Nước Phù Nam và hậu Phù Nam

Nl/dC PHI) NAM VA HAU PHU NAM
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LUONG NINH*
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I. Ve Vvidng quoc Phu Nam
De'n nay, khong con cSn phai chiing
minh sU -xu&'t hien mot nu6c Phu Nam
tren viing chau tho song Me Kong, sU phat
trien tijf mpt vufdng quo'c thanh mot de quoc
hdng hdi nQa (tiT ciia Wang Gung Wu).
Ca vi tri, ten goi, toe ngUcJi, dia diem va
ten goi dung ciia kinh do cung da dUdc xac
dinh ro rang, chdc chin (Xin xem LUdng
Ninh: VUdng Quoc Phu Nam. DHQG HN
2009, in lan 3) (1); song cung nen xac dinh

lai vai diem cho ro rang va dung hOn:
1.1. Mot vai tac gia hinh nhU muo'n
nha'n manh r i n g cU dan co Phu Nam la
ngUdi noi tie'ng Malayo-Polynesians, tifc la
tif bien vao, chQ khong phai noi dia, de iSn
v6i Khmer, nen mUdn dung mot tCf cua
L.Malleret, ngUcJi Proto-Malais, hieu la
Nguyen Md lai, noi tie'ng Ma Lai (?). Dieu
do khong diing. Malleret noi ve nhan chung
chil khong phai ngon ngQ. Co the tham
khao mot doan cua ong:
Sau doan mo ta phan tich cua nha nhan
chiing hoc, ba Genet-Varcin, ong viet
"Chung toi con nhan manh sU tUdng dong
ve hinh thai va hoa van trang tri dang dUdc
nghien cQu, nhUng ngay gid day cung tha'y
khong phai nglu nhien ma phat hien
nhQng tUdng quan giQa cac hop so nho
Melanesiens d Nouvelle Guinea v6i hang
'OS. Vi§n Khoa hoc xa hpi Vi§t Nam

tien s^ Lang Cudm d Bdc Ky... NhQng dac
diem chung ciia cac ca the trong di chi cl
ban dao Ca Mau ma ba Genet-Varcin neu
len la co voc dang trung binh, hop so tron
vQa, CO the co vom hong cao hay trung
binh, xUdng hoc mSt nho, tran hdi vat, mat
rgng, lu3ng quyen cao, khoang each hoc
mat rong, mui tet... Toan bo nhQng dac
diem do cho phep dat chung nhQng ca the

ngUdi Tram Pho'vdi nhom Indonesiens hay
Proto-Malais va theo Giao sU Vallois thi
cung da thS'y ca trong Tien sii Dong DUdng
ma nhQng dai dien hien nay cua ho co
trong so' nhQng ngUdi ThMng d Tay
Nguyen-Viet Nam, ngUdi Klia Boloven d
Lao, ngUdi Phnong, Pear hay Samre d
Campuchia. Roi ngUdi ta cung tha'y ca
trong ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, ngUdi Igorot d
Philippin, ngUdi Batak d Sumatra, mot vai
nhom cl Celebes hay Moluques. "Dang dau
trung binh (mesocephalie) la dac diem pho
bien ciia phSn 16n ngUdi Indonesiens luc
dia, con goi la Proto-Malais hay Proto
Indochinois, da tha'y cl Oc Eo, Samrong
Sen, ma phan Idn Chung Vang, chimg
Indonesiens,
co
dang
dau
tron
(Brachycephalie), trong khi dang ddu ddi
(Dolicocephalie) chiem Uu the trong chiing
Den..." (L.Malleret (2).
Hieu sai, nhUng ly cung khong diing;
NgUdi Malayo vao da't lien ching le la de'n


Rghien euu Ljch siir. so 1.2QtO
ndi dat hoang vu de lap nu6c?, chSng le la

di xam chie'm? Thuc ra da co bo lac ban dia,
mot bo lac Proto Indochinois, goi theo G.
Olivier, nay goi la Proto-Mon, diing hdn, bi
ky xUa kia goi la Vnam, nay la ngUdi
Mnong. Bo lac nay da co mot sU tien trien,
da tQ chan niii trUdng Sdn, xuong dong
bing, ra de'n bd bien, nhu ngUdi Cdn Gid,
Trdm Pho', dong thuyen di ra bien va theo
truyen thuye't, do mot nQ vUdng dQng dau,
goi ten la Lieu Diep. Chinh ten goi toe
ngudi/bo lac nay da dem lai ten nu6c Phu
Nam va ten toc-dong toe ngUdi Mien Niiivua toe Niii (Sailaraja) hay Kiriuamsa
(Nay la ten mdi ciia tinh Takeo/ Kirivong),
ndi CO kinh do Phu Nam; chQ khong phai la
mot danh tCr chung khmer, chi vat- Phnom:
niii: Ch6 nen nghi nQ vUdng "con trSn
truong" ma coi la lac hau; thUe ra eo the eo
mot cai kho'. "Phong tuc dan nude Phu Nam
xUa vo'n d truong, xoa toe, khong may quan
ao" (Luang thu 54, Liet truyen 48). Khong
phai chi CO xUa ma den the ky XIX, tham
chi den nay, mot so' tpc van con glQ nhu
the, le cang trpng, cang phai giQ theo
phong tuc.
Ditdng nhien khong the khong co mot bp
lac til ngoai bien vao, the hien bang "Co
ngUdi ngoai coi ten la Hon Dien, dUdc than
bao mong, eho cung ten vang, sai di thuyen
de'n (LUdng thii). Bp lac nay co the noi ngon
ngQ Nam Dao hay Malayo-Polynesian, tuy

khong biet chac la ho noi ngon ngQ gi. Su
hien dien ciia hp khong the hien bang sU
tUdng dong suy doan vdi tpc nay, tpc np, ma
hkng phong cdch bien, hoa tron vdi dan ban
dia tao nen mot nin vdn hod bien: md cang,
giao luu thUdng xuyen, trao doi hang hoa
vat pham (kieu chQ viet, m i u tUdng thd
tien trien theo nguyen mau trong nhieu the
ky), manh kim loai khic hinh kieu An Dp,
120 eon da'u (trien), do trang sQc thuy tinh

mSu ma Dia Trung Hai; md ciia, tie'p nhan
nhieu ngoai kieu de'n dinh cU, buon ban va
phat trien van hoa, la dac trUng khong the
lan dUdc cua Cang bien, cOia dan von co
nghe di bien, buon ban van bien.
1.2. Ndi ve mpt vUdng quoc Phu Nam
ton tai hdn 6 the ky ma khong ndi tdi Vdn
hod Phil Nam la v6 nghla. Chinh vi khong
hieu ro dieu nay ma nhieu hoc gia nudc
ngoai dinh vi nham Phu Nam d cho khac,
ha tha'p gia tri van hoa ban dia - mpt trung
tam van hoa ciia ca khu vUc
1.3. Cuoc khai quSt khao co hoc ciia L.
Malleret nam 1944 (2) xac nhan dia ban
ban d£u cua nudc Phu Nam la mien Tay
song Hau vdi true chinh la con kenh dai
100 km, ndi hai dau, dau Nam la cang thi
Oc Eo va dau Bae la do thanh Angco Borei,
vdi vung dan cQ hai ben bd kenh, tQ song

Hau ra de'n bien, vdi trinh dp kinh te dinh
mQc lam tieu chi cho ca quoc gia, ndi ed;
- Nghe nong, trong lua nUdc quanh nam,
- Nghe danh bat hai san, tom ca va cuoc
song pho bie'n tren song nUdc phan anh qua
cac do dung bang go'm; noi, v6, a'm, be'p cui.
- Nghe trong mia, ep la'y mat, lam dUdng
ma 2 true quay 6p lam b i n g da eon lai tQ
xa xUa da dUdc tim tha'y.
- Nghe lam gom dac skc-Gom 6c Eo-Phii
Nam,
>
- Nghe kim hoan lam do trang sQc bang
vang, bae, da quy,
-' •
- Nghe lam do thie'e ma nha khao co' gpi
la cd ca mpt nen ky nghe thie'e,
- Nghe ren due kim loai, lam nhQng vSt
dung bae, dong va ca s i t .
Cac thd thu cong tap trung vQa san
xua't, vQa buon ban, tao nen canh song
dong due nhpn nhip. Phai chang canh so'ng


Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram
0 moi Tinh hien dai ed ten rieng di lien
ngay hom nay "Pho tren kenh, Cha tren
song" d Nam Can va d Kien Giang phu hdp 1-3 dia danh la ten nhQng di ehi khao ed'
moi sinh, la hinh anh cdn luu giQ cua mpt hpc noi tie'ng, da di vao danh muc khao cd
thdi xa xQa? Ndi nay eon tu hpp ca ngoai hpe the gidi, ndi da phat hien ra it nhat mpt

kieu de'n lam an buon ban ma hinh anh hp phe tich kie'n triic gach, mpt hay mpt so
con dUdc tha'y tren hien vat go'm, thie'e. tUdng Phat hay Visnu, ra't nhieu go'm 6c
Dudng nhu mpt liic nao dd, mpt dai dien Eo, mpt so' vat dung bang dong, eho tha'y cd
xuat sic cua so' ngoai kieu nay, chu ye'u la the da tQng la mpt dp, mdt vung dan cQ cua
ngUdi An Dp cd the dUde tin nhiem nhan nude Phu Nam xQa.
chQc vu cao nha't trong bp may chinh
Cd nhQng ndi eho tha'y ro da'u vet ngUdi
quyen?
_ J.,,,^^5 .^,!, ,.,,. ^ thdi sau da la'y gach ciia thdi trUdc xay den
1.4. Luang thu chep "Hon Dien la'y Lieu tren nen cu, nhu 6 Gd Thanh, Gd Thanh
Diep lam vd, sinh eon trai, phan cho lam mdi, Binh Thanh... Ca hai lan trude, sau,
vua bay (7) d'p. Sau, eon (?) la Hon Ban nay da sup dd thanh phe tich, di tich.
Huong thu phuc lai dUde, phan chia eon
chau cai tri cac a'p, hieu la Tieu vUOng. Cai
quan 7 dp: cac cuoc khai quat khao eo hpe
tiep theo, nam 1975-1995 va 1995-2005
tuy khong trUc tiep khing dinh 7 dp nay,
cung da cho tha'y cd the nhan dien khoang
7-8 Thi tu - Tieu viing:
.,

Cd nhQng ndi ra't phong phii ve hien vat,
nha't la tUdng thd; Gd Thap ed ra't nhieu, tdi
15 pho tUdng Phat bing go tram va vai pho
Visnu bang da, la ndi cd mpt phQc h$ kie'n
true gach cua nhieu thdi, ndi tim thay bia ky
Prasat Pram Loven (bia Phii Nam 1), xQng
dang la mpt tieu Vung quan trpng bae nha't.

- 0 Kien Giang la Nen Chiia hay eon gpi

la Thnal Moroy, Trdm Pho';

Tay Ninh cung khong k6m, nhieu di tich
kie'n true gach ma den nay cung chua phan
dinh dUde ro quy mo, dien mao va thdi
gian. NhQng Trung Dien (nay la Trung
Hie'u, huyen Vung Licm, tinh Vinh Long)
ndi tie'ng the gidi ve nhdm tUdng Phat va
Visnu d mpt ngdi den, chua nao dd, nay da
khong cdn, nhung tUdng thi dUde coi la
dep, tieu bieu cho phong each nghe thuat
tUdng Phil Nam 3. Pho tUdng Gd Thap phat
hien nam 1998 cung thude phong each nay.

- 6 Ca Mau la Nen Vua hay Ta Keo,
hay Tien cdng;
• 6 An Giang la 6c Eo/Ba The, cung la
Cang thi chinh, cd the la
SamudrapuraCia Bien;
- 6 Long An la Go Don,Gd Binh Td..
• O Dong Thap la Gd Thap,

rj ^jg ngifj

- d C£n Thd Id Nhan Nghla.
- d Vinh Long la Gd Thdnh M&i, LUu
Cii, Trung Dien.
- d Tien Giang la Go Thdnh.
- d Tay Ninh la Binh Thanh,
Dien. Tien Thuan.

- d Dong Nai la Bien Hod.

Thanh

Trong dd, nd'i bat hdn la Cang thi 6c
Eo. Dudng nhien, day khdng phai la mdt a'p
binh thudng ma la mpt dd thi cd', cd nhieu
t i n g nen kie'n tnic bing gach, da, nhieu
tUdng thupc nhQng phong each khac nhau,
mot ludng Idn do go'm va manh go'm, nhieu
loai do trang sQc. Cang thi edn la bp mat,
tie'p xue vdi ben ngoai nen edn cd rat nhieu
hien vat ngoai, nhap cang nhu nhan mat


Rghien ciJru Ljch sJr. sd 1.2010
ngpc An Dp, gUdng dong Trung Qud'e, huy
chUdng vang Roma, nhQng vong chudi hat
thuy tinh cd nguon gdc Dia Trung Hai.
NhQng phong phu, hoanh trang nha't
vin la kinh dd Angeo Borei, mpt each gpi
chuyen am rat mudn cua ten chQ Phan Nagara-pura - Qud'e do, edn dUde gpi la
vung Kirivong/Girivamsa
- ddng Vua Nui
ciia Phu Nam. Kinh do cd da'u tich nen
cung dien, thanh luy b i n g gach, da, va ed
ca mpt khu den ehua thd ciing d mdt ngpn
nui nhd ben canh, Phnom Da, ndi sau nay,
nha khao cd phat hien trong hang nui, mpt
kho tUdng khong lo, khoang 50 pho, tUdng

Phat, Visnu, tQ ed' nha't, the ky V, de'n
mudn nha't, the ky VII, ed du tieu ban ciia 5
phong each nghe thuat titdng Phu Nam, cQ
nhu mdi tieu vung tac tUdng phai lay day
lam mau, hay moi ndi phai mang mpt tieu
ban ve bieu den kinh dd "de bdo cao". Kho
tUdng dUdc phat hien trong hang da Phnom
Da, cd le, ngUdi ta da cat da'u nhQng vat thd
linh thieng, quy bau trUdc khi chay giac
ngoai xam Chan Lap (3).
Ta't ca nhQng di ti'ch, tUdng va hien vat
ndi tren deu dUdc dinh nien dai tQ the ky II
de'n the ky VII, thupc nien dai Phii Nam,
deu cd sQ tUdng ddng ve tinh chat, kieu
each ciia cac loai hinh, phong each. Xem
nhu the, dUdng nhu cd sQ tuang dong.
thd'ng nhd't giiia cdc tieu viing ve trinh dp
cuoc sdng, each sdng, qua do gdm, ve do
diing va dd trang sQc, nha't la ve van hoa,
qua tdn giao, tUdng thd.
Tuy nhien, cung phai xac nhan la cac
nen kien true Idn khdng hoan toan giong
nhau ve binh do, kieu each, giQa cac phe
tich d 6c Eo, Gd Thap va Gd Minh Su
(Dong Thap), Luu CQ va Gd Thanh mdi
(Vlnh Long), Gd Thanh (Tien Giang)... hay
dd la giQ lai sQ da dang trong thd'ng nha't
cua mpt vUdng qud'e cd'?

2. VUtfng quoc va cac a'p/Tieu quoc

Luang thu da chep, cho eon "Idm vua 7
dp", sau lai ndi them "hieu la tieu vuang.
Nhu the cd le cac soan gia da dich diing tQ
ngQ Raja, gpi thao An Dp, la ngQdi dQng
dau eiia mpt vung/xQ nha't dinh; nhQng
vung nay lai cd quan he mat thie't vdi nhau
trong cung mpt lanh thp, do mpt tpc trudng
cai quan, xUng la Dai vUang-Maharaja,
hay Pu po tana Raya - Chda te Todn the
gian hay Hodn vUang vdi ngQdi Cham, hay
Kamrateng an Phdai Karom, cung nghia, d
ngQdi Khmer. Quan he trong dd nhu
thudng tha'y trong eae xa hdi phQdng Ddng
cd' xUa vQa chat che vQa long leo, luc chat,
liic long, nhu quan he cha-con, vua-tdi, be
tdi vdi tdn chu. Cac nha nghien cQu Au-My
thudng khd hieu dUdc dieu nay.
Mpt so' nha nghien cQu, ca trong va
ngoai nudc gan day deu hpc theo
W.Wolters, nghi r i n g the che chinh quyen
Phu Nam gid'ng nhU the che Ngdn hd, hay
"mdnh. mdi" ma dng gpi la Mandala, tQc la
nd rdi rac, quan he long leo, khdng ra mdt
qud'e gia cd td' chQc. NgQdi dQng dau khdng
thQc la vua, ma ehi la mpt kieu thu linh,
ngQdi cam quyen (chief/ruler), luc xac dinh
dQdc, luc khdng. M. Vickery tham chi edn
phu nhan hoan toan khi tha'y cd it nhat hai
lan mpt dao si An Dp dUdc ddn de'n "lam
vua" Phu Nam. Cd le W. Wolters khdng

hieu sic thai, tinh cha't mpt xa hpi phQdng
Ddng, ndi ma tap hOp nhiing thon. dp,
khong bao gid thiic sU thdng nhd't chat
che, cung nhu khong bao gid hodn todn tdn
quyen dUdi mot ngdi vi thu linh phuang
Dong. M. Vickery thi lai khdng hieu mdt xa
hpi thUdng mai, ndi cd nhieu nhdm ngoai
kieu khac nhau, nhQng sic tpc khac nhau,
thu tich cd' ndi cd tdi hang nghin, ndi ngUdi
dan sd'ng budng ra bien, budn ban, danh ea,
thi mpt ngUdi gd'c xQ ngoai, ed tai, ed dQc,


Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram
dam bao dUdc cude song, phQdng thQc sd'ng
chinh eiia hp, cd the dudc tdn "lam vua". Tdi
da thao luan, phe binh hdn mdt lan y kie'n
cua hai dng. Thuc te ddi sd'ng hien nay tren
the gidi b i n la cd the dem lai nhieu bai hoc
cho viec nghien cQu.
n :>.• •• -:;;: foit
Den day, thdi gian nay, hoan toan
khdng cd da'u vet Khmer, bdi vi cung chQa
ed ca Khmer va Chan Lap-Bhavapura, cai
ma L. Malleret gpi la Vdn hod Tien Khmer.
Theo sdch co, khoang the ky III, vua
Phu Nam la Pham SQ Man danh cac nudc
lang gieng, bat than phue, lai ddng tau to,
vQdt bien Idn, chinh phuc dQdc hdn 10 nUdc
cdi ngoai, de'n xQ Kim Lan. NhQng nude

lang gieng va ngoai bien bi chinh phue ed
that khdng? La d dau?
Cuoc khai quat khao ed hpc trong nhQng
nam 90 trdn da't Thai Lan, tren ha luu Me
Nam-Chao Phraya va binh nguyen Khorat
da dem lai nhieu hieu biet ly thii.
Ben tren da trinh bay sQ phat trien cua
Vudng qud'e Phu Nam nhd ke't qua nghien
cQu khao cd' hpc; cac nUdc lang gieng phai
than phuc Phu Nam la vung iQu vQc sdng
Se Mun tren binh nguyen Khorat, ndi sinh
sd'ng cua mdt sd' bd lac Mdn co. Mdt sd' qua
sQ xuc tac cua chinh Phu Nam ma tie'p can
van hoa An Dp va dang tren dUdng phat
trien, dang cl giai doan Tien Nha nude,
dQng trUdc ngudng cita cua viec lap Nude.
Mdt trong sd' nay la bd lac cQ tru d nga ba
sdng Se Mun-Me Kong, ndi se xua't hien
nudc Bhavapura - Chan Lap.
Nhung ndi ma Phu Nam quan tam
nhieu hdn la dia vi ddu md'i thUdng mai cua
minh, la con dudng thdng thUdng DdngTay, Trung Qudc va An Dp, nen vua Pham
Su Man ddng tau, vQdt bie'n, chinh phue
hdn 10 nQde, ta't ca deu t h i n phuc. Tuy
nhien, khi ke eu the, sach co chi cho biet

cac ten nQde nhQ CQu Tri, Dien Tdn, Lang
Nha T Q Gia, Ban Ban, Xich Tho va Don
Tdn. Viec nghien cQu va thao luan may
chuc nam qua ciia gidi sQ hpc the gidi mdi

di den xac dinh, cac nQde nay deu nim tren
ban dao Malaya, an ngQ dQdng budn ban
Ddng-Tay va gom hai nhdm nUdc: 5 nQde
nhd gdp lai thanh mpt nhdm, gpi chung la
Xi'ch Thd' n i m d phia Nam ban dao, 5 nQde
khac d phia Bae ban dao, gom ca ha iQu Me
Nam, gdp thanh mdt nhdm, gpi chung la
Dd'n Td'n. Cac cude khai quat khao cd' hpe d
U-Thong, Khu Bua, Ban Don Taphet, Lop
Buri, Chansen eho tha'y ndi day, xQa kia
kha phat trien vdi nhQng nen kie'n true
gach cua cac den dai, cung dien, thanh luy,
tQdng Phat, Visnu bing da de thd, nhieu
vat gdm, dd trang sQc, cho tha'y rd quan he
giao IQU van hoa, kinh te mat thie't vdi Phu
Nam, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phu
Nam. 0 U Thong cdn phat hien dUde hdn
20 dong tien bae Phu Nam.
Xem nhQ the, sQ phat trien that hoanh
trang, nhUng Nha nUde Phu Nam da cai
quan Vudng qudc cua minh nhu the nao?
Rat tide, sil sach cd cho biet ve cuoc sd'ng
phong tue, tham chi vUdng gia ciia nhQng
ngQdi quyen quy, trinh dp van hoa cao cua
nQde, da ed tQdng Phat mang tang vua
Trung Qud'e va ea mdt dan nhae, ca mua,
sang IQU diSn d Trung Qud'e, nhQng lai
khdng cho cho biet gi ve bd may nha nQde.
Cho nen, d day, cd nhieu phan phai suy
doan. Trifdc bet hang ndi ve dd'i npi. Phu

Nam ed 7 dp; vay dp la gi? Day la nhat ky
cua Khang Thai dan dau phai bd ciia nha
Ngd de'n Phu Nam khoang nam 230 CL.
Mdt trQdng hdp khac, sil nha Han ghi nam
190 C.L., dan huyen TUcfng Lam khdi
nghla t h i n g Idi, lap Lam Ap. Huyen dQdi
quan (Nhat Nam); dp difdi huyen, nhQng
dp d day.khdng phai la huyen ly, tri sd, vi


Rghien curu Ljch sir. s61.2010
cdn ed Tuong Pho', pho cua huyen TUdng
Lam, ed le day mdi la huyen ly. Hdi ric rdi
nen cac nha nghien cQu nQde ngoai, ngQdi
thi dich dp la xom (hamlet), ngQdi thi dich
la Xd (commune). TQ dp trong sach nha
Han dUde dung gan cung thdi vdi sach nha
Ngd, ehi each nhau chQng 30 nam, khai
niem ed the khdng khac nhau lim. Thu
linh Lam Ap la Khu Lien se trd thanh vua.
Sau khi nQde dinh hinh hay md rdng, dQdc
goi ten chinh thQc la Champa, gpi du la
Champa-pura, ngQdi Han phien am la
Chiem-bd, dich la Chiem Thdnh (4). Trong
ca hai trQdng hdp, dp h l n la mdt Vung
Idnh tho, ed the cd trung tam, thQdng la
trung tam van hoa/tdn giao, n i m giQa
cdng ddng cQ dan, lam ndng nghiep, danh
ca, nghe thii cdng va trao dd'i. Ben tren,
khi sach cd' viet ve Phu Nam, "Idm vua 7

dp, xQng la Tieu vUOng b i n la ed y nghla
mdt vung, mdt tieu qud'e. Khdng tha'y rd
vai trd ciia bd may quan ly, nhQng chic
r i n g khdng cd sQ biet lap giQa cac ApVung: bdi sU dong dang van hoa, nhU cac
vat gdm dac trQng cua dan sdng nQde,
xQdng gdm cd 3 Idp, van sdng nude tren
than gdm, cac hinh tQdng Phat b i n g gd,
da, tUdng Visnu b i n g da cung dUdc qui
chua'n thd'ng nha't vdi nhau de'n mQc kinh
ngae, giQa tat ea cac vung. Cd le tap quan
lam an, sinh sd'ng tQ bao dam ddi sd'ng
ciia gia dinh minh cd tQ thdi cdng xa cd'
XQa van dQdc tie'p tuc duy tri ed hieu qua
trong dieu kien mdi. Chi ed mdt viec vQdt
ra khdi pham vi tQ quan eiia cdng dong la
nghla vu ddng gdp vdi nha nQde va cd sd
tdn giao. Cd le qua thdi gian, ngQdi ta da
quen vdi mQc ddng gdp, mpt mQc vQa phai
ma hien nay khdng cd tai lieu nao eho
biet, ma trai qua hang the ky cung khdng
tha'y ed dieu gi gay ca'n xay ra.

Viec ddng gdp de xay den chua, tac
tQdng, 1-2 ngdi ddi vdi mdt a'p, ed the da trd
thanh mpt viec lam tQ nguyen, tham chi la
thich thu, khdng phai can den sQ can thiep
ciia chinh quyen.
Hdn nQa, vdi mpt quoc gia thUdng mai,
mdt cang thi qud'e te, lai san xuat va ban do
trang sQc cung vat dung vang bae thi ngUdi

dan binh thUdng, ndng dan, ngQ dan,
khdng de'n noi phai ddng gdp nang ne ma
vua chua v i n cd the an b i n g bat vang, bat
bae va thu thue bang vang, bae.
Dd la ddi vdi dan ciia minh, cdn doi vdi
cac nQde phu thude thi sao? Cd the tin mdt
each chic chin cd ma'y hinh thQc sau day:
a- Hang qua cang thi chic phai nop mpt
khoan thue, tuy khdng cd ghi ch^p nao cho
biet mQc thue bao nhieu.
b- San pham cua eae nQde neu ed gia tri
cao thi tdn chii dQdc mua Qu tien vdi gia re,
thQdng la dUde nop thue b i n g chinh san
pham dd. Dd la trQdng hdp thie'e dac san
cua Xich Thd' (Malaysia ngay nay) xua't
hien kha nhieu tren da't Phu Nam, tren
cang 6c Eo.
c- NQde le thupc b i t bude phai nop mpt
khoan phu cdng dang ke. Cho nen khi vung
len gianh dQdc quyen tu ehu thi cac vua
Chan Lap td bay niem "kieu hanh vi da
giQt dQt dQdc sdi giay xieng xich eiia sQ
cong nap" (bia Baksei Chamkrong).
d- Hdn nQa, nQde phu thupc phai chiu
sQ kiem soat chat che, khong dUOc co quan
he vdi nUdc ngoai. nhQ vdi Trung Quoc
ching han. Cho nen chi de'n khi Phu Nam
bi suy vong (giQa the ky VII), nhQng vung
le thupc trQdc kia mdi tU chu, lap quoc gia,
c\l sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va nhan sQ gia

de'n, mdi tha'y dQdc ghi ch^p, dQdc biet cd
sQ xua't hien cua cac nQde nhu Chan Lap,
Xich Tho' v^ Doa La Bat De (Dvaravati)


Rude Phil Ram vb hflu Phu Ram
thay the cho cua Don Td'n. Khdng the
khdng de y, sach sit eo' khdng he coi/ gpi cac
di chi/ phe tich hoanh trang d ha IQU Me
Nam nhu U Thong, Khu Bua, ea Chan Sen,
la nhQng qud'e gia hay tieu quo'c, bdi mpt le
ddn gian, ta't ca dd ehi la Dd'n Td'n ma Dd'n
Td'n ehi la thupc qud'e cua Phu Nam. Sau
khi Phu Nam suy vong, khdng kie'm soat
nQa, cac xQ nay mdi tQ chii, tQ gpi la
Dvaravati- Cda ngd. Day la dieu ma nhieu
nha nghien cQu, ca J.Boiselier da tQng
nham lan.
Cho nen Wang Gung Wu (1990) (5) mdi
md dIu gpi Phu Nam la Maritime Empire,
sau dd nhieu hoc gia Anh, Phap mdi gpi
theo. Empire ed ngQdi dich la deche, khdng
sai, nhQng de lan khai niem trQu tQdng,
nhQ de che dau hoa, de che truyen thdng.
Tdi gpi theo dung thQc cha't ciia nd, la mpt
he thd'ng cai quan, ed kiem soat, la de qudc
trong khu vQc Ddng Nam A.
3. H a u P h u N a m - C h a n L a p - Tien
Angco
Phu Nam da ed da'u hieu bi suy thoai tQ

the ky VI, do si^ chuyen dd'i dQdng giao
thUdng tren bien ra xa bd. Thuyen be it di
ven bd, ho$c qua canh eo Kra (Dd'n Td'n
ngay trQdc), khdng cap cang 6c Eo ma di
vdng qua eo Malacca, Sunda de'n Bien
Ddng, gan va thuan ti^n hdn, nhQng cung
do phQdng tien di bien la tau thuyen tie'n
bp hdn. Budn ban giam sut, thu nhap k^m
di, nhieu thQdng lai la nhQng ngQdi cd tai,
cd van boa cao, bd di ndi khac lam an.
Nhan cd hpi nay, mpt bp lac cQ tni b ha iQu
Se Mun da vQdn len lap nifde, gpi ten nQde
theo ten vua la Bhavapura, tQng bQdc ta'n
cdng xam chiem lai Phu Nam, nQde tdn ehu
cu cua nd, cQ sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va
dU(?c ghi nhan vdi cai ten ciia mpt qud'e gia
mdi xua't hi^n la Chan Lap (Chen La) ma

de'n nay, khdng ai biet do dau ma cd ten gpi
nay.
Dan Phu Nam, nhQng ndng dan, ngQ
phii, cd le da qua 5-6 the ky cham chi gieo
trong gat hai, ra khdi, cac thQdng nhan, thd
thii cdng budn ban kie'm Idi, nha nQde lo
thu dii thue, ddi song phong tuc, khdng cd
ke thu tranh gianh, khdng ed da'u hieu ban
tam lo de phdng chien tranh, nen ngd dau
cd luc sa sut de khdng phdng bi ke than
thupc quay lai danh minh.
Bhavapura - Chan Lap hinh thanh cudi

the ky VI, cung la thdi diem hinh thanh tgc
ngUdi Khmer va van hoa Khmer, da vQdn
len tie'n cdng Phu Nam tQ d i u de'n giQa the
VII thi chinh phuc dQdc. Cac sach co va ca
van bia ciia ke chien thang cung chi tha'y
khoe sQc manh, "quan di bui mu", ma
khdng tha'y ndi de'n lUc iQdng, giao chien,
khang cQ. Cd le Phu Nam da khdng chuan
bi gi, khdng cd iQc iQdng, vua Phu Nam
phai bd chay ra bien, cd le den Java.
Cd the nhQ van bia ndi, nd'i len de gianh
quyen tQ chu, de thoat khdi ach cdng nap,
nhQng sach g^iao khoa Lich sil bae Tieu hpc
ciia Singapore thi khing dinh Chan Lap
tham cua cai giau cd cua Phu Nam mdi
dem quan danh chie'm.
3.1. The ky VII (600-690 CL.) la the'ky
chuyen bie'n sau sic:
Khdng de dang danh t h i n g ngay; nhQng
nam cudi the' ky VI- dau the ky VII la thdi
gian thit sQe, ta'n cdng kinh dd Phu Nam d
Angkor-Borei; tie'p theo, phai mat ma'y
chuc nam gian khd' nQa, d i n quan "vQdt
kenh laeh sau b i n g chieu cao con voi", tie'n
len de'n tan dinh nui", mdi danh chie'm
dQdc Phu Nam (khoang nam 649 C L.). Day
la thdi gian thuan Idi de Chan Lap md rdng
quyen iQc ve phia ddng, de'n ha iQu sdng
Me Kong, den ea cang-thi 6e Eo, ne'u

Rghien curu Lich sit. s61.2010

10
mudn. Nhung ngQdi ta lai tha'y mdt hien
tQdng ngQde lai, la co ve da't ban bp cl trung
luu sdng Me Kong, ed le do hp chQa quen
tiep jcue vdi bien va chQa quen trong lua
tren rudng ngap nQde, eho de'n the ky XX
(B.P. Grosher, 1973) (6). Cd le nhd the ma
the ky VII, Chan Lap tap trung sQc thQc
hien dUdc 3 viec, ba thanh tQu Idn, ra't ed y
nghla; 1/ Sang tao va sit dung chQ viet mdi,
cbQ Kha me cd] 2/ Xay dQng kinh dd mdi
Isanapura tren iQu vQc StQng Sen, nay la
Kompong Thom, bd ddng-bic Bien Ho, gan
song Me Kong; 3/ Xay dQng van boa Chan
Lap sd ky, thUdng dQdc gpi la Vdn hod Tien
Ang-co-611-802).
Vice 1: chac da dQdc chuin bi tQ khi lap
nQde va bat d i u tien danh kinh dd Phu
Nam (nam 598) de cd bia chd Khmer dau
tien nam 611, dQng d chinh tren da't
Angkor Borei. Sau dd ed khoang 5 bia, viet
niia Khmer, nQa Sanskrit, deu d gan vung
kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639, ed 5 cau
Sanskrit va 24 ddng Khmer ed', cd ten vua
Bhavavarman nhQng khdng ro lai lich,
Prasat Prathat, d Prey Veng, nam 655 cd
9 ddng khmer, Ang Chumnik, d Prey Veng,

nam 667, ke thQ tQ eae vua, cd 26 cau
Sanskrit, khdng ed Khmer; Prah Kuha
Luong, hang Kampot, nam 674 ed 9 ddng
Khmer. Dang chu y, tren da't cu Phu Nam,
cd 4 bia; Angco Borei, Ta Keo (ke tren),
Dong Thdp Mudi, 10 ddng Khmer ed', nien
diem 713, ke ten mpt nhan vat la, Puskara,
tQdc V K A (vua?) va xa nha't ve phia nam
la bia Phd Hihi (Sa Dee), nien diem 639 cd
3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer, ndi ve
viec lap den, cung rudng, thd than. NhQ
the, trong the ky VII, da'u tich xa nha't cua
Chan Lap tren da't Phu Nam la 4 ndi dd va
cung la rat gan vdi da't Chan Lap, gan nhQ
la vung giap ranh ngay nay. Rieng Phu
Hihi, ghi nien diem 639 nhUng khdng ndi

tdi mdt dng vua nao (theo qui t i c thudng
phai cd), viet 25 ddng Khmer cd, dai, ndi
nhieu ve viec lap den, cung rupng... (bia
trQng bay trong Bao tang Tp Ho Chi
Minh), phai chang la mpt bieu hien phan
tan, ly khai?
Viec 2:
Sau khi danh t h i n g , chinh phuc dQdc
Phu Nam, vQdng trieu 1 ciia Chan Lap,
vQdng trieu Bhavapura lap (khoang 600680) gom bd'n (4) ddi vua. Cac vua eo ve dia
ban cua minh, cl iQu vQc sdng Stung Sen,
ddng bic Bien Ho, nay la tinh Kompong
Thom. Cd tac gia cho day la que hifdng cua

ddng vua nay, nhQng khdng tha'y cd can cQ
nao. Dieu chac chan hdn la nd d vao khoang
giQa ha iQu - dia ban mdi md - vdi trung
iQu, gan Se Mun, da't gdc
eiia ea tpc
ngQdi. 6 day, hp tie'n hanh xay dyng kinh
dd, tren dia diem gpi la Sambor Prei Kuk
va dQdc gpi theo ten vua la Isanapura, la
mpt nhdm gom 5 cum kien true den thap
gach. hoanh trang, cau ky, dep; nay tuy da
bi sup do' thanh phe' tich, nhQng v i n cdn
cho tha'y binh do, dang ve, cung vdi tQdng
t h i n cua nd va cd the, 1-2 vua nQa khong
chac chan, theo dudi xu hQdng co cum ve
vung da't ddng Bien Ho-trung iQu sdng Me
Kong, xay kinh do va dQng bia chQ Phan 6
day. Viet bia chQ Phan trong khi b i t d i u cd
chQ Khmer rieng, dQdng nhu muo'n chQng
td van la sQ tie'p nd'i van boa va da cd trinh
dp cao (7).
Cung vdi viec xay dUng kinh dd, thyc te
la 5 cum den thap gach, thd t h i n , ndi trung
tam cua qud'e gia, cac vua Chan Lap cdn
cho viet, khic bia ke ve than the sy nghiep
dQng dat d ngay va g i n cac den thap
Sambor Prei Kuk.
Viec 3:


Rif6c Phii Ram va hfiu Phii Ram

Nam cum den thdp Sambor Prei Kuk
cung la sQ tie'p noi va sang tao cua kie'n
tnic den thap gach; v i n la nhQng binh do
vudng vQc thu nhd len cao din; do dd cd the
nghi r i n g binh do kie'n tnic Phu Nam cd
the dQdc IQU giQ it nhieu d Sambor Prei
Kuk? Ngoai ra edn cd cac ye'u to';
n
- NhQng Hoa vdn trang tri tren tUdng
gach kha phong phu, la mIt;
- Cd them mi cda (linteau), bdng da, tac
hinh hoa la each dieu, bien ddi theo phong
each, thdi gian;
- D3 mi ciia la hai cot nho (colonnette),
cung b i n g da, luc ddu hinh tru trdn, ed ba
vdng nhan va hinh trang tri b hai diu, ve
sau cot trd nen ciu ky hdn, hinh sau canh,
hoa tiet trang tri rglm rap hdn;
Bau ciia dd cd Id de lap canh cQa, ddi
khi bing go; cd bae cQa, hai-ba bae bing
da, bae tha'p nha't rdng hdn, cd hinh ddu
gdp (accolade) (8).
- O kinh dd Sambor Prei Kuk, cd ma'y
pho tQdng thd b i n g da, v i n la "Visnu ddi
mu, tru. mac do ddi kieu Phii Nam" song da
cd ddi chut cai tie'n, cai mu tru d i n cao hdn,
ddi eho cdn giQ mai tdc tet thanh dai bang
tren diu. Thanh ngang giQ tay bie'n thanh
vdng cung vQng chac b Phnom Da da mat
di din. Dd Id ddc trUng vdn hod - nghe

thuat Phil Nam cdn dugc gid lai vd cdi tie'n.
Cho nen, tuy cac nha nghien cQu nQde
ngoai gpi day la thdi "Tien Ang-co", nhung
ve van boa, thUc cha't la Hau Phd Nam. ke
tie'p Phu Nam, tuy da bat dau bQdc sang
thdi ky van boa Khmer.
The ky VII la thdi gian khdng khd de
thyc hi$n cuoc di dan xud'ng phQdng Nam,
ne'u cd nhu ciu va kha nang. Cd the nhan
bid't sy ed mat cua cQ dan mdi hay khdng va
la mpt tieu chf hoan toan xac dang la b ndi

11

dd cd da'u an sinh boat ciia cQ dan mdi, dac
biet la do dung, do gdm, cd den, chua, bi ky
hay khdng? chQ viet nao? da'u a'n ciia van
boa nao? NgQdi ta da phat hien dQdc 2 ngdi
den deu kha Idn, 1, b chinh dd thanh cu cua
Phu Nam, gpi la din Angkor Borei: b day cd
bia viet chQ Khmer cd', nien diem 611 C.L.,
la bia viet chQ Khmer dau tien dQdc phat
hien eho den nay va cung la nien diem md
dau van boa Khmer, thdi ky Khmer. Bia ke
day la mdt ngdi den thd than, cd 22 nhae
cdng va ea cdng (phuc vu le nghi Hindu
giao), 22 ngQdi phuc vu, 56 nd le lam rudng
cung vdi 100 bd va 20 trau. Cd cQdng dieu
hay khdng thi khdng biet, nhQng de chQng
td tQ the ciia ke chien thang thi h l n la ed.

Va 2, Den va bia Phu HUu b Sa Dec (Dong
Thap), tren bd sdng Tien; den nhd hdn, bia
viet 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer cd',
ghi nien diem 639 (trUng bay d Bao tang
Tp. Ho Chi Minh). Khong tha'y ghi ten vua
ma le ra thQdng phai cd. Nam trung vdi bia
Ta Keo, cd ten mdt dng vua Bhavavarman,
nhQng cdn chQa rd lai lich. Mpt ngdi ehua
nQa, gpi la Vlt Sre Ben tQc la 6 Lam d
Chau Ddc, ndi ve mpt ngdi chua, khdng cd
nien dai, mpt ten ngQdi, Baladitya, rat md
nhat, khdng hieu la ai, ed vai trd gi? The'ky
VII ta't ea chi cd the, vai ba diem, deu la ndi
khdng the cQ tru d'n dinh lau dai (Angkor
Borei la dinh nui). Ta't ea deu la nhQng dia
diem giap ranh.
TQ day, the ky VII, cd the gpi la thdi
Hau Phu Nam, cung la Tien Angkor, tuy
nhien, khdng phai la kdo dai trien mien,
ma cd dinh thdi gian vd ndi dung eu the.
Ndi dung dd la sy hinh thanh vQdng trieu
sd ky Chan Lap - Bhavapura, sU hinh
thdnh vdn hod Khmer, chu ye'u chu! Khmer,
cung la sy tie'p nd'i hoc theo Phu Nam, chd
ye'u hinh tUang Visnu va van Sanskrit; dd
cung la sy sang tao mdi, chu ye'u la cac loai


Rghien ciru Ljch siSr. stf 1.2010

12
hinh gia ed' trang tri bang da tren thap
gach. Cho nen, mpt so' tac gia gpi la Vdn
hod Tien Angkor. Thdi gian do la tQ nam
611 (bia chQ Khmer dau tien) den 680
(nam qua ddi ciia Jayavarman I), vua cudl
ciia vQdng trieu Bhavapura, md dau sy
khiing hoang, chia re, de'n nam 802, nam
cha'm dQt Vdn hod Tien Angkor.
3.2. T h e ky VIII
NhQ da ndi d tren, the ky VII, Chan Lap
CO cum tren da't ciia minh, d vung quanh
Bien Ho Tonle Sap. Hp xay trQdc tien, hai
cum den thap Vat Eng Khna (620 AD) d
Battambang va Tuol Baset (640) nhU mpt
sy tham dd, thi diem (?), roi de'n xay tap
trung tren iQu vyc Stung Sen (Kompong
Thom), lap dung kinh dd Isanapura, vdi cac
cum den thap Sambor Prei Kuk (giQa the
ky VII), Prei Khmeng va Prasat Andet (niia
sau the VII).
Ca the'ky VIII, cung chi cd them ba cum
den thap d vung quanh kinh dd; Trapeng
Phong, Kompong Prah va Phum Prasat.
Prei Khmeng dQdc coi la lam dd, tuy nhien,
cung da kha day dii, keo dai tQ cudi the ky
VII de'n d i u the'ky VIII, nen trd thanh mdt
tieu chi ve phong each va nien dai Van hoa
Tien Angkor. Dac biet, d day cd cai mi ciia
da khac tac hinh Brahma ddn sinh gid'ng

mi ciia Ml Sdn E 1 nhu "sinh ddi".
Sau hdn niia the ky hinh thanh va md
mang (tQ nam 600 de'n 680), Chan Lap rdi
vao khiing hoang trieu chinh ma trQdc dd
da cd nhQng da'u hieu tan quyen. Nam 680,
vua Jayavarman I qua ddi, b i t d i u xua't
hien nhQng vua ehua dia phQdng, khdng cd
lai lich rd rang, Cd 3 ta'm bia nho va xa'u
khic ten mpt ngQdi la l i m la Puskara hay
Puskaraksa, 2 tim tha'y d Dong Thap va 1 d
Kratie. SiJ nha DQdng b i t d i u chep Chan

Lap phan chia thanh Chan Lap Da't va
Chan Lap NQde. Chan Lap Da't cl tren cao,
da't ban bp ciia hp, b nga ba Se Mun-Me
Kdng, phia blc Dangrek, chQ khdng phai b
nQde Campuehia ngay nay, cdn Thuy Chan
Lap cung khong phai toan Dong b i n g sdng
CQU Long, toan Nam Bd ngay nay, ma chii
ye'u la co ve vung trung iQu sdng Me Kdng,
quanh kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap la Sambor,
d Kompong Cham. Phe tich kie'n true va ndi
tim tha'y bi ky xac nhan dieu nay, dieu ma
eae nha chuyen mdn b trong va ngoai nQde
da ndi tQ lau roi. Nam 610-649 (39 nam),
ea Phu Nam va Chan Lap deu cii sQ t h i n
sang nha Tuy. Kinh dd Phu Nam da bi
chie'm, vua chay ve Naravaranagara,
tdi
doan la b niii Ba The-6c Eo, vua v i n cii sQ

t h i n rieng sang nha Tuy cung luc vdi Chan
Lap, sau dd, bi danh Ian nQa mdi thdi. Tuy
nhien, Chan Lap chi di cdng de'n nam 617
roi cung dQt b i n . Chan Lap Da't v i n dQng
rieng, di sQ rieng vai lan nQa vao cac nam
753, 771 va 779. The la tQ 617-753 (136
nam) Chan Lap khdng cd quan he ngoai
giao vdi ben ngoai; ngQcfi ta khdng hie'u
bie'n ddng gi ma Chan Lap di de'n cho nhu
the. Va neu tinh tQ khi Jayavarman I qua
ddi, nam 680 - de'n 802, Jayavarman II len
ngdi, 122 ham thi ed tdi 258 nam, ngudi ta
khdng he dQdc biet ten mpt vi vua nao, mpt
VQdng trieu nao cua Chan Lap. Thyc te
cung khdng cd mpt da'u hieu nao ciia sy cai
quan ciia trung Udng hay dia phQdng, mgt
van ban hay mpt hanh dpng nao. Sil Trung
Quoc cung khdng viet dUdc gi, vi hp cd sang
dau ma biet.
Tuy nhien, nhQ the khdng phai se dien
ra canh Ion xpn, lung tung. Lang xdm hinh
thanh tQ xa xUa gom nhQng ngQdi dan
cung song tren mpt dia vyc, lam cung mpt
nghe, chu ye'u la nghe ndng, danh ea va
dyng nha go la. TQ dd hinh thanh nhQng


Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram
cpng dong ty quan n h i m dam bao cude
sdng gian di, binh lang, tQ ca'p, ty tuc p h i n

Idn, mien la khdng cd ai khua'y ddng ho.
Cude sd'ng cua hp khdng phai ep xat nhieu,
cho de'n ngay nay v i n the. Rudng da't rdng,
ngQdi thUa. NgUdi Phap da tQng khai quat
ddi sd'ng eiia ngQdi Khmer - "Hp chie'm hQu
rudng da't b i n g iQdi cay" va lam ndng
nghiep bang nUdc tQdi ty nhien, tQc la nQde
mQa, khi du lam dat trong, gieo hat thi
chay tran bd xud'ng sdng; khdng phai va't va
lam thuy Idi, tQdi-tieu, Sy dum bpc giup
nhau thi cd nhQng sy hdp tac trong san
xua't chQa that ein (ed the tham khao B.P.
Groslier- 1973 (6). Ne'u khdng ed bie'n ddng
chinh tri thi cQ nbu the, lang le tie'p dien,
nhQng van boa thi khdng dQng yen, nd
tham nhap va anh hQdng de'n ddi sd'ng; ed
the khdng cin ai chi huy, ra lenh, cdng
dong cQ dan hpp nhau ban, ty ddng gdp, td'
chQc, xay den thap gach.
'•' '
•'
De'n the ky VIII, Chan Lap trd thanh
mpt thdi chia re va tao loan, khdng cdn vua
chua, trieu dinh, rd rang la tinh hinh da
khac r l t nhieu:
Vua chua khdng cdn, ngoai xam hoanh
hanh, dan cd the iQu tan tim eho yen dn de
sinh sd'ng. NgQdi van cd the d lai ehd'n cu,
nhUng van hoa thi cd the khdng n i m yen,
nha't la nhQng ye'u to' gia ed' kie'n true b i n g

da, mdi la, dep va vQng chic. Cd ngQdi dan
thi edn cd sd nguyen thd t h i n thanh, xay
den va b dd nhQng ye'u td' kie'n true vdn hod
Tien Angkor I^i cd dip xuat hi^n. ,,_-^
...,,
0 Lop Buri, trung iQu sdng Me Nam,
nay v i n cdn dQng mdt nhdm 4 thap gach,
xay khdi dac giat ca'p kieu Phum Prasat,
tuy da xieu v?o r l t nhieu va v i n cdn dQdc
goi la " thdp Khmer", tuy nhien, khdng chic
gi la da cd sy cai quan Khmer, vi mpt t i m
bia viet Sanskrit phat hi^n b day, nien
diem 937 ndi ten ngUdi dQng d i u va hoang

IS
til ra't khac la. Tren da't Nam Bd Viet Nam
cung cd mdt sd' dau tich den thap gach.
Hien nay, ebi duy nha't thap Binh Thanh
(Tay Ninh) cdn dQng, tuy da dQdc xay lai
tren nen cu va ed the ca vat lieu eu. Dang
chu y la thap nay cdn giQ mdt mi ciia da
hinh canh la khum cong nhe, mem mai,
kieu Tien Angkor the ky VIII. Nhieu ndi
khdng edn nhan ra binh dang, lai cd dau
vet xay den thap mdi de len tren cai cu da
sup dd, tham ehi lay gach cu de xay den
mdi, nhan dQdc kha rd; tuy nhien, vi the,
khd tach bdc, phan biet hai Idp kie'n true,
hai nien dai. NgQdi Phap lam mdt cude
kie'm ke- H. Parmentier (1909) (7) cho biet

cdn ed dau tich nen kien true d PhQdc
HQng, Ham Ninh Ha, Chdt Mat, Thanh
Dien, Tien Thuan, RQng Dau, deu d Tay
Ninh, xay gach nhQng ta't ca cung da trd
thanh phe tich. Tuy nhien Laksmi Tien
Thuan, ddi cot da va mi ciia da Tien Thuan
(Tay Ninh) cung ed nien dai cuoi the ky
VIII. Ngoai ra, cac cude khai quat khao cd
hpc nhQng nam qua da phat hien ddi cot va
linteau, cd khi khdng hoan toan du, ehi la
loai cot trdn, ed 3 vdng trang tri d Thanh
Dien, Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh), Gd Xoai, Gd
Don, Gd Binh Ta (Long An), Gd Thap
(Dong Thap). NhQ the, mpt sd' di tich, di vat
chiu anh hUdng vdn hod Tien Angco md
nhat, tap trung chii ye'u d vung giap ranh, d
Tay Ninh, Gd Thap. 6 day, dieu kien sinh
sd'ng, san xua't thuan Idi, cd the ed mdt
nhdm dan di cQ tQ trung iQu sdng Me Kdng
xuong, sd'ng canh/ chen vdi dan ban dia,
Phu Nam- Bnam-Mnong. Ta't ca ehi cd the,
tren nhQng dia diem ban hep nhQ the. Vi la
anh hQdng van boa nen vin cd the cd sy
"trdi dat" de'n mpt dia diem nao khac, mpt
thdi gian xa hdn, song dd chi la ca bipt,
hiem cd va md nhat, ching ban cl Gd Thap,
Gd Xoai, Gd Don (Long An) "trdi dat" tham
ehi den ca Ben Tre; ma khao ed' hpc thi cd

14

nhieu vi du ve "hien vat-van boa trdi dat"
(drifting ware), do mang de'n, mua ve, ddi
chac. Sy cd mat ciia mpt so'ye'u to'kie'n tnic
Tien Angkor khdng nha't thie't di lien sy di
cQ ddng dao ciia ngQdi Khmer. Viec tac da
thanh mi ciia, cot chd'ng, khdng the la viec
cua bat ky ndng dan, ngQ dan nao, ma phai
la nhQng thd da chuyen nghiep, ca nhQng
nghe nhan, (ddi khi edn cd tQdng thin).
NhQng hiep thd/nghe nhan da ed nhQng
m i u ma quen thupc dQdc Qa chuong mdt
thdi cd the dUde ddn de'n lam het ndi nay
de'n ndi khac, ma edn cd gia thuyet hp la
ngQdi gd'c An Dp/ Ba TQ. TrQdng hdp cl Cat
Tien, vung nui doi ngQdi Ma rat cd the la
nhu the. Giao iQu van hoa, anh hQdng van
boa thi ra't cd the ed.
. ;
Mpt vai nhdm nhd cd the cd, tQ da't Chan
Lap di cQ xud'ng, thUa thdt, tan mat, khdng
dQdc bd' sung, tQ nam 802-1432, hdn 600
nam, da ban dia boa hoan toan, cung vdi
ngQdi Mnong. Stieng, khdng cdn dau vet
rieng nao.
Nghi rang tQ sau nam 649, Chan Lap
cai tri toan bp ba iQu sdng CQu Long that
khdng dung. Hp lap kinh dd Thuy Chan
Lap d Sambor tren bd trung iQu sdng Me

Kdng, nay cdn di tich, nhQng khdng tha'y cd
bieu hien cai tri nhQ the nao. Khdng ndi xa
ve phia ddng ma ngay tren dat ban bp,
vung quanh Sambor, da'u hieu quan ly
cung khdng tha'y rd va vi sao khdng cd da'u
hieu trd lai kinh dd eu d Kompong Thom, cd'
dd Isanapura?
Trong bdi canh dd, ngQdi Java vao xam
chie'm lam chd tinh trang t r i m trpng hdn.
NgQdi Java tie'n danh nhieu ndi, ca dong
bang sdng Hong, Champa va Chan Lap.
Den dau cung cQdp, pha, dd't, roi nit ve, ca
hai Ian, nam 774 va 787. Ddi vdi Chan Lap,
hp tan cdng lan 2 de'n kinh dd Sambor, tren
bd ta ngan Me Kdng, gie't nhieu ngQdi, hinh

Rghien eiiru Ljch sir, sg 1.2010
nhu ca vua ba'y gid la Mabipati, cUdp cua
cai va b i t mpt so' ngQdi trong hoang gia,
mang theo ve Java. Nhieu ngQdi nghi rang
tQ 787 de'n 802, 15 nam, ngQdi Java cai tri
trye tie'p Chan Lap, nbUng ngQdi ta khdng
dQdc biet gi ve cd hay khdng che dp cai tri
nay. Y nghi rang thdi dd cd mpt dQdng bien
gidi, mpt che dp quan ly tQ trung Qdng den
dia phQdng la khdng thyc te vdi trinh dp
thdi dd, ea thdi Chan Lap va Java. Khdng
hon ddn, nhQng cung khdng cd mpt che dp
banh chinh ro rang.
4. B a t d a u thofi A n g k o r

4.1. Khoang nam 800, mpt trong nhQng
ngQdi thupc hoang tpc Chan Lap bi bat
sang Java trdn dQdc ve, den Kompong
Cham, hinh nhQ la que dng va cung gin
kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap cu, Sambor, nhieu
ngQdi iing hp di theo. Ong td' chQc thanh
mpt lye iQdng lam cho dya roi ty tuyen bo'
lam vua mdi, gpi ten la Jayavarman II
(nam 802- 850). Sau dd, dng b i t dau mpt
qua trinh dai, dich chuyen ndi ddng dd, tQ
phia ddng-nam len phia Blc Bien Ho, di
qua 3 dia diem ma de'n nay chUa that ro
nguyen do. Chinh dng chQa chpn dia diem
Angkor ma ddi vua thQ 4, chat dng,
Yasovarman (889-900) mdi chpn Phnom
Bakheng de xay den thap dau tien, gpi ten
kinh dd theo ten vua,
Yasodharapura,
chinh la Angkor, tuy Angkor dydc gpi rS't
mudn, chuyen am cua tQ Phan Nagara, chi
cd nghla la Qudc gia. Jayavarman II la
ngQdi mcl d i u ddng ho, mcl dIu vUdng trilu
nen thQdng dQdc coi la ngQdi md d i u thdi
ky Angkor keo dai tQ nam 802 de'n 1432630 nam, rat dai, nhUng khdng hen tyc,
nhieu dQt quang, nhieu vQdng trieu, tuy
v i n d cung mpt cho va cd thdi gian tie'n len
dinh cao cua nd.
Campuehia cd mpt nen kinh te nong
nghiep d'n dinh, vQdn cay td't tUdi, gia siic

Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram
phong phu, mdt cuoc sd'ng day du, d'n dinh.
Cho nen bp cd nhieu giai doan phat trien
CQdng thinh; da cd nhQng dng vua chinh
chien nhu Indravarman (877-889), con la
Yasovarman (889-900), md d i u xay dyng
Angkor, roi Rajendravarman II ( 944-968),
ngQdi thd'ng nhat lai vUdng quo'c, mdi len
ngdi da danh Champa de'n Po Nagar,
Suryavarman II (1113-1150), "ngQdi chinh
chien" va xay dyng Angkor Vat, roi
Jayavarman VII (1181-sau 1200) "ngQdi
anh hung da giai phdng da't nQde khdi ach
dd hd Champa, da chien t h i n g va cai tri
lai Champa trong 2 nam, da xay dyng
Angkor Thom va nhieu cdng trinh khac.
Cd mpt sd' dieu roi cdn phai mat nhieu
cdng nghien cQu, xem vi sao Yasovarman
than thien vdi Dai Viet, ma Suryavarman
II thi hung hang gay chien nhieu lln,
nhQng Jayavarman VII lai rat than thien.
Hp cd the de dang di den dong bang sdng
Ciiu Long, nhQng sud't ma'y the ky dd,
khdng he thay ddu vet ngUdi/vdn hod
Khmer tren dd't ndy. Hdn 10 hd' dao khao ed'
tren 10 tinh, khdng he tha'y go'm IQimer d
cac Idp tren. Den thap thupc thdi gian nay,
tuyet nhien khdng cd. Trong hd' khai quat
Bdi Xdo (Sde Trdng), Idp tren ed ma'y vSt

gd'm ed ve gid'ng go'm Khmer, nhUng it qua,
chQa cd nien dai chinh xac, nen chQa the
ke't luan.
4.2. CQ xem khi vua Ponhea Yat cung
vdi trieu t h i n xud'ng thuyen rdi Angkor
nam 1432, di ve Basan, gin Kompong
Cham, gpi ten dd mdi la Srey Santhor, mpt
thdi gian n g i n lai chuyen ve Pursat, bd
Tay-Nam Bien Ho, may nam sau chuyen
de'n Lovek (1529-1595), roi lai chuyen de'n
Udong (1620-1867), den 1867 mdi chuyen
ve Phnom Penh, chi each Udong 20 km ve
phia Ddng. Day la cb$ng cudl cung, nhQng
433 n i m ddi dd de'n 5 lln.
,-*, .^f,i

15
Kinh thanh Angkor d Tay-Bic Bien Hd
(tinh Xiem Riep) d sud't 630 nam khdng
thay ddi, ma nao cd phai cung dien nguy
nga gi. Day chu yeu la den thd thin, vua
quan dyng nha gd la de 0 (Chu Dat QuanChdn Lap phong thd'ky : "Dinh thy eiia cac
hoang than va quan Idn deu Idp tranh") ma
dau ed yen ban gi, da nhieu lln bi danh,
CQdp, dot pha, bi chiem ddng (Champa
chie'm ddng 4 nam, 1177-1181; Ayuthaya 5
nam, 1352-1357, l l n nQa 2 nam, 13941396 va chuan bi danh tie'p nam 1430). Npi
bd cung danh nhau, bd chay vai lln. CQ
moi l l n nhQ the, lai quay ve sQa chQa,
dyng hoang cung nha san, d tie'p. Tuy dyng

nha gd la nhQng cung phai d ben ngoai
khudn vien tQdng thanh Angkor Vat va
Angkor Thom, vi day la ndi thd t h i n thanh,
linh thieng.
Cude khao cQu va dao khao cd' cua Dpi
Bao quan Angkor eiia Nhat Ban (9) cho
tha'y khdng cd da'u vet nen xay nha gach
boSe vet chdn cot go gan eae den thap da.
Cd the la ndi dyng lau go la cho vua va
hoang gia. Hd bdi tam (Srah Srang) va cd
le ca hoang cung n i m d phia ddng-nam,
gin vdi ho nude Mebon Ddng, each tQdng
thanh Angkor Vat va Angkor Thom tdi
4km.
Anh hQdng va sy cai quan cua vua
Jayavarman VII de'n Luong Phabang (Lao)
va Champa (d Vijaya, Qui Nhdn thi rd hdn,
vi d day cdn cd bia va dau a'n kie'n true
Khmer). Day la thdi hai nUde Champa va
Cambd't danh nhau to.
NhQ the, thdi a'y, mpt thie't che bifn hQu
hay khdng, the hien b i n g nhQng da'u hi^u
van hoa cua nd, chQ chQa cd van ban qui
dinh cu the, cang chUa ed viec "cam mdc
bien gidi". 6 Nam Bp Viet Nam hoan toan
khdng cd da'u tich gi ve loai nay. NgQdi dan


Rghien cihi Ljch sJr. sg 1.2010

16

chUa bd di tim da't sd'ng mdi vi cdn c i n phai
gin vdi kinh dd.
Khdng phai chi cd kinh thanh, ea vung
dan cQ so'ng lien ke b bd bae Bien Ho cung
vdi ca hoang gia va kinh thanh da gan vdi
he thd'ng ndng nghiep va thuy Idi hdp ly va
chat che de'n mQc khdng the ddi xa (10).
Kinh dd Angkor va vung dan cQ g i n lien
vdi nd xay dyng tren bd bae Bien Ho Tonle
Sap, ndi dat nghieng 30°, lai b mdt vung ed
6 thang mQa tam ta hang ngay va 6 thang
mua khd, khdng cd mpt gipt mQa; nQde mQa
chi mpt budi la chay het xud'ng ho. Cac vua
Cambot tQ Yasovarman da nghi ra, tao nen
mdt he thd'ng thuy Idi hdp ly, thdng minh,
trQ dQdc nude trong mua mQa, dii dung
eho sinh boat ciia hoang gia va ea san xuat
ciia dan chung trong sud't mua khd, dieu
ma cac nha nghien cQu ngQdi Phap gpi la
"Chinh sdch nUdc" (Xin xem them V.
Goloubew (1941) (11). Cd dieu, lam mdt l l n
de dung sud't 600 nam, nay v i n edn dd,
nhQng da het tac dung; tuy nhien, nd lai
Cling cd' them tap quan canh tac chi dung
nQde tQdi ty nhien, mpt nam mdt vu.
«•
5. Thc'i H a u A n g c o
Cho nen, ne'u sud't thdi Angco, mac du

manh me, chinh chien ma tha'y ca vua
chua, ngQdi dan khdng ddi xa que hQdng
ban quan cua minh d bd Blc Bie'n Ho Tonle
Sap, thi cung khdng phai la dieu dang ngae
nhien. NhQng tinh hinh da thay dd'i tQ
khoang nam 1432. Vua da chuyen thi dan
cung chuyen theo... Vua tim de'n Lovek, roi
sau khi Lovek bi pha tryi, thi lai de'n
Udong, xay hoang cung mdi, nhQng dan thi
tim den chd nao cd the lam ndng nghiep
theo tap quan de sd'ng yen d'n. Hp tim de'n
cho nao khdng phai tranh cha'p, ep xat, bdi
tiep dd ma'y the ky, chinh vua cung cdn
phai lao dao, long dong. ChUa ai qui dinh

da't nao cua vua nao, de'n dau; cung chQa cd
vua nao that yen vi cl ngdi. Hdn nQa, theo
tap quan gan nghin nam, canh tac ndng
nghiep tren them cao, dung nQde tQdi ty
nhien thi cd the tim tha'y ndi dd la them cao
sdng Me Kdng b ca trung iQu va ha iQu,
nhQng dd't giong, ma ngQdi Khmer gpi la
Chamcar (dpc la chomca) (B.P. Groslier:
Bourrelet de berge). Ba'y gid dong bang sdng
Ciiu Long rai rac van cd ngQdi sinh soiig,
ngQdi Stieng, Ma Ndng ma to' tien xa ciia hp
chinh langQdi Bnam, da lap nUdc Phu
Nam, nhQng cdn ra't thQa thdt, do phai
tranh nhQng vung d i m Iiy, ngap lu, "dQdi
sdng sa'u Idi, tren giong epp um". Cho da't

giong nao cdn trd'ng thi hp de'n, d i n din,
tQng it mdt, vai gia dinh roi thuan Idi thi rii
them, lap xdm, thdn. NhQng thdn xdm nay,
hp gpi la sde, viet srok, cdng dong Idn hdn
gpi la phum. NhQng tQ nay cl thdi Angco gpi
la grama / sruk /. Thdi S'y dQdc to' chQc kha
quy cii, de chung nhau nifdc tQdi, Idng gpi
theo tQ CO, chQ Phan la Grama, viet trong
cac van bia, nay hoan canh mdi, grama
khdng cdn thich hdp, gpi mdi la srok,
chuyen am tQ sruk. tQ eo, ed tQ thdi Angeo,
nghla la rudng, cung ed nghla la lang (viet
trong van bia, cat sruk cd nghla la lap lang,
cung vdi rudng de lam nghla vu vdi den. Cd
the ndi ehle r i n g ngQdi Khmer chi bQdc
dau va dan dan de'n dong b i n g sdng Ciiu
Long tQ sau nam 1432, dung ra la lan chay
loan, so'ng tren cac chamcar/giong, b i t dau
tQ Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Vlnh Long, song
cdn kha thQa thdt. Chay loan tim da't song
thi ndi nao sd'ng dQdc, ndi nao khdng hi ai
ca'm doan thi de'n. TrQdc nQa, thi nhU tren
da ndi, ne'u cd thi Id thd, lac dac, nhQng da
khdng cd dau vet gi sud't 630 nam thdi
Angco. Nhdm tac gia Thai (James C. M.
Khoo (2003) (12) da r l t n h i m khi cho r i n g
ngUdi ndi tie'ng Khmer de'n trudc, gianh
lay da't giong, them cao de song, cdn ngUdi

Rude Phil Ram va hfiu Phii Ram

17

Viet den sau thi lam rudng tha'p b ven
sdng, (tr. 16). Va'n de la d cho tim ndi thich
hdp vdi tap quan canh tac, chQ khdng phai

CHU

THICH

(1). Lucfng

Ninh:

Vuang

quo'c Phu

Nam.

Nxb. Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi, in l l n 3, H^
Npi, 2009.
(2). Louis M a l l e r e t . L'Archeologie

du

delta

ADM, t o m e 1-4, P a r i s , 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 3 .

(3).

P.

Preangkorienne,

Dupont,

Statuaire

La

(4), L u d n g N i n h : Vuang

History

of Chinese

quoc Champa,

Nxb.

historique

Groslier.

Trade

du Cambodge,

Pour

Trade-The

in the

South

Art

architectural

et en Extreme-Orient,

Paris,

1948
(9).

Japanese
Angkor

Government
UNESCO

Team
ISA,

for
Tokyo,

(10). Ludng Ninh: Quan he kinh te-xd hgi thifi
thdi cd, Vien Nghien cClu Dong Nam A (Vien
KHXH Viet Nam) Ha Npi, 1983, tr. 81-138.
(11). Victor Goloubew, L'Hydraulique

une

Geographie

P r e s s e Univ. P h n o m

P e n h 1973.
(7). H . P a r m e n t i e r , Inventaire

Parmentier,

I'lnde

Angco vd Hau Angco, trong Lich sCl Dong Nam A

Sea, S i n g a p o r e , 1998.
B.P.

Henry
dans

Reports 1996-1999.

(5). W a n g G u n g Wu, The Nanhai

(6).

(8).

Safeguarding

P a r i s , 1955.

Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi, 2 0 0 5 .

China

Tay Ninh, BEFEO 1909.

hindou

du Mekong.

Early

la trQdc hay sau. Tuy nhien, cung khdng
nen vi the ma ndi "la'y dQdc"- "da't dai
hoang vu, toan rQng ram, dim lly"

et agricole d I'epoque

des rois dAngkor,

a

BE.I.,

Hanoi 1941.
(12). J a m e s C M . KhooArts&

archeologique

urbaine

Fu Nan. S.A.C.S-Bangkok 2003.

Archaeology

of