Hiệu quả sản xuất tiêu thụ lúa gạo ở Cần Thơ, Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long: Các vấn đề cần được giải quyết

NONG NGHIEP-NONG THON

Hieu qua san xudt va tieu thu lua gqo 6 Can
Tho, Dong bang song Cifu Long: cac vdn de cdn
dupe giai quyet
MAI VAN NAM
7 ) dng cdc phiidng phdp thu thap sd' lieu, phdn tich, thdng qua nghien cdu thiic te d
•LJ
Cdn Thd - mdt trgng diem san xud't ndng nghiep d Dong bdng song CUu Long, tdc gid
dd lam ro hieu qud san xud't vd tieu thu lua gqo. Mdt so'gidi phdp nhdm ndng cao hieu qud
kinh doanh dd dUdc di xudt.
1. Dat van de
Nam 2008, kinh te the gidi rdi vao suy
thoai, kinh te Viet Nam ciing khdng nam
ngoai ludng xoay cua suy thoai kinh te. Tuy
nhien, trong ba khu vUc Idn cua nen kinh te,
khu vUc nong nghiep tuy chiem ty trpng nhd
va cd to'c dp tang trUdng tha'p hdn hai khu
viic cdn lai, nhUng tdng trUdng lai dn dinh
hdn. Trong khi khu viic cdng nghiep, xay
diing va khu viic dich vu cd td'c dp tang
trUdng nam 2008 tbd'p hdn so vdi nam 2006
va nam 2007, thi khu viic ndng, lam nghiep,
tbuy san van cd td'c dp tang trUdng cao hdn
(3,79% cua nam 2008 so vdi 3,4% cua nam
2007 va 3,69% cua nam 2006) (Pham Quang
Dieu va Pham Dd Chi, 2009). Dieu nay cho
thay, de nen kinh te Viet Nam thoat khdi
tinh trang suy giam kinh te, ndng nghiep
phai la mot "tru dd" quan trpng trong cdn
suy thoai. Trong cac loai san pham ndng

nghiep miii nhpn, liia gao la mat hang cd
kim ngach xua't khau cao ciia viing Ddng
bang song Cuu Long (DBSCL). Tuy nhien,
khi nhin lai boat dpng xud't khau gao nam
2008, chung ta tha'y rang d thdi diem gia gao
len cao, ngUdi dan va doanh nghiep lai khd
tieu thu dupe gao d thi trUdng xud't khau.
Tinh hinh chi dUdc cai thien khi xua't khau
gao dUdc cho phep trd lai - khi cd hpi gia len
cao da trdi qua. Chinh vi vay, viec phan anh
thifc trang tinh hinh san xua't va tieu thu
lua giio d DBSCL va tim ra cac bien phap

54

giai quyet la va'n de can dUdc quan tam
trong giai doan hien nay, vi nd se cung cap
mot cd sd khoa hoc vutng chae giiip DBSCL
ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi rieng phdt trien
ndng nghiep, gdp phan dUa dat nUdc thodt
khdi tinh hinh suy giam kinh te.
2.

Phifdng tien va phiftfng phap
nghien cijfu
2.1. Thdi gian vd dia diem nghien cUu
De tai nghien ciiu hieu qua san xua't va
tieu thu Ilia gao dUdc thiic hien tai dia ban
thdnh phd' Can Thd, trung tam kinh te - xa
hpi ciia vung DBSCL. Thdi gian nghien ciiu

dupe tien hanh tU nam 2008 - 2009.
2.2. Muc tieu nghien ciiu
De tai nghien cUu nhdm phan tich hieu
qua san xua't va tieu thu liia gao d DBSCL,
tif dd tim ra mot so' vd'n de can giai quyet.
Cu the, de tai se lan lUdt thiic hien nhiing
muc tieu sau day: (1) phan tich thiic trang
va hieu qua san xua't liia gao; (2) phan tich
thuc trang tieu thu liia gao; (3) xac dinh cac
van de ton tai va nguyen nhan ciia tdn tai
trong san xua't va tieu thu liia gao d Can
Thd, DBSCL.
2.3. PhUdng phdp

nghien

ciiu

2.3.1. PhUdng phdp thu thap so'lieu
De tai sU dung ddng thdi hai dang so'lieu,
thd ca'p va sd ca'p.
Mai Van Nam, TS., Trudng Dili hoc Ciin Thd.


Hieu qua san xuat..

- Sd lieu thd cd'p: dUdc thu thap tii cac
bao cao dang ky kinh doanh cua Cue Thue,
sd lieu ve dien tich, dan so'... trong Nien
giam tho'ng ke thanh phd Can Thd, cac sd

lieu khac tren bao va tap chi khoa hoc khac.
Sd lieu sd cap: so lieu sd ca'p dUdc thu
thap thdng qua phdng va'n triic tiep vdi bang
cau hdi dupe thiet ke sdn. PhUdng phap Id'y
mau phan tang ngau nhien dUdc sii dung de
chpn cac dia diem khao sat va de chpn bp
ndng dan, thUdng ldi, ngUdi ban le, ngUdi
tieu dung, nhd may xay xat va cdng ty ndng
nghiep de phdng va'n triic tiep. Bd'n quan
(buyen) Vinh Thanh, Cd Dd, Binh Tbuy,
Ninh Kieu (phan tang ca'p 1) la 4 dia diem
tap trung nhieu hp trdng liia vdi dien tich
Idn, san lUdng nhieu nhd't, nang sua't tUdng
ddi cao, nhieu thUdng lai dia phUdng, la ndi
tap trung nhieu cua thUdng lai ngoai tinh
(Vinh Thanh, Cd Dd). Tdng so' mau phdng
van la 177 mau bao gdm: 60 hp ndng dan
(Vinh Thanh va Cd Dd), 57 hp ngUdi tieu
dung (Binh Tbuy, Ninh Kieu), 30 hp bdn le
(Binh Tbuy, Ninh Kieu), 30 thUdng lai va
nha may xay xat, cdng ty nong nghiep (Cd
Do, Vinh Thanh).
2.3.2. Phiidng phdp phdn tich
Cac phUdng phap kbda hpe dUdc sU dung
de dat dUdc cac muc tieu, cu the:
Phiidng phdp phdn tich muc tieu (1): de
phan tich thiic trang san xud't lua, phUdng
phap phan tich thd'ng ke md ta nhU: phan
tich tan so', phifdng phap so sanh so' tUdng
dd'i dupe sU dung. Ngodi ra, phUdng phap

phan tich ham phan biet dUdc sii dung de
phan tich nguyen nhdn gay ra sii khac biet
ve hieu qua san xua't liia ciia ndng dan d dia
ban nghien citii.
Mo hinh phan tich phan biet dUdc diia
vdo md binh kinh te lUdng nbU sau:
D = bo + b,X, + b.,X, + . . . . + b,X,
Trong dd:
D: diem phan biet (bien phu thupc).
b,: cac he so' hay trong so' phan biet (i =
l,n).'
Nghi4n cM Kinh 14 s6 373 - Thing 6/2009

X, cac bien doc lap (i = l,n).
Bien phu thupc (Y): ldi nhuan cua ndng
hp/vu/ha vdi:
(1): Ndng hp cd ldi nhuan cao.
(2): Ndng hp cd ldi nhuan thap.
Bien doc lap dUa vao phan tich trong md
hinh: X,
X,: Gia ban binh quan
ciia Ilia

X,: Nang suai binh
quan/ha/vu

X,: Ngay c6ng/vu/lia

X4: Qui md dien tich

X5: Sd lao dpng nha

X,,: Niim trong liia

X7: Chi phi Siin xuai
binh quan/vu/ha
Trong mo hinh phan tich, be sdhay trpng
sd b, dUdc Udc lUdng de phan biet sU khac
nhau giUa cdc nhdm diia vdo gia tri cua ham
phan biet. Dieu nay xua't hien khi ty so giUa
tong binh phUdng giUa cac nhdm va tdng
binh phUdng trong tUng nhdm cd diem phan
biet Idn nhat.
PhUdng phdp phdn tich muc tieu (2): de
phan tich thiic trring tieu thu lua gao.
phUdng phap phan tich kenh phan phdi difdc
sif dung de diit dUdc muc tieu nay.
PhUdng phdp phdn tich muc tieu (3): de
xac dinh nhUng tdn tai va nguyen nhan
trong san xua't va tieu thu lua gao, phUdng
phap thd'ng ke md ta (so sanh, tan sd, kiem
dinh), phifdng phdp phan tich kenh phan
phd'i va phan tich tan so' se lam can cU de
nhan dien nbUng tdn tai va nguyen nhan
trong kenh phan phdi lua gao hien nay.
3. Ket q u a n g h i e n cufu va thiio lu(in
3.1. Thuc trang vd hieu qud san xudt
Ida
3.1.1. Sdvu trdng trong ndm
Trdng 2 vu/ndm chiem ty trpng Idn nhii't

trong cdc vu d Can Thd, chiem 76,7%. day
cung la dac diem chung cua cac hp trdng lua
khu viic DBSCL. Rieng viec trdng 3 vu thi
chiem 21,7% cdc hp trdng lua, da sd cac hp
nay thupc buyen Cd Dd. Cu the, vu ddng
xuan 100% hp cd trdng vd he thu cd 98"» hp

55


Hieu qua san xuat...
trdng. rieng vu lap vu (thu dong) cd 22% hp
trdng. Cac hp trdng 3 vu do chu dpng dUdc
viec dua nUdc vao rupng. Ben canh dd, d khu
viic Cd Dd da't thich hdp cho trdng vu 3 do
khdng hi dich benh nhieu, ciing vdi viec sii
dung may.gat dap lien hdp. nen d dia ban
nay chi phi nhan cong khong la va'n de quan
tam nha't cua nong hp.
3.1.2. Gid'ng lua trdng
Trong tdng 132 lUdt trdng lua tren tdng
60 hp thi lua thdm dac san chiem khoang
30% cdc lUdt trdng va tap trung chu yeu vao
vu ddng xuan. Vu ddng xuan cd 67% hp
trdng lua thdm (40 hp trdng), he thu cd 3%
hp trdng lua thdm, thu dong 1,3% hp trdng
lua thdm. Phan Idn ndng dan chpn nhUng
gid'ng lua nang sua't cao, thdi gian sinh trUdng
ngdn nhu IR50404, OM1490, OM2517,
OM2718, OMCS2000, OM3238, v.v. Da phdn

d cdc vu he thu, thu dong, ndng ddn diu
trdng lua thUdng IR50404 chdt lUdng thap,
khd xudt khdu. Giai thich cho viec nay la do
cac gid'ng liia chat lUdng cao nhU Jasmine 85
khi trdng phai cd thdi tiet pbii hdp (gid'ng
thdi tiet vu ddng xuan), tieu chuan phdn
bdn, thud'c rat nghiem ngat, nen chi cd
nhUng hp ndng dan cd vd'n va cd ky thuat
mdi chpn gid'ng lua nay trdng.
3.1.3. Cdc khoan chi phi
Nhin chung chi phi trung binh ciia vu
ddng xuan cao nha't trong cac vu, tdng chi
phi trung binh vu dong xuan la 18.317.000
ddng/vu/ha. Vu ddng xuan chi phi cao la do
tren 60% ndng hp dUdc thd'ng ke la trdng liia
thdm cha't lupng cao trong vu nay nen ndng
hp phiii dam bao du dieu kien ve phan,
thud'c, lam da't,...vi vay chi phi d vu nay cao
hdn so vdi 2 vu cdn lai. Chi phi vu he thu
cung xap xi 16.842.000 ddng/vu/ha, thap
nha't la vu thu ddng vdi khoang 13.000.000
ddng/vu/ha. Cu the:
Chi phi gid'ng: gia liia gid'ng cao nha't la
vu ddng xuan, do phan Idn cac ndng bp trdng
lua thdm vao vu nay nen miic gia vao
khoang 8.083 ddng/kg. Tuy gid'ng cd gia cao
vao vu ddng xuan nhUng van re hdn gid liia

56

gid'ng thdm ban ra ciia cac cong ty nong
nghiep (cac cdng ty da phan ban ra gia
trung binh 10.000 ddng/kg). Vi ly do nay nen
viec chpn gid'ng trdng ciia cac hp ndng dan la
do cac vu trUdc de lai chiem 30°o, tiep theo
la cung khu vUc trdng 3S.3''-o de giam bdt cdc
khoan chi phi thay vi mua gid'ng cdng ty.
Them vao ly do khac khien ndng hp khdng
mua gid'ng cua cdng ty hoac trung tam ban
gid'ng la vi khi ndng hp trdng theo gid'ng
dUdc khuyen khich cua trung tam hay cdng
ty chi la hinh thifc trdng thif nghiem, tuy cd
ky hdp ddng bao tieu san phdm vdi cdc cong
ty, nhUng sau khi thu hoqch thiidng do yeu
td khdch quan hay chu quan lam cho lua
khong dat tieu chudn vd bi gidm gid so vdi
hdp ddng ban ddu. Day la mot trong nhUng
ban che trong khdu quan ly, dam bao dau ra
cho san pham lua gao cua cac cd quan lUdng
thiic cd lien quan.
Chi phi nhdn cong: vu he thu Id cao nha't
2.164.000 ddng/ha. Do vu he thu la mua
mUa tren dia ban thdnh phd' Can Thd, nen
chi phi thue nhan cdng vu nay tang hdn vu
ddng xuan gan 7,5%. Chi phi nhan cdng vu
thu ddng do liia trdng vu nay khi thu hoach
thudng bi nga sat rupng nen chi phi thue
cdng gat, dap, van chuyen se cao hdn vu
khac. Vu ddng xuan chi phi nhdn cdng tha'p
hdn so vdi 2 vu cdn lai do dac thu vu dong

xuan luon thuan ldi hdn ve van chuyen (it
mUa, de van chuyen), tien cdng gat liia difng
ciing tha'p hdn so vdi liia nga.
Chi phi phdn bdn vd thuoc trii sdu: vu
chiem chi phi Idn nha't la vu thu ddng,
5.827.000 ddng/vu/ha. Do vu thu ddng thdi
tiet luc ndng dm, liic mUa nhieu, mua nifdc
nen lUdng phdn bdn phai sif dung nhieu hdn
so vdi cac vu khac. Rieng ve thud'c trif sau
benh, theo tinh hinh chung tif cac nong hp
thi vu ddng xuan nam nay cac hp trdng lua
thdm bi dich benh nhieu hdn nhiing nam
trUdc (benh dao on, ray nau,...), them vao dd
do hau het cac nong hp hien tai khdng cdn
lam cd thu cdng ma ban het sif dung thud'c
xit cd nen chi phi cac khoan thuoc nay deu
tang.
Nghien cuv Kinh I4 so 373 • Thang 6 2009


Hieu qua san x u a t . . .

Chi phi khdc (nhU van chuyen, lam dd't):
theo diic thu lam dat cua vu he thu phai qua
nhieu cdng doan cdy xdi, bUa, true nen tdn
chi phi cho phan lam da't Idn bdn so vdi cac
vu khac. Rieng vu thu ddng chi phi nay tha'p
nha't do cac hp ndng dan thUdng khdng thue
lam da't (sa ehay) vao vu nay.
3.1.4. Ndng sudt lua

Vu ddng xudn: trong cac vu trdng lua tai
cac dd'i tUdng phdng van thi vu dong xuan cd
nang suat lua trung binh cao nhat/vu tifdng
Ung 8,1 tan/ha, cao hdn nang sua't chung
ciia vu ddng xuan trung binh tai thanh phd
Can Thd nam 2007 (6,803 tan/ha) mifc
chenh lech xa'p xi 1,2 ta'n/ha. Nhin chung vu
ddng xuan nang sua't cao la mat bang chung
cua ta't ca cac hp trdng liia khu viic DBSCL
do dieu kien khi hau thdi tiet thich hdp, it
dich benh va sau ray tren tdng the. Cac hp
trdng cd nang sua't chUa cao Id do gidng
trdng cua cac hp la cac gid'ng cao san ndng
sua't khdng cao nhUng gia thanh cao bdn cdc
loai lua khdc. Do dd doanh thu tU vu dong
xuan ciing khdng chenh lech nhieu giUa cdc
ndng hp.
Vu he thu: nang suat trdng vu ndy tha'p
nhat la 2.7 td'n/ba, cao nhat la 12,5 ta'n/ha,
nang suii't trung binh la 6,4 tan/ha (cao hdn
iiiing suat chung cua vu he thu trung binh ca
tlianb phd Can Thd: 4,6 ta'n/ha); so vdi vu
ddng xuan, nang suat trung binh he thu dat
dUdc bang khoang 79% tdng nang suat ciia vu
ddng xuan. Do dieu kien thdi tiet vu he thu
chu yeu thich hdp cho trdng lua thUdng nen
da phan nong hp khdng trdng liia cao siin.
Vu Idp vu (thu ddng): nang sua't trung
binh cua hp trdng lua vu 3 xa'p xi 5,8 ta'n/ha.
Ndng sua't khdng kem hdn nhieu so vdi vu

he thu, khoang 90% nang sua't vu he thu.
Nang sua't tha'p nha't vu thu ddng cao hdn
nang sua't tha'p nha't cua vu he thu. Them
vao dd, ndng suat trung binh cua cac hp
trdng Ilia thu ddng tang gan gap ddi so vdi
ndng sua't liia vu 3 chung cua ca tinh (3,7
tiVn/ha). Day la dau hieu dang mifng cho xu
hifdng trdng liia vu 3 ciia nong hp. Tuy
Nghien CM Kmh 14 so 373 - Thing 6/2009

nhien nhU da thdng ke d tren chi cd 21,7%
hp trdng vu 3 do dieu kien thdi tiet va thue
nhan cdng khdng cd (hau bet di Idm xa do
khong Idm lua vu 3).
3.L5. Gid bdn
Gia ban lua trung binh cua lua thdm
trong cac vu la 4.607 ddng/kg Ida dac san:
gid ban lua thUdng trung binh la 4.283
dong/kg. re bdn gia ban Ida thdm trung binh
la 323 ddng/kg. MUc chenh lech gid ca giiia
lua thdm va lua thUdng khong Idn dang ke.
Cu the nhu sau:
- Lua thdm: gia ban d vu ddng xuan cao
nha't 5.020 ddng/kg. cao hdn 2 vu cdn lai
khoang 200 ddng/kg - 1.020 ddng/kg. Do vu
ddng xuan lua thdm dUdc trdng nang suat
vd cha't lupng dupe dam bao, dac biet la
dung theo yeu cau chat lUdng ve dp khd cua
lua xay gfio xuiVt khau nen gia cao. Rieng 2
vu cdn lai do khi hiiu DBSCL vao mua cua 2

vu he thu va thu ddng mifa nhieu do dd cd
ra't it hp trdng (5"o hp trdng) vi cha't lUdng
vd pham chii't deu khong cao nen gia Ida
tha'p hdn vu ddng xuan nhieu. chenh lech
gia ban cua thu ddng vii dong xuan 1.020
ddng/kg giam xii'p xi 20".. gia ban.
- Lua thiidng: van theo xu hudng chung
gia lua vu ddng xuan van cao so vdi gia ban
cua cac vu khac. Gia ban cua vu he thu giam
giin 18% so vdi gia ban cua vu dong xuan vdi
gia tri giam trung binh la 850 ddng/kg.
3.1.6. Ndi bdn
Theo ket qua nghien cUu cd 96,7% ndng
bp ban lua tai nha. 3,3%) van chuyen den
nha may xay xat hay cdng ty nong nghiep.
Tren 90% nong hp chpn thUdng lai de ban
lua dau tien cua ndng hp. Nhu cau.cua ndng
hp la ban difdc lua md khdng phai van
chuyen va chi tra chi phi van chuyen.
ThUdng lai dia phifdng thu mua liia bdng
tau, ghe trpng tai 10 - 20 tan. Them vao dd,
he thdng kenh rach cua dia ban Can Thd rat
thuan ldi nen cac thifdng lai se dl dang thu
mua tan nha ndng bp. Do dd ndi dUdc lUa
chpn giao dich mua - ban dien ra d nha ndng
hp chiem ty le Idn.

57

Hieu qua san xuat...
3.1.7. Thdi gian bdn
Nhan xet chung da phan cac nong hp ban
lua ngay sau khi thu hoach ke ca liia thdm
va lua thudng. Trong dd ban nhanh nha't la
vu ddng xuan do vu ndy lua phdi nhanh khd,
cdng vdi chat lifdng lua td't nen thUdng lai
den mua rat nhanh trong vdng 1 tuan la cac
hp ban xong lua. Vu he thu lau hdn do thdi
tiet mUa nhieu liia phdi lau khd; cdc hp ban
che td'i da viec sa'y liia do se lam giam cha't
lUdng lua va gia ban tha'p, them vao dd Id
khoiin chi phi sa'y liia. Liia thdm de bdn va
ban dupe sdm hdn liia thUdng.
Ben canh yeu to' cha't lUdng lua phu bpp
de ban thi cdn cac ly do khac de nong hp bdn
lua bao gdm: (1) chi tieu tra cac khoan nd
vat tu nong nghiep trong suo't cac vu mua
(61%); (2) hp nong dan khdng cd kho chifa
(11%). (3) can vdn cho vu sau (8%).
3.1.8. Ldi nhuan
Tudng Ung vdi mUc chi phi cao nhd't d vu
dong xuan thi ldi nhuan cua vu ddng xudn
cung thupc vi tri cao nha't. Trung binh trong
cac hp dieu tra thi ldi nhuan/ha rupng trdng
Ida cua vu ddng xuan la khoang 22
trieu/ba/vu. So vdi mUc chenh lech giiia chi

phi va ldi nhuan thi ty le chenh lech ve ldi
nhuan cao hdn, dan den he qua la cac ho

ndng dan van tap trung chu yeu trdng vu
ddng xuan vi cd ty sua't ldi nhuan cao.
Danh gia ve ty sua't ldi nhuan thi ca 3 vu
deu cd ty sua't ldi nhuan cao (tren 0,5). Ciing
theo tinh hinh chung ve chi phi va ldi nhuan ty
sua't trdng lua vu ddng xuan cd kha nang ldi
nhieu hdn so vdi 2 vu cdn lai la 1,2, tha'p nha't
vdn la vu thu dong vdi mdc sinh ldi 0,73 (73%).
Nhin chung so sanh ve ldi nhuan, chi phi,
ty sua't sinh ldi cua tUng vu thi ta tha'y day la
li do khien cdc hp trdng it hoac khdng trdng
vu3.
3.1.9. Phdn tich sii khdc biet ve ldi nhuan
trdng lua giUa cdc ndng hd
Ket qua kiem dinh gia thuyet ham phan
biet ta tha'y: Wilks' Lamda = 0,231 chuyen
thanh dai lUdng chi - square la 63,814 vdi bac
tu do la 7; ddng thdi Sig. = 0,000 « mUc y
nghia o%. TU dd, chung ta cd the bac bd gia
thuyet H, nghia la sU khdc biet cd y nghia
thd'ng ke giUa 2 nhdm. Dieu ndy ddng nghia
vdi viec so' lieu cung cap du cd sd de ehay
hdm phan biet. Ket qua phan tich ham phan
biet nhu sau:

BANG 1: Ket q u a mo h i n h p h a n b i e t
Hien

(iiiii thich

Wilks' Lambda

F

Sig.

X,

Giii biin

0,901

5,188

0,027

X:

Niing suai

0,590

32,665

0,000

X,

Ngay cdng

0,875

6,743

0,013

X.

Dien tich liia

0,823

10,132

0,003

Xs

Lao ddng nha

0,991

0,419

0,520

x„

Nam trdng liia

0,991

0,417

0,522

XT

Chi phi siin xuiii

0,946

2,694

0,107

Ngudn: Sd lieu difiu tra ndng hd, 2009.
Dua vao he so' tUdng quan Canonical
correlation (= 0,877) ta cd he so' xdc dinh
bang 79,6%, cd nghia la cd 79,6% cdc bien
doc lap anh hUdng den sii khac biet cua 2
nhdm ldi nhuan trong mo hinh, cdn 19,4%
do cac nhan to'khac khong nghien cifu trong

58

md hinh.
Neu xet d mifc y nghia 5%o ta cd cac bien
doc lap sail cd the dUa vao md hinh:
Y = 0.901 X, + 0,59 X, + 0,875 X,, + 0,823

X, +0,946 X,
Nghi4n cuv Kinh te s6 373 • Thing 6/2009


Hieu qua san xuat..
Vdi Sig. 0,027) (0,000) (0,013) (0,003)
(0,107)
Ket qua phan tich cho tha'y cac bien: gia
ban, nang suat binh quan, dien tich, chi phi
Siin xuat va ngay cong lao dpng cd y nghia
thdng ke tao nen sii khdc biet trong ldi
nhuan cao hay tha'p cua ndng hp. Ngay cong

lao dpng dUdc sif dung d ndng hd cd dp dung
tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat so vdi nong hp
chua ap dung tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat
khdng cd sii khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke;
dieu nay cho tha'y phan Idn nong bd chUa
dau tu dang ke vao ap dung tidn bd khoa
hpe ky thuat trong san xuat Ida.

BANG 2: Ma t r a n tifdng q u a n c u a cac b i e n dvfa vao mo h i n h
Bien

XI

XI

1,00

X2

0,06

1,00

X3

-0,16

0,28

1,00

X4

0,13

-0,12

-0,55

1,00

X5

-0,13

-0,15

-0,34

0,10

1.00

X6

-0,28

-0,35

0,07

0,03

0,02

1,00

X7

0,53

0,55

0.03

-0.03

-0,23

-0.18

X2

X3

X4

X5

X6

X7

•

•

—

-

1.00

Nguon: so' lieu dieu tra ndng hd, 2009.
Ma tran tUdng quan trong cac nhdm ra't
tha'p giUa cac bien doc lap cd y nghia dUdc
dUa vao md hinh, nen cd the ndi rdng bien

tUdng cdng tuyen khdng dang ke; trong dd
gid ban va dien tich trdng lua cd be so' tUdng
quan dUdng. NhU vay, gid bdn vd san lUdng
lua khdng dn dinh la nguyen nhdn chinh tqo

nen sii khdc biet vi ldi nhuan giiia cdc ndng
hd, dieu ndy cho thdy viijc trong lua ciia
nong ddn d vung nghien ciiu cdn mang tinh
tii phdt, chiia diidc quy hoqch vd chUa nhdn
dUdc sii hudng ddn hay dinh hiidng vl md
ddy du. tii cdc cd quan quan ly nong nghiep
chdc ndng.

BANG 3: Cac yeu to a n h hifcfng d e n h i e u quii san x u a t liia giijfa h a i n h o m nong ho
t h u n h a p t h a p va t h u n h a p cao
Don vi

Hang muc

Thu nhap trung binh
Thap

Cao

Dp lech chuiin
Cao

Tri sd Z

Thap

0.197"

Giii biin (X,)

nghin ddng

4,7

4,4

0,4

0,5

Niing suai (X2)

tan

8,1

6,0

1.2

1,4

Ngay cdng (X,)

ngay

12,2

5,4

11,8

4,8

-0.138"

Dien tich liia (Xj)

ha

12,6

23,9

8,7

15,5

-0.139"

Lao dcing nha (X,)

ngay

2.7

3

1,5

1,7

-0.113"^

Niim trong liia (X^)

ndm

29

26,5

14,7

11.7

-1.376"-

Chi phi Siin xuiii (X,)

nghin dong

16.538

19.006.2

4.418

6.065.7

980'

.

O.lSl""

Ngudn: s6' lifiu dieu tra ndng hd, 2009.
muc y nghia 1%; **: muc y nghTa 5%; *: muc y nghia 10%, ns: khdng cd y nghia thdng ke.
Ket qua nghien cdu cho tha'y, ndng hd
thu nhap cao cd gia bdn liia cao hdn hp cd
thu nhap tha'p, mifc chenh lech trung binh
Nghi4n cuv Kinh 14 so 373 • Thing 6 2009

khoang 300 ddng/kg liia. Chenh lech gia ban
lua giUa hai nhdm ndng bp do nong ho cd
thu nhap tha'p thieu phiidng tien diing trong

59


Hieu qua san xuat...
san xudt, che bien vd bdo quan, van chuyen,
thieu thong tin thi trUdng, thieu vdn cdn bdn
lua ngay sau thu hoqch nen bi thUdng ldi ep
gid; nong hd cd thu nhap tha'p khong cd diiu
kien dp dung tien bd khoa hgc ky thuat trong

san xudt vd sau thu hoqch, nen ndng sudt vd
chdt lUdng lua khdng cao, chi phi san xudt
tdng cdng Id nguyen nhdn gdy ra sii khdc
biet ve hieu qud trdng lua giUa hai nhdm
nong hd.

ket. San pham liia gao tii cdng ty xua't khau
va cdng ty ndng nghiep khdng ban lai cho
ngUdi budn si hay ngUdi budn le ndi dia. Do
dd, khdng cd sU ddng nha't ve chat lUdng gao
xuat khau va gao tieu diing trong nUdc; dieu
nay gay cho ngUdi tieu dung trong nifdc cd
tam ly thich sif dung gao cd ngudn gd'c nUdc
ngodi nhu Thai Lan, Campuchia, ... tai thi
trUdng ndi dia; thiic te tinh trang nay gay
them nhieu khd khan trong quan ly he
thd'ng phan pho'i lua gao ciia cac cd quan
lUdng thiic va quan ly ndng nghiep.

3.2. ThUc trang tieu thu Ida gqo
Nhin chung, kinh doanh ban le lua gao d
dia bdn nghien ciiu la kinh doanh qua cdc
cifa hang, dai ly nhd le hoac cifa hang tap
hda kiem mua ban liia gao. Phan Idn cac cifa
hang kinh doanh liia gao mang tinh tii phat,
cd qui md nhd, dien tich trung binh 29,13
m'^ chiem 53,5% cac cifa hang kinh doanh
trong mang ludi ban le liia gao. Hau het lua
gao d vung nghien cUu dUpc tieu thu tU ndng
hp (Ida) den tay ngUdi tieu dung cudi cung

(giio, tam, cam,...) qua kenh phan phd'i la
kenh ddi (kenh day dit). Cii hai loai liia
thdm va Ida thUdng. tren 85% ndng hp chpn
ban cho thUdng lai.

Tieu thu lua gqo tii ndng ddn den ngUdi
tieu diing cudi cung phdi thdng qua nhiiu
khdu trung gian trong cung mdt nhdnh kenh
phdn phdi cd the Idm gidm chdt lUdng san
phdm, tdng chi phi marketing vd gidm hieu
qud san xudt tieu thu lua gqo, kenh phdn
phdi kem hieu qud.
Kenh phdn phdi lua gqo cdn ddn le, thieu
lien ket giUa tuyen kenh phdn phdi lua gqo
xudt khdu vd ndi dia, thieu tdng kho lUdng
thiic du trU lua gqo xudt khdu nen cdc tdc
nhdn trong kenh phdn phdi ludn bi ddng
trong san xudt vd tieu thu lua gqo, nhdt la
ndng ddn ludn gap khd khdn vd rdi ro trong
trong lua khi gid gqo thi trUdng the gidi
gidm.

Ket qua nghien cUu cho tha'y, hai tuyen
kenh phan phd'i lua gao cho ngifdi tieu dung
noi dia va cho xua't khau khdng cd mdi lien

SO DO 1: Kenh phan pho'i lua gao tii non g ho den ngifcfi tieu diing tai Can Thcf

100%

Xui't khau

Bin

Tieu dung

Nong hp
5,7%

''

TU xay xdt
bdn

4,6%

Xuat khau

24,3%
Ndng hd khdc

60

Nghi4n ctiu Kinh t4's6 373 • Thing 6/2009


Hieu qua san xuat..

3.3. Cdc vdn de cdn dUdc gidi quyet
trong san xudt, tieu thu Ida gqo

3.3.1. Cdc vdn de vi san xudt, tieu thu cd
lien quan triic tiep den cdc tdc nhdn trong
kenh phdn phd'i lua gqo
• Ndng hd
Vi san xudt: cd hai va'n de chinh can dUdc
giai quyet trong san xuat liia gao:
(1) va'n de ve gid'ng: tuy da xua't hien xu
hudng trdng liia thdm cbd't lUdng cao trong
ndng dan, nhUng ty le ndng dan sif dung
gid'ng lua chat lUdng cao trong san xua't cdn
chiem ty trpng rat it (30% cho vu ddng xuan
vd 3% cho vu he thu). Da phan nong dan sif
dung Ilia thUdng IR50404, cbd't lUdng tha'p,
thi trUdng xua't khau ban che va khdng on
dinh. Day ciing chinh la mot trong nhflng
nguyen nhan khien ndng ddn bi dpng trong
van de thUdng lUdng gia ca, va xa hdn khien
cho xua't kha'u gao Viet Nam tuy nhieu ve so'
lUdng nhUng kim ngach lai chUa xUng tam.
(2) Va'n de ve ifng dung tien bp khoa hpe
ky thuat vdo san xua't liia: da phan cac ndng
hp tiii DBSCL it cap nhat va ifng dung cac
iing dung khoa hpe ky thuat mdi, gidng mdi,
chu yeu la thu cdng trong gieo sa, bdn phan,
xit thud'c... la tdn tai Idn nha't trong qud
trinh san xuat, bao quan sau thu hoach. Doi
vdi mot sd nong hp cd dieu kien trdng cac
gidng cao siin, cd cha't lUdng cao xua't khau
thi liii thieu cdn bp ky thuat hUdng dan cu
the. Cdc chUdng trinh tap huan ky thuat

mdi, gidng mdi cdn ban che.
Vi tieu thu: va'n de bi ep gia la va'n de 16n
trong qua trinh tieu thu ma cac hp ndng dan
quan tam va can cd sU hd trd tif cdc cd quan
qurin ly chifc nang khac.Trong qua trinh tU
san xuii't den khau tieu thu ndng hp thUdng
thu dpng trong va'n de chpn dd'i tUdng mua
ban, phan Idn la mua - bdn ngdu nhien 95% ban cho thUdng lai. Do dd, van de Idn
cita ndng hp la dd bi thifdng lai ep gia, thieu
mdi trifdng kinh doanh cfinb tranh lanh
manh. NgUdc lai neu khdng chpn bdn cho
thUdng lai, h.fa chpn tiep theo cita nong hp la
Nghien cM Kmh te so 373 • Thing 62009

cac cong ty ndng nghiep, tuy nhien viec hdp
ddng bao tieu cua cdng ty ndng nghiep van
thUdng xuyen khdng dUdc tiic hien dung va
thUdng thay ddi tuy theo bien dpng thi
trUdng. Them vao dd. gia ca liia gao bien
dpng lien tuc ma khdng cd sii dieu tiet vi md
kip thdi cua cac cd quan quan ly. thudng lam
cho cac hp ndng dan v6 cung khd khan.
Ndng ddn trdng lua trong trang nhieu rdi ro
do thieu mang lUdi phdn phd'i. tieu thu lua
gao lanh manh.
• ThUdng ldi: nhflng ban che trong cd sd
ha tang, ky thuat cua thUdng lai: cac thifdng
lai cd Ipi the Idn Id thu mua difdc da sd Ida
sau thu hoach cua ndng hp do phifdng tien
thu mua nhd (10 - 30 tan). Tuy nhien van

de tdn tai Idn nha't cua cac thUdng lai la ve
cd sd ha tang, vat cha't dung de thu mua va
bao quan lua cdn rd't thd sd. Vdi tai trpng
phUdng tien thu mua nbd, thieu kho bdi
chda lua dii trd, phUdng tien phdi sdy bdo
quan nen thUdng gap khd khan ve chat
lUdng lua giio tha'p, khdng ddng nha't. dac
biet la vao mua mUa.
• Nhd mdy xay xdt: da phan nha may xay
xdt cd qui md nbd, may mdc va thiet bi cu.
lac hau nen thUdng khdng dap Ung dUdc nhu
cau xay xat ve sd lupng cung nhU ve chat
lupng, phdm chat gao cho thi trUdng ndi dia
cung nhu xua't khau.
• Cdng ty ndng nghiep xudt khdu: cac hdp
ddng gifla cdng ty nong nghiep xuat khdu va
ndng hp (gid'ng thdm Jasmine va thdm khac)
thUdng khdng dUpc thiic hien dung. Viec
buy hay thay ddi dieu khoan deu do ddn
phUdng ben cdng ty hoac nong hp thay ddi,
ma khdng he cd sii tbda thuan lai gifla 2 ddi
tUpng va khong cd quan nao can thiep den.
Khi gid ca lua g.ao cua thi trUdng giiim
xud'ng thi cdng ty khong mUa hoac giam gia;
khi gia tang thi van mua theo hdp ddng.
Nguyen nhan la do da phan cac cdng ty
ndng nghiep xuat khau vi\n cdn kha bi dpng
trong viec xuat khau gao va quan ly chat
lUdng gao xua't khau. Quy trinh xuat khau
gao hien nay thUdng la cdng ty nh:in dat

61


Hieu qua san xuat...
hang tfl phia cac dd'i tdc d nUdc ngoai, sau dd
mdi trien khai thu mua theo san lUdng va
chat lupng gao dat dUdc yeu cau cua ddi tdc,
lam cho kenh phan phd'i lua gao ludn ma't dn
dinh vd bi dpng.
3.3.2. Cdc vdn di vi quan ly ciia cdc cd
quan chdc ndng
Ngoai van de kenh phan phd'i lua gao
hien nay qua rdm ra, qua nhieu trung gian,
van de noi com khdc trong tieu thu lua gao
la thieu tinh lien ket gifla kenh phan pho'i
lua gao xuat khau va lua gao tieu dung ndi
dia; dieu nay, lam cho kenh phan phdi liia
gao thieu tinh ddng bp, thieu tinh mem deo,
thieu tinh chiu diing va kem canh tranh khi
gap cu so'c thi trUdng.
Thieu xdy diing chien lUdc, dii bao; thieu
ehflc nang gidm sdt va dieu tiet vi md trong
san xuat va tieu thu lua gao kem hieu qua
ciia cac cd quan quan ly lUdng thiic chUc
nang, lam cho ndng dan trdng lua gap nhieu
rui ro vd khd khan, miing ludi phan phdi lua
gao kem bieu qua vd thieu tinh an toan.
4. Cac giai phap de xuat
4.1. Gidi phdp ve gidng vd dp dung

tien bo khoa hgc ky thuat
vdo san
xudt Ilia
De khuyen khich ndng ddn trdng cdc
gid'ng tot. chat lifdng cao xua't khau, can
trien khai quy hoach vung trdng lua gid'ng,
lua nguyen lieu xua't khau; can day manh
cac cbifdng trinh hd trd ndng dan dp dung
cac tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat vao san xua't
ndng nghiep; can cd sU phdi hdp chat che
gifla doanh nghiep va ndng dan trong chpn
Ufa gidng phu hdp khi trdng vd bao tieu san
pham.
4.2. Gidi phdp ve tdng cUdng mdi lien
ket giiia ndng dan vd doanh
nghiep
Dd tranh trUdng hdp ddn phUdng cha'm
dflt hdp ddng. va de nong dan an tam ve gia
ca, trong dieu khoiin hdp ddng, nen cd nhflng
dieu khoan phat vi pham va khi ky ket hdp
ddng can ky ket dUdi sif chflng kien cita cd
(luan nha nifdc cd tham quyen. Cac cd quan
62

quan ly ehflc nang can tang cUdng giam sat
va dieu tiet vi md, nham tao mdi trUdng san
xud't kinh doanh thuan ldi trong san xua't va
tieu thu lua gao.
4.3. Gidi phdp ve xdy ditng tong kho
che bien vd dU trii lua gqo tqi vung

trgng diem sdn xudt lua
De doanh nghiep chu dpng trong viec
xud't khau gao, doanh nghiep can xdy diing
cac tdng kho che bien va dii trfl liia gao dieu
hda d cac cdc vung trpng diem san xua't lua
nhfl Hau Giang, Ddng Thap, An Giang, Kien
Giang,.... Khi cd tdng kho che bien va dfl trfl
lua gao se gdp phan dam bao kha nang thu
mua lua gao cho ndng dan kip thdi, kha
nang xud't khau gao cho dd'i tac dung theo
hdp ddng, tang ndng liic canh tranh. Khi cd
tdng kho che bien va dii trfl lua gao dieu
hda, doanh nghiep se thay ddi dfldc cdch
thflc kinh doanh truyen thd'ng nhfl hien nay,
ky hdp ddng xua't khdu rdi mdi trien khai
thu mua lua gao.
4.4. Gidi phdp ve hoan
phdn phoi lua gqo

thien

kenh

Can xay diing cac cdng ty ndng nghiep
chuyen phdn phd'i si cho ngUdi ban le nham
dam bao dUdc md'i lien ket chat che va thdng
suo't tU budn si - budn le, kiem soat hieu qua
mang ludi phan phd'i lua gao; can hoan thien
vd tai can true mang ludi ban le lua gao,
trong dd can phat trien ban le gao hang hda

trong he thd'ng sieu thi, phdt trien he thdng
cUa hang ban le lua gao cua cac cdng ty
lUdng thiic; can xay diing mo'i lien ket linh
boat gifla kenh phan pho'i lua gao noi dia vdi
xuat khau, giam bdt cac tac nhan trung
gian; can tang cifdng ehflc nang giam sat,
dieu tiet vi mo cita cdc cd quan quan ly
lUdng thiic ve hoat dpng cua cac tac nhan
trong kenh phan pho'i lua gao.
5. Ket luan
De lua gao trd thanh mot "tru dd" giiip
nen kinh te nUdc nha thoat khdi tinh trang
suy giiim kinh te, nhflng va'n de cdn tdn
dpng trong qua trinh san xua't, tieu thu liia
Nghi4n CM Kinh te so 373 - Thing 6/2009


Hieu qua san xuat...

gao tai dia ban nghien eflu va DBSCL can
dUdc giai quyet triet de. De thiic hien dUdc
dieu dd, can cd sfl chung tay lien ket gifla 4
nha: ndng dan - doanh nghiep - nha khoa
hoc - nha nfldc. Van de ndi com trong san
xuat va tieu thu lua gao d DBSCL ndi rieng
va Viet Nam ndi chung Id thieu lien ket gifla
doanh nghiep va nong dan, thieu ehflc nang
giam sat va dieu tiet vl md cua cac cd quan
quiin ly ehflc nang; tfl dd dan den nhflng tdn
tai khdc, nhfl ndng dan thieu dp dung tien

bp khoa hpe ky thuat, thieu thdng tin thi
trfldng, thieu lien ket vdi doanh nghiep; cdn
cdc doanh nghiep thieu lien ket vdi ndng
dan, thieu xuc tien thfldng mai, thieu dii bdo
thi trUdng, thieu tinh chien lUdc trong kinh
doanh.
Xay dflng tdng kho che bien va dii trfl lua
gao dieu hda la ra't can thiet, gdp phan giai
quyet va'n de tdn tai ve tbfla thieu trong
cung - cau lua gao tren thi trUdng, tdng tinh
canh tranh trong xua't khau gao; gdp phan
binh dn gid cii lua gao, giup ndng ddn va
doanh nghiep tang mdi lien ket trong san
xuat va tieu thu san pham nhat la an tam
kbi ky hdp ddng bao tieu. Song song dd, can

Nghi4n cuv Kinh 14 so 373 • Thing &2009

day manh cac chUdng trinh bo trd va chuyen
giao tien bp khoa hpe ky thuat cho ndng dan;
dau tu cdc khau sau thu hoach, ciii tien cd sd
vat chat cho cac nha may xay xat. cac cd sd
bao quan va che bien lua gao; va rat can tai
cau true ehflc nang boat dpng cua cdc cd
quan quan ly Ifldng thflc hien nay./.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
3. Cue Thdng ke thanh phd Can Tho (2007). Nien
gidm thdng ke thdnh pho Cdn Tha ndm 2007.
4. Mai Viin Nam (2008). Gido trinh kinh te luong.

Nxb Van hda Thdng tin.
5. Pham Quang Dieu va Phiim Dd Chi (2009).
"Ndng nghiep tru dd trong con suy thoiii". Thai
hdo kinh teSdi Con. 18-2009, tr 42-44.
6. Vd Thi Lang, Ngd Thi Thanh Triic, Huynh Thi
Dan Xuan, Mai Van Nam (2008). "Nghien cuu
so sanh md hinh siin xuat lua theo "Ba giiim. ba
tang" va md hinh truyen thdng d ddng biing sdng
Ciru Long", trong siich do Mai Vim Nam chu
bien, Ca sd cho phdi Irieii doanh nghiep vi'ra rd
nhd vd nong ho d ddng hdng sdng Ci'ai Long.
Nxb Giiio Due, tr 185-220.
7. Call L. Cramer. Clarence W. Jensen. Douglas D.
Southgate (1997), Agricultural Economics and
Agrihusines.s, John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA.

63