance of the dissertation
* Scientific significance: The results of the research will contribute to supplement the
data on the current distribution of medicinal plants and propose measures to preserve
biodiversity of plant resources.
* Practical significance: The result of the research is the scientific basis for the
agencies in management, production and business to make policies for development,
investment in production, creating a stable source of pharmaceutical raw materials and
sustainable use; at the same time, effective conservation of species of high potential and
value; Research results on screening biologically active species will contribute to the
development of new dmedicineproduction.
4. The composition of the dissertation
The dissertation consists of 146 pages: Introduction - 02 pages; Chapter 1: Overview
of research issues - 32 pages; Chapter 2: Subjects, contents and methods of research - 11
pages; Chapter 3: Research Results and Discussion - 86 pages; Conclusions and
recommendations - 02 pages; References - 11 pages

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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES
1.1. Resource of medicinal plants in the world
1.1.1. History of research on medicinal plant resources in the world
Medicinal herbs were developed as a Chinese cultural tradition from about 5000
years ago (2,737 BC - 2,697 BC). The earliest known Sumarian genealogical record-writing
knowledge was written in hieroglyphics in 2000 BC "Materia Medica" recorded details of
the effects of 250 medicinal plants. India is also a country with a long tradition of using
medicinal herbs. The earliest recorded record of the use of medicinal plants was found in the
book of Rig - Vedas around 4500 - 1600 BC, which is considered to be the oldest book on
the use of medicinal plants in human history. Today, more than 8.000 plant species are
known to be used in India.
Not only in Asia, using medicinal herbs is appeared in European countries long time
ago. In Africa, the earliest written records on the use of medicinal plants were recorded by
ancient Egyptians over 3.600 years ago, with about 800 remedies and over 700 medicinal
plants, including Aloe vera, Cannabisetc.
1.1.2. Assessment of the value and economic value of medicinal plant resources in
the world
1.1.2.1. Assessment of the use value of medicinal plant resources
Worldwide, it is estimated that up to 70.000 species of plants are used in folklore.
WHO reports that more than 21.000 plant species have been used for health care. India used
about 7.500 species. By 1997, China used more than 6.000 species. In Africa, more than
5.000 plant species are used for medical purposes. In Europe, with a long tradition in the
use of plants, about 2.000 medicinal herbs and aromatic spices are used in commerce ...
1.1.2.2. Assessment of the economic value of medicinal plant resources
On a global scale, sales of medicinal plants are estimated to be around 16 billion

euros a year. In the 1990s, the annual import turnover of medicinal plants averaged over
4.000 tons, valued at $ 1.224 million. Of this figure, 80% of import and export value is
from 12 countries in Asia and Europe. Japan and South Korea are the two countries that
consume the most medicinal plants. China and India are the leading providers of medicinal
plants; Hong Kong and the US are important trade centers.
Many medicinal plants are not only exploited for local use but also for exporting
throughout the world. A large number of medicinal plants in Asia and Africa, in addition to
being harvested for domestic use, are also used for export. Up to 80% of medicinal plants
are exported from Asian countries. Demand for medicinal plants increases by 15 - 25%
annually and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that by
2050 the demand for medicinal plants will increase by more than $ 5 trillion.


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1.1.3. Research on the experience of using medicinal plants of the peoples of the world
Survey and study of medicinal plants together with traditional knowledge on
medicinal plants, indigenous experience in the use of medicinal plants associated with
biodiversity conservation, preservation of cultural valueswhich are attracting attention in
most countries around the world.
1.2. Overview of medicinal plant resources in Vietnam
1.2.1. History of research on medicinal plant resources in Vietnam
Vietnam has many researches such as: Hai Thuong Lan Ong - Le Huu Trac
(1720 - 1791), Crévost and Pétel (1928 - 1935), Do Tat Loi (1957), Vu Van Chuyen (1966),
Nguyen Nghia Thin, La Dinh Moi et al (2005) …
1.2.2. Overview of use value and economic value of medicinal plant resources in
Vietnam
According to the statistics of the health sector, each yearwe consume from
30.000 - 50.000 tons of different medicinal herbs. In Vietnam in recent years, each year has
exported from 5.000 to nearly 10.000 tons of pharmaceuticals, valued at about $15

million ... In addition, export some semi-active ingredients as active ingredients such as
Berberin, palmatin, rotundin, rutin, ... Some businesses have exported drug substance such
as Artemisinin, artesunate, ... and many other Oriental drugs.
1.2.3. Study on the experience of using medicinal plants of different ethnic groups in
Vietnam
In Vietnam, there are researches on medicinal plants that specialize the area such as:
Peoples of Tay, Dao, H'Mong in Ba Be National Park (Bac Kan); San Diu National Park in
Tam Dao National Park (Vinh Phuc); Dao in Ba Vi (Ha Tay); Muong in Cuc Phuong; Tay
and Dao in Yen Ninh and Yen Do communes, Phu Luong district (Thai Nguyen); Cao Lan
in Doi Can, Yen Son district (Tuyen Quang province); Muong (Thanh Hoa); Thai (Nghe
An), ...
1.2.4. Studies on the flora and medicinal plants in Na Hang
The studies on botanyin Na Hang are not abundant. In addition to the publication of
Mike Hill & Nevill Kemp (1996), Nguyen Nghia Thin, Dang Quyet Chien (2006); Nguyen
Anh Tuan and Tran Huy Thai (2012); Phan Ke Loc, Pham Van The, L.V. Averyanov et al.
(2013)… almost no analysis on the systematic research on medicinal plants.
1.3. The issues of conservation and research on propagation of medicinal plant
resources
Biodiversity conservation, especially of plant species, is a global issue, not just for
nations but for international organizations (IUCN, WWF, FAO, WHO, etc.). According to
Akerele (1991), the problem of preserving medicinal plants in countries is the recognition
and preservation of the value of using them in the national medicine. Referring to the
preservation of threatened medicinal plants, Hamann (1991) also argues that there is no
other way but to understand the distribution of the medicinal plants to establish internal
conservation areas (in - situ) conservation and external conservation or (ex - situ)


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conservation.

Biodiversity conservation in general and conservation of medicinal plants in
particular, associated with the conservation of indigenous knowledge in Vietnam have been
receiving special attention.
* Propagation by cuttings
Cutting is a methodof asexualpropagation which has a large multiplication
coefficient, which maintains good character of the mother plant and is relatively
inexpensive. It is widely used in breeding of plants, ornamental trees and fruit trees.
* Seed propagation
Seed propagation is a traditional and natural breeding method, which gives high
propagation and can be stored and transported easily. The decisive factor for seed
propagation efficiency is the quality of seed.
1.4. Medicinal plants and anti-cancer activity from medicinal plants
The therapeutic effects of medicinal plants are fromnatural compounds that were
synthesized and accumulated. Currently, around 3.000 plant species in the world are
reported to contain compounds that have anti-cancer activity. The American Cancer
Research Institute collected 35.000 plant samples from 20 different countries and screened
about 114.000 extracts with anti-cancer activity.
In Vietnam, in recent years, research on medicinal plants which are capable of
treating cancer has also been considered. Numerous studies on antitumor activity have been
published; however, studies on two species of Mallotus microcarpus and Miliusa sinensis
are very few.
1.5. Natural conditions, socio - economic conditions of Na Hang Nature Reserve
Geographic coordinates: From 22014' - 22035' north latitude; East longitude
104017' - 105035. The total area of this special use forest is 22,401.5 hectares and is located
in four communes of Thanh Tuong, Son Phu, Khau Tinh, Con Lon and Na Hang town.
The climate is in the tropical monsoon region of Northeast Vietnam and is
characterized by the high mountain climate. The year is divided into two distinct seasons,
with the following characteristics: Summer usually starts from April to September, hot and
humid climate, heavy rain; winter is cold and dry, lasts from October to March next year;
average annual temperature is 23.5°C; Average rainfall: 1.400 – 1.600 mm. There are two

large river systems: Nang River and Gam River.
There are 52 villages in the 4 communes and Na Hang town, 3,916 households/10,081
households (accounting for 38.84% of the total households in the district). There are four
main ethnic groups: Tay, Kinh, Dao and H'mong. The remaining ethnic groups such as Cao
Lan, Han ...
Agricultural production is mainly one-crop rice production, average grain is low. The
area also develops grass-feeding animals and make use of local sources to feed breeding
pigs, chicken, ducks. Forestry production is mainly managing the protection of existing


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forest resources.
There is a district general hospital in Na Hang Town; 5 commune health stations;
there are 46 villages/52 villages having village health workers. There are 5 kindergartens
with 26 school sites; 5 primary schools with 27 school sites; 5 junior high schools, 1 high
school. Na Hang town is a political, economic and cultural center of Na Hang district, which
has been invested with many projects for economic, cultural and social development of the
locality.
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
2.1. Subjects, location and time of research
2.1.1. Research subjects
Medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve and its vicinity.
2.1.2. Location and time of research
Investigation, study and survey in Na Hang Nature Reserve, mainly in Thanh Tuong,
Son Phu and Khau Tinh communes, Na Hang district, Tuyen Quang province.
Specimens were researched, analyzed and stored in the Plant Propagation Chamber
of the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources - Vietnam Academy of Science and
Technology.Empirical studies on chemistry and biological activity were conducted in the

laboratory of bioactive compounds, Institute of Marine Chemistry - Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology.
Time of research: From 2014 to 2016.
2.2. Contents of research
- Research on medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Na Hang
district, Tuyen Quang province: Diversity of medicinal plant resources; Diversity of
medicinal plants used by Tay and Dao ethnic communities in Na Hang Nature Reserve.
- Biological Activity Test and Chemical Structure Analysis: Screening biological
activity; Research on chemical composition and biological activity of sample TQ02
(Mallotus microcarpus Pax & K. Hoffm) and biological activity of sample TQ13 (Miliusa
sinensis Fin. & Gagnep.).
- Solutions for conservation, development and sustainable use of valuable species at
Na Hang Nature Reserve, Na Hang District, Tuyen Quang Province: Medicinal plants with
potential for development; Propagation potentials of two medicinal plants with potential of
exploitation and use; Proposing solutions for preservation and development of some
medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve.
2.3. Research Methodology
2.3.1. Inheritance method
Inheriting documents related to the field of study: List of plant species in Vietnam;
Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants; Medicinal plants and medicinal animals in
Vietnam; Plant diversity of Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province…


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2.3.2. Method of collection, processing and identification of samples
- Method of collection and processing of samples: According to Nguyen Nghia Thin
(1997, 2007).
- Identification of scientific names: Using the morphologiccomparison method, based
on: Handbook for searching and recognizing angiosperm families in Vietnam; Flora of

Vietnam; Flora in Vietnam; List of plants of Vietnam, Volume I, II, III; Dictionary of
medicinal plants in Vietnam...
2.3.3. Method of assessing the diversity of medicinal plant resources
To assess the diversity of medicinal plant resources of Na Hang Nature Reserve, based
on Nguyen Nghia Thin (1997) assessment method, such as: Diversity of taxon levels (divisions,
classes, families, species), at the same time identifying the diverse indicators, as well as their
life forms.
Disease groups are classified according to Le Tran Duc (1995) "Vietnamese medicinal
plants for the processing and initial treatment" and Decision No. 3465/QD-BYT dated July 08,
2016...
2.3.4. Evaluation method for preserving gene source of medicinal plants
The status of species is evaluated according to the criteria of Decree 32/2006/ND-CP,
Red List of medicinal plants (2006), Red Book of Vietnam (2007), IUCN Red List (2014)...
2.3.5. Method of mapping the distribution of rare and precious plant species
The geographic map of Na Hang Nature Reserve is based on a 1:50.000
topographical map; National coordinates VN2000. The data is updated to 2015 from
satellite imagery including information layers such as topography (road level), traffic,
residential areas, hydrology, administrative boundaries...
2.3.6. Method of researching plant medicine of the minority groups
In the process of community research, an ethnobotanical survey was used, with tools
such as the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA).
PRA methodology is conducted in two ways: using some questions for selected group of
people or researchers and interviewers.
For the survey of medicinal plants, medicinal products used by two Tay and Dao
ethnic groups in Na Hang Nature Reserve: Survey sites of three typical communes: Thanh
Tuong, Son Phu and Khau Tinh were selected. In each commune, 15 people of Tay and Dao
ethnic groups were selected to conduct interviews, including: the elderly, middle-aged and
young, both men and women; Tay ethnic group: interviewed over 30 people, Dao ethnic
group: Interviewed over 15 people. Each responded to 20 votes.
Investigating the exploitation, yield, market price, harvesting time ... ofmedicinal

plants used for medicine:It was conducted with 30 people: those who go to forest for
exploiting and gathering medicinal plants; local traders or local marketers (local traders);
local physicians who use medicinal plants to make medicines (members of the Traditional
Medicine Association of Na Hang district)... in the study area.


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2.3.7. Propagation method of some main medicinal plants
2.3.7.1. Asexual propagation method
Vegetative propagation is done by cutting different types from tubers. Vegetative
propagation (Tacca chantrieri Andre) and branches (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.) collected
from naturally grown trees. Experiments include:
a. Effects of season and cuttings on survival capacity and rooting from cuttings:
seasons are defined as Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter; Cuttings include: top cuttings, trunk
cuttings and cuttings from tubers and branches. Each test formula was 30 cuttings; Repeat 3
times in 3 different gardens. Data were recorded once in 60 days with both species.
b. Effects of growth regulators and their concentrations on the survival and rooting
rate of cuttings: Growth regulators used in the experiments were: α-NAA (α-napthilene
acetic acid), IBA (Indol butyric acid), IAA (Indole Acetic Acid); with 3 types of
concentration: 1.000ppm; 1.500ppm and 2.000ppm, the control plot not using growth
regulator. The experiment was arranged in 10 formulas.
2.3.7.2. Method of sexual propagation
Tacca chantrieri Andre: Seeds are sown on moist sand, avoid direct sunlight;
Simultaneously with the experiments on petri dishes under laboratory conditions. Each
experiment sowed 100 seeds. The experiments were repeated three times, monitoring seed
germination time. Total number of seeds in the experiment: 100 seeds/formula x 2 formula
x 3 replicates = 600 seeds.
Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.: Seeds are sown by 3 methods of seed treatment
(3 formulas) as follows:

+ Formula 1: Sowing seeds in moist sand
+ Formula 2: Soaking the seeds in warm water at 400C for 10 hours, then sowing in moist
sand.
+ Formula 3: Soaking the seeds in water for 10 hours and then sowing in moist sand.
Each formula has 3 replicates, each repeats with 30 seeds. Total seeds in experiment:
30 seeds/formula x 3 formula x 3 replicates = 270 seeds.
Care and maintenance: Daily watering, regular monitoring and careful protection.
2.3.7.3. Method of data collection
- Experiment on vegetative propagation: Supervising and recording: Number of live
cuttings, number of cuttings with germ; number of cuttings producing roots - number of
roots, average length of root, same effect of cuttings on survival rate, ability to germinate
and produce root...
- Experiment on sexual propagation: Monitoring indicators (number of days seeds
start to germinate, number of seeds germinated completely, number of seeds germinated…,
number of days for seedlings to standard transplanted)…
- Monitoring the emergence of young seedlings during the nursery stage: Indicators
of measurement include: Statistics of live trees on the total number of trees arranged in each
iteration. Measuring the root diameter (D00) by panme ruler with a precision rate to 1/10mm,
measuring the height by the meter carved to mm (topheight - Hvn).


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2.3.8. Testing the in vitro biological activity (cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity, α-amylase) of some common and potential species
2.3.8.1. Creating a crude extract: Methanol extraction solvent. The plant samples
were soaked with solvent three times in ultrasonic tanks at 40°C for 30 minutes. The
extracts were then collected and stored in high yield crude extracts.
2.3.8.2. Biological Activity Testing Method
Evaluation of active cancer cell resistance: Cancer cell lines include: Human lung

cancer (A-549, H1975), breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), pancreatic cancer PANC1),
prostate cancer (DU145) is provided by GS. Jeong-Hyung Lee, Kangwon National
University, Korea. Cancer cells are cultured in vitro by the method of Mosmann et al.
Evaluation of α-amylase inhibitory activity: α-amylase inhibitory activity was
determined by the coloring reaction of starch Azure (blue starch) with water.
Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity: α-glucosidase inhibitory activity is
based on the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) to glucose and
p-nitrophenol, the compound is yellow, under the catalytic enzyme α-glucosidase.
2.3.8.3. Method of extraction and isolation of compounds
- Isolation of purified substances by chromatographic methods:
+ Thin-layer chromatography was performed on DC-Alufolien 60 F254 silica gel and
RP-18 F254 coated plates. Detect the substance line by UV light 254 and 368 nm, and spray
10% H2SO4 on the plate and heat it slowly until the color appears.
+ Common phase column chromatography (silica gel 230-400 mesh, Merck),
reversed phase (RP-18, YMC ODS), ion exchange resin (Dianion HP20) or particle size
adsorbate (Sephadex LH20).
- Determine the structure of the molecules by modern spectroscopic methods
including infrared absorption spectrophotometry (IR), ultraviolet (UV) absorption
spectrometry, one-dimensional and two-dimensional magnetic resonance spectra (1D and
2D-NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and high resolution (HRMS).
2.3.8.4. Method of determining the structure of compounds
The general method for determining the chemical structure of compounds is the
combination of the determination of physical parameters with modern spectroscopic
methods.
2.3.9. Data analysis
All data processed on Excel, expressed as mean ± SE. Student's t-test, F'test and
one-way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) were used to examine significant
differences from the negative control, with P <0.05 is statistically significant.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Research on medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province
3.1.1. Diversity of medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve
Research results at Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province identified 647
plant species recorded for use in medicine, belonging to 443 genera, 137 families, 4 vascular
plant divisions; (Lycopodiophyta) division has 3 species belonging to 2 families; The
(Polypodiophyta) division has 20 species of 12 families; Pine (Pinophyta) divisionhas 6
species of 4 families; (Magnoliophyta) division has 618 species of 119 families. The topic
has inherited from author Nguyen Nghia Thin 467 species and added to list of medicinal
plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve added 180 species (accounting for 27.8%).
3.1.1.1. Diversity of taxonomies in the division
The diversity of medicinal plants in the study area is not only reflected in the large
number of taxon but also in the distribution of taxon in each division. The number of specific
taxon in each plant divisionis shown in Table 3.1:
Table 3.1: Distribution of medicinal plants of each plant divisionin Na Hang Nature Reserve
No.

Division

Family
Quantity

1
2
3
4

Genera

Lycopodiophyta
Polypodiophyta
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta

2
12
4
119

Rate
(%)
1.46
8.76
2.92
86.86

Total

137

100.00

Quantity

Species
Quantity

2
15
6
410

Rate
(%)
0.46
3.46
1.39
94.69

3
20
6
618

Rate
(%)
0.46
3.09
0.93
95.52

433

100,00

647

100,00

The results presented in Table 3.1 show that the composition of medicinal plants in Na
Hang Nature Reserve is not uniform among taxon; of which Magnoliophyta is the most
diverse with 618 species (accounting for 95.52%) of 410 genera (accounting for 94.69%)
and 119 families (accounting for 86.86%); followed by Polypodiophyta with 20 species
(3.09%), 15 genera (3.46%) and 12 families (8.76%); Pine (Pinophyta) with 6 species
(0.93%), 6 genera (1.39%) and 4 families (2.92%); Lycopodiophyta with 3 species, 2 genera
and 2 families is the least diverse (0.46% of total species, 0.46% of total species and 1.46%
of total families).
In Magnoliophyta, Magnoliopsida predominated with 505 species (81.72%), 336
genera (81.95%), and 94 families (78.99%). Liliopsida was slightly lower, with 113 species
(18.28%), 74 genera (18.05%) and 25 families (21.01%) (Table 3.2).


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Table 3.2: Distribution of taxon (class, family, genera, species) in Magnoliophyta division
Class

Family

Genera

Species

Quantity

Rate (%)

Quantity

Rate (%)

Quantity

Rate (%)

Magnoliopsida

94

78.99

336

81.95

505

81.72

Liliopsida
Total

25
119

21.01
100.00

74
410

18.05
100.00

113
618

18.28
100.00

Rate Magnoliopsida /
Liliopsida

3.76

4.54

4.47

On the diversity indicators of medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve,
Tuyen Quang province
The results presented in Table 3.3 show that the family indicator is 4.72 (on average,
they have nearly 5 species); the genera indicator is 1.49 (on average, each genushas 1.5
species); The ratio of genus/family is 3.16 (on average, each family has more than 3
genera).
Table 3.3. Diversity indicators of eachdivisionof the medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature
Reserve

No.

Division

1

Lycopodiophyta

2

1.46

2

0.46

3

0.46

2

Polypodiophyta

12

8.76

15

3.46

20

3.09

3

Pinophyta

4

2.92

6

1.39

6

0.93

4

Magnoliophyta

119

86.86

410

94.69

618

95.52

Total

Family indicator

4,72

Genera indicator

1,49

Genera/family
indicator

3,16

3.1.1.2. Diversity of families
Of the medicinal plant resources of Na Hang Nature Reserve, the 10 most diverse
families account for only 7.30% of families, but they account for 28.64% of genera and
31.68% of species. The family with the highest number of species is Asteraceae (32
species), accounting for 4.95% of total species recorded; followed by the families:
Rubiaceae with 28 species, 4.33%, Euphorbiaceae 26 species, 4.02%, Moraceae 23 species,
3.55%, Cucurbitaceae, Verbaceae whose families are 18, accounting for 2.78% of the total

species; followed by Araceae with 17 species, accounting for 2.63%; Zingiberaceae with 16
species, accounting for 2.47%; Urticaceae with15 species, accounting for 2.32% and
Poaceae with12 species, accounting for 1.85% of total species.In Na Hang Nature Reserve,
10 families of medicinal plants are also among the richest and most abundant in the flora of
Vietnam.


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3.1.1.3. Diversity of genera
In Na Hang Nature Reserve, the distribution of medicinal plants in the genera is
uneven. The least genera haveone species (Lycopodium, Duabanga, Manglietia, Costus,
etc.). The total number of 10 most diverse genera has 60 species, accounting for 9.29% of
total species. Genera Ficus (Moraceae) is the most diverse genera with 15 species,
accounting for 2.32% of total species. The remaining genus contains 4 to 7 species.
3.1.1.4. Genetic resources of rare medicinal plants need to be protected
In Na Hang Nature Reserve, there are 29 rare and precious species of medicinal
plants that are prioritized for conservation: 9 species listed in Group IIA under Decree
32/2006/ND-CP; 22 species listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007), 15 species at
Vulnerable - VU, 07 species in Endangered - EN); 17 species listed in the Vietnam Red
List, 10 species classified as Vulnerable - VU; 6 species classified as Endangered - EN and
01 species classified as Critically Endangered - CR; 07 species are listed in the IUCN Red
List (2014) (06 species are classified as least Endangered, one is Vulnerable - VU).
3.1.1.5. Developing a map of distribution of some rare and precious plant species
Species data were recorded at Na Hang Nature Reserve through field surveys.
Information on species composition is entered in the form of excel sheets with
species-specific information such as species number, species name, family name,
Vietnamese name, location and administrative boundaries, survey time. A map of the
distribution of rare and precious plants of 1/50.000 species was established on the basis of
the compilation of background information and information on species composition

collected through field surveys.
3.1.2. Diversity of medicinal plants used by the two Tay and Dao ethnic groups in Na
Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang Province
3.1.2.1. Medicinal plant composition used by two Tay and Dao ethnic groups in Na
Hang Nature Reserve
The composition of medicinal plants used by compatriots of the Tay and Dao ethnic
groups is shown in Table 3.8: Tay people use 223 species of medicinal plants, belonging to
4 vascular plantdivisions, mainly Magnoliophyta, there are 76/84 families (accounting for
90.5% of the total family); 167/176 genera (94.9% of total genera) and 213 species. The
number of medicinal plants used by Dao ethnic minorities is also less than that of
Magnoliophyta. There are 64/72 families, accounting for 88.9% of total families, 127/139
genera (93.4% of total genera) and 154 species. Table 3.8 shows that there are 71 families,
130 genera and 151 species shared by both Tay and Dao ethnic groups. This proves that due
to living conditions, there should be interaction, exchange and sharing not only of culture
but also of the use of medicinal plants and medicine in the treatment of diseases among
ethnic groups in the same living area.


12

Table 3.8: Comparision of the number of medicinal plants used by the two Tay and
Dao ethnic groups in Na Hang Nature Reserve
No.
1
2
3
4

Division
Lycopodiophyta

Polypodiophyta
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida
Liliopsida
Total
Common use among both
ethnic groups

Family
Tay
Dao
1
1
6
6
1
1
76
64
60
49
16
15
84
72
71

Genera
Tay

Dao
1
1
7
7
1
1
167
127
134
99
33
28
176
136
130

Species
Tay
Dao
2
2
7
7
1
1
213
154
172
118

41
36
223
164
151

Of the 84 families of plants used by the Tay ethnic group, the 14 most populous
families are: Thorn - Urticaceae (15 species); Coffee - Rubiaceae (13 species); the
Arothaeae, Euphorbiaceae and Ginger - Zingberaceae (9 species); Araceae (8 species);
Asteraceae (7 species) and Pepper - Piperaceae (6 species); Menispermaceae, Myrsinaceae,
Rutaceae, Mulberry - Moraceae, Beans - Fabaceae and Grape - Vitaceae (5 species). For the
Dao ethinic group, among the 72 families of plants used, 9 families have the highest number
of species: Coffee - Rubiaceae and Ginger - Zingberaceae (9 species); Euphorbiaceae and
Araceae (8 species); Acanthaceae (7 species); Fabaceae, Myrsinaceae, Verbenaceae and
Grape - Vitaceae (5 species).
The living forms of medicinal plants mainly used by Tay and Dao people are herbs
(46.64% for Tay, 42.68% for Dao) and shrubs (19.73% for Tay, 23.78% for Dao); woody
and vines trees are used less (16.59% and 15.24% for Tay respectively, 15.25% and 15.85%
for Dao respectively); The remaining plants are parasitic plants, accounting for low rate.
This is true reflection of the use of medicinal plants by ethnic groups in Viet Nam; Herbs
and shrubs are still the most used forms of medicinal plants.
3.1.2.2. Parts of medicinal plants used by two Tay and Dao ethnic groups in Na Hang
Nature Reserve
The results of the survey on the use of the parts of medicinal plants of the two Tay and
Dao ethnic groups show that in 223 species of medicinal plants used by the Tay people, 53
species are used simultaneously with different parts for the medicine, accounting for
23.77%. There are nine parts of the plant that have been reported to be usedin the recipies.
Of which, the most used parts were the stems (35.87%), leaves (34.98%) and roots
(17.49%); The remaining parts are tubers, seeds, fruits, feathers and bark are used relatively
low.

For the Dao people, in 164 species of medicinal plants, 22 species are used
simultaneously different parts for medicine, accounting for 13.41%. There are 10 parts that
have been reported in the use of medicinal plants. Of which, the most used parts were the


13

stem (38.41%), leaves (36.59%) and roots (21.95%); The remaining parts are tubers, seeds,
fruits, feathers and bark are used relatively low.
3.1.2.3. The use of medicinal plants of two Tay and Dao ethnic groups in Na Hang Nature
Reserve
The use of medicinal plants by the Tay community in Na Hang Nature Reserve is quite
diverse, with nine identified uses, of which the majority are drinking (156 species,
accounting for 69.96%), followed by bundling (44 species, 19.73%) and bathing (36
species, 16.14%); The number of species with only one useis 164 species (73.54%), with 2
uses: 59 species (26.46%). Similarly, with the Dao people, drinking (105 species,
accounting for 64.02%), followed by bundling (36 species, 21.95%) and bathing (24
species, 14.63%); The number of species with only one useis 137 species (83.54%) and with
2 uses: 27 species (16.46%).
3.1.2.4. Treatment experiences of diseases of Tay and Dao ethnic groups in Na Hang
Nature Reserve
In 7 groups of diseases, 53 diseases can be cured by medicinal plants of 2 ethnic
groups in Na Hang Nature Reserve. The Tay people with 15 diseases have the most
medicinal plants: Kidney disease; pimples, itchy rashes, itchy rashes; liver function,
hepatitis B, cirrhosis; heat releif; body tonic; yellow – redurine; headache; cough, asthma;
tooth decay, fever, malaria, flu; sore; aches and pains; rheumatism; menstrual disorders and
postpartum. According to Dao people, 12 diseases can be treated by most medicinal plants,
including: kidney disease; rashes, itchy rashes; yellow – redurine; body tonic; heat releif;
snake bite; tooth decay; aches and pains; liver function disorder, hepatitis B, cirrhosis;
headache and ulcer.

3.1.3. Results of biological activity test and analysis of chemical structure
3.1.3.1. Screening biological activity
Application of the above-mentioned extraction methods and procedures for 18 plant
species collected in the communes of Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province. The
extracts are stored in sealed bottle, stored at 4°C to ensure that the active substance is not
altered and for further bioactive screening.
* Activity against cancer cells
Results of cancer cytotoxic activity tests of 18 samples collected in Na Hang NR
showed that there were 07 samples of (TQ02, TQ05, TQ07, TQ10, TQ11, TQ15, TQ16)
having effect ofkilling lung cancer cells H1975; 03 samples (TQ05, TQ14, TQ15) can
inhibit breast cancer cells MCF-7; sample TQ05 can kill breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231;
sample TQ13 can kill pancreas cancer cells PANC1. Of which TQ02 from (Mallotus
microcarpus Pax & K. Hoffm.) has the most inhibition capacity, up to 73% (surviving cells
27%) at 100 μg/ml for H1975 lung cancer cell lines. This sample was chosen for further
study of the chemical composition.
* Inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase
Results showed that 06 samples had a very strong effect on α-glucosidase


14

(inhibitory> 50% at 100 μg/ml) including (TQ03, TQ04, TQ08, TQ09, TQ10, TQ13). For
α-amylase, four samples exhibited an inhibitory effect of> 50% at 500 μg/ml including
(TQ05, TQ15, TQ17, TQ18). Among these samples, sample TQ13 from (Miliusa sinensis
Pax & K. Hoffm), showed remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and there’s not
muchstudy for inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase. So, this sample was selected for further
study of the chemical composition.
3.1.3.2. Study on chemical composition and biological activity of TQ02 from (Mallotus
microcarpus Pax & K. Hoffm)
* Extract and isolation of compounds

From the sample of (Mallotus microcarpus Pax & K. Hoffm), the 11 compounds have
been extracted and identified from MM1 to MM11, one new compound was first
announced: 3-Methoxybenzensulfonic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (MM4).

Guaiacylglycerol1-(4-Hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-propanetriol (MM1)

Zansimuloside A (MM3)

Antiarol rutinoside (MM2)

3-Methoxybenzensulfonic acid 4-O-βD-glucopyranoside (MM4)

Erigeside (MM5)

3,4’,-Dihydroxypropiophenone 3-Oglucoside (MM6)

Methyl salicylate 2-rutinoside (MM7)

Leonuriside A (MM8)


15

Coniferin (MM10)

Syringin (MM9)

Hovetrichoside A (MM11)

. Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of the clean substances

Thus, clean substances isolated from TQ02 (Mallotus microcarpus Pax & K. Hoffm)
were evaluated for cytotoxic effects on H1975, A549 lung cancer lines and MCF-7 breast
cancer. Results from show that the new 3-Methoxybenzensulfonicacid 4-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (MM4) and 2-rutinoside methyl salicylate (MM7) compounds work on all
three test cell lines. Meanwhile, leonuriside A (MM8) has a very powerful effect on MCF-7
breast cancer cells.
3.1.3.3. Study on the chemical composition and biological activity of TQ13 from
(Miliusa sinensis Fin. & Gagnep.)
* Extract and isolation of compounds
Specimens (Miliusa sinensis Fin. & Gagnep.), were extracted and identified three
compounds: MSW2.1, MSW2.2 and MSW5.1.

MSW2.1

MSWW2.1 (Kaempferol 3-O-(2,6-diO-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-Dgalactopyranoside)

MSW2.2 (Quercetin 3-O-(2,6-di-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside)


16

MSW5.1 (Daucosteol)
* Evaluation of the α-glucosidase inhibitor of the isolates
Of the three compounds isolated from the TQ13 form (Miliusa sinensis Fin. &
Gagnep.), Daucosterol is a well-known compound that has been studied extensively and
should not be selected for activity testing. Both MSW2.1 and MSW2.2 have α-glucosidase
inhibitory effects with an IC50 value of 557.3 and 692.5 μM. This effect is compared with
the activity of the antidiabetic drug acarbose (IC50 671.2 μM). Thus, these two flavonoid
glycosides can be identified from TQ13 (Miliusa sinensis Fin. & Gagnep.), an active
substance that inhibits α-glucosidase associated with diabetes.
3.2. Solutions for conservation, development and sustainable use of valuable medicinal

plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Na Hang District, Tuyen Quang Province
3.2.1. Medicinal plants having potential for development
3.2.1.1. Criteria for selection of medicinal plants with potential for development
Potential species are those that meet the following criteria: i/ Species with consuming
markets; ii/ High economic value; iii/ There is a need to use in large and regular
communities; iv/ Suitable for planting to collect materials.
3.2.1.2. Proposing some potential medicinal plants to be researched in Na Hang
Nature Reserve
 Situation of exploiting and using medicinal herbs in Na Hang Nature Reserve
Through research on medicinal plant resources combined with knowledge of harvesting
and using medicinal plants of ethnic communities in Na Hang Nature Reserve, there were
initially about 20 kinds of medicinal plants being exploited and having market.
Species are high and widely distributed in the area such as: Homalomena occulta,
Asarum balansae, Tacca chantrieri, Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Saururus
chinensis, Gomphandra mollis and Tinospora sinensis. At the same time, yearspecies are
extirpated: Stephania rotunda Lour, Disporopsis longifolia Craib, Fibraurea tinctoria Lour
and Ardisia silvestris Pitard, Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.). These species have been
exploited in the past few years for sale to China. At present, the Yellow Fibraurea tinctoria
Lour, Ardisia silvestris Pitard; Disporopsis longifolia Craib.; Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.)
Baill.; Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Maxim.), Stemona tuberola Lour ... are the
most consumed medications.
Market and potential development of medicinal plants in Na Hang
According to the results of the survey, the prices of some medicinal herbs such as
Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson, Disporopsis longifolia Craib., Stephania rotunda
Lour., Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., Ardisia silvestris Pitard ... are quite high. So, these are


17

species that have been exploited indiscriminately while the conservation is not paid

adequate attention.
With the above mentioned species, if exploited properly, along with the planting and
protection, this will be an advantage to develop the economy and improve the lives of ethnic
minorities in the Na Hang NR. Species such as Curcuma longa L., Curcuma zedoaria
(Berg.) Rosc., Fibraurea tinctoria Lour, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino in the
locality are in pretty big quantity, the people have planted them in the gardens, the trees
grows well.
 Characteristics of medicinal plants with potential for development
Based on the results above, 12 potential medicinal plants in the study area (Table
3.20) are to be tested for propagation, planting and development.
Table 3.20: Potential medicinal plants for development in Na Hang Nature Reserve
No.
1.

Vietnamese
language
Thiên niên
kiện
Tế tân nam
Biến hóa
Bình vôi

Ethnic language

Scientific name

Flora family

Vát vẹo (Tày);
Sì nhàn chấn (Dao)

Muầu đin (Tày, Dao)
Mầu đin (Tày, Dao)
Cà tom khao (Tày);
Hùng mầu pẹ (Dao)
Dây đau xương Khau bết phạ (Tày),
Tiền mạy hoày (Dao)

Homalomena occulta
(Lour.) Schott.
Asarum balansae Franch
Asarum caudigerum Hance
Stephania rotunda Lour.

Araceae

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.)
Merr.

Menispermaceae

6.

Bách bộ

Stemona tuberosa Lour.

Stemonaceae

7.

Râu hùm

Tacca chantrieri Andr.

Taccaceae

8.

Giảo cổ lam

Cucurbitaceae

9.

Hà thủ ô đỏ

10.
11.

Hoàng đằng
Nghệ đen

12.

Nghệ vàng

Gynostemma pentaphyllum
(Thunb.) Makino
Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.)
Haraldson

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.
Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.)
Rosc.
Curcuma longa L.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Rạng mạ (Tày),
Tiệp phầy mua đòi (Dao)
Bo thác lủa (Tày),
Mào xạm đòi (Dao)
Pyắc dạ (Tày),
Lạy im (Dao)
Cốc gia vụ (Tày, Dao)
Thau khem (Tày, Dao)
Mịn đăm (Tày),
Trằn đìa chịa (Dao)
Mịn khao (Tày),
Trằn đìa pẹ (Dao)

Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Menispermaceae

Polygonaceae
Menispermaceae
Zingiberaceae

Zingiberaceae

3.2.2. Exploring the propagation potential of two medicinal plants that have potential for
exploitation and use in Na Hang Nature Reserve
3.2.2.1. Propagation of (Tacca chantrieri Andre) in Na Hang Nature Reserve
 Experiment on vegetative propagation
* Study the effects of season and type of cuttings on budding growth rate and rooting
rate of Tacca chantrieri Andre.
The results showed that in the winter and spring, the rate of bud emergence and
rooting of all three types are higher than the two seasons of Summer and Fall.


18

Among the three types of cuttings, 60 days after cutting, the rate of budding and
rooting of the cuttings from the stem is the highest; in the spring (86,7% budding, 77,0%
rooting), followed by cuttings from the top of tuber (67.8% budding and rooting), the lowest
rate is cuttings from root (60,4% budding, 58,1% rooting).
* Study on the effect of growth promoters and their concentration on bud emergence
and rooting rates of cuttings of Tacca chantrieri Andre
After treatment with growth regulators IAA, α-NAA and IBA at different
concentrations (1.000ppm, 1.500ppm and 2.000ppm) for cuttings from the Tacca chantrieri
Andre, cuttings were made in the fall (01/9/2016). The results showed that the rate of budding
and rooting of cuttings was very high after 60 days (100%) at 1.500ppm with both IBA and
IAA.
. Seed propagation experiment
After 90 days, the seed germination rate in outdoor sand was 14.3% and the room
condition was 11.0%.
Lobster (Tacca chantrieri Andre) after germination of leaf growth, tree height; The
development of roots and the average length of roots are very slow.

Tacca chantrieri Andre in the nursery period from 1 to 5 months have relatively high
survival rate after 5 months reached 83.33%. Seedlings from the time when transplanted into
the pot until 5 months old leaves have reached 5.44 leaves per tree, soaring to very low height
reached 8.15 cm. After 5 months of nursery care in the Tacca chantrieri Andre nursery did not
meet the criteria for further nursing and continued monitoring. This indicated that seedling with
Tacca chantrieri Andre Difficult and inefficient compared to propagation by cuttings from
tubers.
3.2.2.2. Propagation of (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.) in Na Hang Nature Reserve
. Experiment on vegetative propagation
* Study on the effects of season and type of cuttings on budding growth rate and
rooting rate of (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.)
The experiment used three types of cuttings: top cuttings, trunk cuttings and old
cuttings from the stem of the Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. were conducted in the Spring,
Autumn, Fall and Winter. Results showed that after 60 days in all seasons, trunk cuttings
have the highest rate of budding and rooting and the lowest rate belongs to top cuttings.
Trunk cuttings have 78.9% survival rate (in the Summer) and 76.7% budding rate in the
spring. Whereas, top cuttings only reached the survival rate of 41.1% (spring) and 14.1%
budding rate (spring). This can be explained by the fact that the top cuttings are still young
and nutrients stored in the cuttings are not sufficiently enough to supply, resulting in poor
survival and growth. Cuttings in the summer had the highest survival rate of 78.9%;
followed by spring cuttings with a survival rate of 71.1%. Cuttings in winter and fall
showed 28.9% and 37.8% respectively. Thus, the rate of budding of cuttings in spring is
highest, followed by the summer and the lowest is cuttings in winter.


19

* Study on the effects of growth promoters and their concentrations on the
(Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.)
The time for cuttings in the Fall (1/09/2016). The results showed that the use of IBA

concentration 1.500ppm gave high rooting rate and early rooting time (96.7% after 60 days).
IAA concentrations of 1.500ppm and IBA of 2.000ppm with highest results (94.4% after 60
days). For root numbers and root length, IAA concentrations of 1.500ppm gave very high
results.
. Seed propagation experiment
Results of experiments showed that different treatment methods of seeds,
germination start and finish time as well as seed germination ratio were also different. The
germination time and germination rate of seed are also different. In CT1, if sowing seeds in
the wet sand, seeds have germinated to 98.9% only after 51 days. In CT3, the seeds of
Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. were sown after soaking in cold water for 10 hours with a longer
germination period and a lower germination rate of 58 days at 82.2%. Thus, the seeds of
Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., after harvesting and processing, it can be sown directly in the wet
sand without any treatment method and still achieve a very high germination rate.
. Experiment on growing young seedlings of (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.) in the
nursery garden
Each follow-up of 30 trees / 3 iterations.
Seedlings from seeds after reaching the average height of 7cm, the average diameter
of 0.2cm, about 2 - 3 leaves will actually be transplanted into the pot to nourish in the
nursery.
Survival rate: Survival rate of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. seedlings werevery high.
After 6 months, the survival rate has decreased but still high at 98%.
On diameter growth: It is shown that during the period of the nursery, the Fibraurea
tinctoria Lour. plant grows in relatively short root diameter. From the tree measurement
data show that after 6 months new trees meet the standards of the garden. The coefficient of
variation in diameter tends to decrease with age.
On growth of height: So after 6 months of nursing, the trees reach the height needed
for afforestation. The coefficient of height variation of the seedlings in nursery period was
also low at 1.23 - 2.22%. Thus, it can be concluded that the growth of seedlings of
Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. in the nursery period from 2 to 6 months is very uniform.
3.2.3. Proposed solutions for conservation and sustainable development of some

medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province.
3.2.3.1. Preservation of medicinal plant resources of people in Na Hang Nature
Reserve
+ The stock of medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve is decreasing (showing
the frequency of encounter and quantity of products being exploited, traded ...).Some
medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve bring high economic value, creating a
significant source of income for local people such as: Stephania rotunda Lour., Fibraurea


20

tinctoria Lour., Ardisia silvestris Pitard, Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., Heterosmilax
gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Maxim....
+ The species are welldeveloped in the area, which are suitable for local conditions,
topography, fast growing, good development, easy-to-find seedlings and simple planting
techniques can be planted in gardens, forest gardens and also bring economic value to
people such as: Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Tacca chantrieri, Gynostemma
pentaphyllum…
+ To preserve and develop medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve in order to
meet current and future needs, it is neccesarry to exploit rationally to ensure (in - situ)
regeneration combined with the research on plantation (ex - situ).
+ Many species of medicinal plants are overexploited by the local people, leading to
exhaustion in nature, some species are currently very difficult to see such as: Paris
polyphilla Sm., Stephania rotunda, types of mistletoe... At present, many species have been
purchased by Chinese traders in large quantities through the small quota such as: Fibraurea
tinctoria, Stephania rotunda, Rauvolfia verticillata, Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana…This is
also the cause of decrease of medicinal plant resources.
+ Currently, the knowledge of using medicinal plants, herbal medicines of local
physicians are only oral, passing from the past generation to the next generation without
being recorded for long-term preservation. The young generation in the locality has not

really paid much attention to the inheritance of using medicinal plants from the previous
generation, so causing the fact that knowledge of medicinal plants become gradually lost.
3.2.3.2. Solutionsfor conservation and sustainable development of some medicinal
plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve
With the aim of managing, protecting and developing medicinal plant resources, we
propose some adjustments and additions to improve existing solutions and plans such as:
 Technical solutions:
This is the most important scientific-technical solution. Based on the findings of the
study conducted in Na Hang Nature Reserve, we propose the following recommendations:
+ Conservation of resources (in - situ):
It was conducted in Thac Mo natural forest (400 to 600 m above sea level) in Son Phu
commune, Na Hang district, Tuyen Quang province; choosing the area near the stream,
under the forest canopy to cultivate the plants such as: Asarum balansae, Asarum
caudigerum, Tacca chantrieri, Homalomena occulta, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Stephania
rotunda (area 1). Fibraurea tinctoria, Stemona tuberosa, Tinospora sinensis, Fallopia
multiflora, Curcuma zedoaria, Curcuma longa L. are planted in the valley where there is
light (area 2). The total area of 02 planted garden areas is 500m2, with the number of 1200
trees (average 100 plants/species).
Supervising the growth and development of the plants in the area, the initial results
showed that the species: Curcuma zedoaria, Curcuma longa, Asarum balansae, Tacca
chantrieri, Homalomena occulta, Fibraurea tinctoria have the ability to grow and develop,


21

showing in high survival rate, some plantswere flowering and/or fruiting (Curcuma
zedoaria, Curcuma longa, Tacca chantrieri); And for the species: Gynostemma
pentaphyllum, Stephania rotunda, Tinospora sinensis, Fallopia multiflora: they have low
survival rate, slow growth, only Fallopia multiflora is flowering; Particularly, species such
as: Asarum caudigerum, Stemona tuberosa, Tinospora sinensis have relatively low survival

rate, many plants after being cultivatedare gradually dying.
+. Transposition conservation (ex - situ):
Implemented in the forest gardens of 02 households in Ban Bung, Thanh Tuong
commune, Na Hang district with an area of 1000 m2/household with the number of 100
seedlings per species. In general, thanks to the selection of suitable natural conditions,
favorable conditions and good care, the growth and development of those species are
relatively equal, high rate of survival.
Some other solutions requiring community participation:
 Regarding awareness
+ It is necessary to promote propaganda and advocacy for all levels, sectors,
communes and ethnic communities in Na Hang Nature Reserve to raise awareness about the
value of medicinal plant resources and medicinal remedy.
+ To organize training courses for local people on methods of exploiting, using,
expanding cultivation and sustainably collecting valuable medicinal plants.
 Regarding policy
+ It is necessary to improve the quality of human resources. To adopt policies and
preferential regimes to attract investment from enterprises, scientists and people to study
and produce experimentally the varieties of medicinal plants.
+ District People's Committee should pay attention to investment in material
facilities, equipment and funds to preserve and develop gene sources of medicinal plants to
meet the requirements and tasks such as:
▪ Planning of land areas with favorable natural conditions for the development of
medicinal plants for propagation and planting of medicinal plants. The study found that
there are areas such as Khau Tinh, Ban Bung, Nam Pen, Nam Trang, Thac Mo, Phieng
Bung... having natural conditions very favorable for growing and developing medicinal
plants.
▪ Developing and implementing specific policies to assist poor people in forest
villages in finding new and more sustainable live lihoods.
 Regarding organization:
+ Units and social organizations should actively develop programs and projects on

the development of medicinal plants from indigenous medicinal plants while ensuring safety
and quality while preserving and developing their sources. All medicinal plants are attached
to the target of socio-economic development of the locality.
+ To build medicinal plant gardens in each commune in the Nature Reserve in order
to preserve precious and rare medicinal plants, and to develop them into seed sources in
service of local medicinal plant development programs. To care and invest in research for


22

conservation and development of medicinal plant resources.
+ Establishing Oriental medicinecooperatives in the communes will be effective in
the preservation and development of medicinal plants, and will improve the market access
for people, as the premise for guiding agencies in the process of implementation and
maintenance, development of sustainable models in the locality.
+ Combining solutions for pharmaceutical companies and the traditional medicine
Associations in the districts, communes... to develop medicine from medicinal herbs in the
area.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1/ Medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province are
abundant and diverse; Through surveys and study 647 species belonging (accounted for
55.7% of total known species) to 433 genera of 137 families in the four vascular plant
divisions were identified. Comparing with the previous reports, the dissertation has added
180 species.
2/ In Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tay and Dao ethnic minorities have traditional
customs of using medicinal plants for health care and treatment. The medicinal plants that
Tay people often exploit and use are quite abundant (223 species/176 genera/84 families)
that aremore than Dao people (164 species/136 genera/72 families). Of these, 151
species/130 genera/71 families were used by both ethnic groups.

3/ Results of screening biological activity of 18 medicinal plantsamples collected
from Na Hang Nature Reserve include: 07 samples (TQ02, TQ05, TQ07, TQ10, TQ11,
TQ15, TQ16) have effects of anti-lung cancer cell H1975, 03 samples (TQ05, TQ14, TQ15)
can inhibit breast cancer cells MCF-7, 01 sample (TQ05) can inhibit breast cancer cells
MDA-MB-231, 01sample (TQ13) can be capable of resisting pancreatic cancer cells
PANC1; 06 samples (TQ03, TQ04, TQ08, TQ09, TQ10, TQ13) have strong α-glucosidase
effects (inhibition>50% at 100μg/ml). For α-amylase, 04 samples (TQ05, TQ15, TQ17,
TQ18) have an inhibitory effect of> 50% at 500μg/ml.
4/ From sample of (Mallotus microcarpus Pax & K. Hoffm) of TQ02 the chemical
structure of 11 compounds were isolated and determined, including 1 new compound
3-Methoxybenzensulfonic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The new compound
3-Methoxybenzensulfonic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosideand compound Methyl salicylate
2-rutinoside have effects on all three lines of lung cancer cells H1975, A549 and breast
cancer cell MCF-7; Leonuriside A substance has a very strong effect on breast cancer cell
MCF-7 with value IC50 = 0,48 µM experimental conditions.
5/ From sample of (Miliusa sinensis Fin. & Gagnep.) of TQ13, the chemical structure
of 02 flavonoid compounds were isolated and determined, including: Kaempferol 3-O-(2,6-diO-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside; Quercetin 3-O-(2,6-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-βD-galactopyranoside and 01 sterol compound Daucosterol. Both flavonoid compounds
inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 557.3 and 692.5 μM.


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6/ From the results of study, evaluation of the potential, the situation of exploitation,
trading and use of 20 valuable medicinal plants in Na Hang Nature Reserve, the dissertation
preliminary selects and proposes to select 12 potential species of medicinal plants that need
to be researched on planting and developing to create a source of pharmaceutical materials
for local economic and social development as well ascontribute to sustainable preservation.
7/ Results ofpropagation for two species (Tacca chantrieri Andre) and (Fibraurea
tinctoria Lour.) showed that:
- The propagation by cuttings from tubers of (Tacca chantrieri Andre) and from the

stem of (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.) with the treatment of stimulants gave remarkable
results: number of seedlings germinated, rooted is quite high.
- Seedling of (Tacca chantrieri Andre) hada very low germination rate (only
11.0 - 14.3%). Seedlings in the nursery period from 1 to 5 months have leaf numbers of 5.44
leaves per tree, height up to 8.15 cm. Seedlings grow slowly, after 5 months of care in lobster
nurseries are not eligible for export. Meanwhile, in the case of (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.),
the seed germination rate was very high (98.9% when sown in moist sand). The seedlings in
the planting bag grow well, with a high survival rate of up to 98% after 6 months, less
pestilent insects, and at 6 months of age can be grown on a commercial scale.
8/ The study initially proposed some solutions (identification of potential medicinal
plants, techniques, organization, management, education ...) to develop, cultivate, exploit, use
and conserve the diversityof medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen
Quang province.
Recommendations
1. It is proposed further research, especially the investigation, evaluation and
selection of species with development potential. From then testing thepropagation of
precious and rare medicinal plants with potential for conservation and development in Na
Hang Nature Reserve.
2. Tacca chantrieri Andre has just been researching two treatments of Tacca
chantrieri Andre so the seed germination rate is very low. Further research into technical
measures to improve seed germination should be continued; Tacca chantrieri Andre, during
the nursery stage, until the seedlings meet the requirements of the nursery.
3. Continue to investigate and look for species containing biological active
compounds from medicinal plant resources in Na Hang Nature Reserve, especially potential
active compounds for treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc.