Doctoral thesis: Empolyment supporting policy for rural workers in the Northwest region of Vietnam

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
NATIONAL ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY
---------------------------------

Ph m Hương Th o

Chuyên ngành: Khoa h c qu n lý
Mã s : 9310110_QL

Supervisor: Associa.Prof.Dr. Nguy n Th Ng c Huy n

HANOI – 2019

1. Rationale
The reality of our country shows that people living in rural areas account for
a large proportion of the total population in Vietnam (over 68% of Vietnam's
population lives in rural areas). In the past time, the Party and the Government
have implemented many measures and policies to diversify jobs, increase incomes
and improve the quality of life for this group. But the real income of rural people
in general, farmers in the Northwest region in particular is still limited.
The report from the General Statistics Office in 2011 said that the income of
rural people has increased steadily over the years, but the average income in rural
areas only reached 891 thousand VND / person / month; in which the income of
the poor and the near poor are 406 thousand VND / person / month and 644
thousand VND / person / month respectively. In other words, the average income
of the near poor group in rural Vietnam is currently only equivalent to the poverty
line set by the World Bank in 1993 (poor people are earners). Import less than
1usd / person / day.
The state, the central government issued a lot of guidelines and policies on

employment to create conditions for rural people to increase their incomes.
However, the implementation of those policies at the grassroots levels has not
been effective, resulting in positive income changes for rural people. Policy to
support employment for workers is one of the top priorities in the socio-economic
development policies of our country. The system of employment, vocational
training and solutions to achieve the goal of supporting employment for workers,
developing the labor market, contributing to reducing the unemployment rate in
urban areas, increasing the rate of time use Rural labor (especially rural areas in
the Northwest) is considered one of the most basic policies of the country. The
employment policy is aimed at satisfactorily addressing the needs of jobs,
ensuring that all capable people have the opportunity to have a job; contribute to
ensuring safety, stability and social development; create conditions for economic
development and poverty reduction for laborers.
In addition to the achievements, there are some problems limiting the
results of implementing employment support activities for rural workers in the
Northwest, specifically as follows:
First, the mountainous areas of the Northwest, Vietnam are rugged terrain,
there are many mountain blocks and high mountain ranges running in the
Northwest-Southeast direction. However, this is also an area with harsh natural
conditions, poor infrastructure; starting point and low level of socio-economic


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development, high rate of poor households, low educational level, often affected
by natural disasters, floods ... Therefore, support jobs for workers The Party and
the State are always interested in creating jobs, maintaining a stable and longterm life, contributing to improving the quality of life and socio-economic
development of the region.

Secondly, from Doi Moi up to now, the Party and the State have issued
policies on employment support for rural workers, especially those working in
mountainous areas with various forms of support and have obtained many
results. positive, poverty rate decreased, people's material and spiritual life was
improved. However, compared to the current practical requirements, there are
still many shortcomings such as the structure of the training industry is not
suitable for the labor market, the training program, the quality of training have
not met the practical requirements. ; many people who have received vocational
training still face many difficulties to find jobs; many people have to work
incompatible with the professional and trained industries; The underemployment
rate is still quite high ... report of the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social
Affairs in 2016 on the approval of the results of poor households and near-poor
households in 2016 according to the multi-dimensional poverty line applied for
the 2016 period -2020 said that the whole country has 1,986,697 poor
households (accounting for 8.23% of the total number of households nationwide)
and has 1,306,928 near poor households (accounting for 5.41%;) according to
the standard Multi-dimensional approach to poverty applied for the period 20162020. In which, the number of poor households in the Northwest mountainous
region has the highest poverty rate with 31.24%, followed by the Northeastern
mountainous region (17.72%), the Central Highlands (15.27%), and the
Southeast. The lowest rate of poor households in the country is 1.05% and the
Red River Delta has only 3, 23%. Therefore, it is necessary to have an
assessment of the effectiveness and impact of employment supporting policies
for workers in the Northwest region, thereby proposing appropriate models and
policies to ensure efficiency and sustainability.
Thirdly, in the context of international integration, mountainous areas face
greater and more internal and external shocks. International integration contributes
to create many opportunities such as increasing the ability of communication, the
ability to access scientific and technological advances, creating opportunities and
raising the level of cultural enjoyment, enriching the mountainous cultural capital
and contributing to part of life improvement and poverty reduction. However,

mountainous areas will also face more challenges with production and business,
creating jobs for workers. The gap between the rich and the poor in the
mountainous areas and the plains is getting bigger and bigger; products of
mountainous areas make it more difficult to consume because of small scale,
dispersed production, low product quality; Traditional culture is easily eroded if it
is not preserved and developed; the environment is increasingly degraded due to
economic development pressure, people in mountainous areas exploit natural
resources, minerals and industrial wastes; Crime of uncontrolled crime and social
evils threatens the political and social stability and the great unity bloc in the
mountains. This requires the State to have the right decisions, create all necessary
conditions for the mountainous areas to take advantage of opportunities and
overcome challenges in the context of integration. Employment support for
workers in the Northwest region will be one of the important solutions to solve
this problem.
Finally, although there have been many domestic and foreign studies on
employment support for workers in general and mountainous people in particular.
However, these studies are still incomplete, lack of systematic, lack of forecasting
and often separate between vocational training and job support. The analysis of
policies to support employment for workers only focuses on the characteristics of
the position and the role of mountainous people as well as on policies from the
State's perspective but not the beneficiaries. enjoying the policy is central, not to
mention the characteristics of the history, mountainous culture, socio-economy,
needs and psychology of labor groups. There are no comprehensive and
comprehensive studies on policies to support employment for workers and there
has not been a full assessment and synthesis of the effectiveness and impact of
these policies. Therefore, the author chooses to carry out the research " Empolyment
supporting policy for rural workers in the Northwest region of Vietnam" is meaningful
both in theory and practice. The thesis will provide theoretical as well as practical
basis for the Northwest region on employment supporting policies for workers;

systematize and comprehensively evaluate employment supporting policies from
1993 to present; analyze and evaluate efficiency, impact and identify factors
affecting the system of employment supporting policies for workers; forecasting
demand for employment support for workers; Since then, there are grounds to
propose appropriate solutions, policies, and effective and sustainable models for
employment support, ensuring that workers involved in the process of commodity
production proceed to reduce. sustainable poverty, thereby achieving the goal of


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ensuring national defense and social order and security.
2. Research objectives
General goals
Understanding the employment supporting policies for rural workers - Case
study for the Northwest region.
Assessing the current status of policies to support employment, results as
well as the impact of the implementation of this policy on changing employment
of rural workers, to changing their income status and life workers and their
families.
Proposing orientations and perfect solutions for employment supporting
policies to increase income and life of rural workers by 2030.
Specific goals
Clarifying the content of employment and employment support for rural
workers,
Clarify the sources of income generation of rural workers, the relationship
between employment and endogenous income of rural workers,
Clarifying the content of policies to support employment for rural workers

with components from the bases, subjects issued, objectives and principles to
modules of employment supporting policies for workers countryside,
Identifying 3 groups of factors affecting employment supporting policies for
rural workers,
Identify the set of criteria for evaluating employment supporting policies for
rural workers,
An overview of the experiences of some countries in the world in supporting
rural labor to increase endogenous income through government employment
support,
Assessing the status of the system of employment supporting policies for
rural workers of the central government, local authorities in the 6 northwestern
provinces,
Assessing the status of policies to support employment, the results and
impacts of policies on the status of income and life of rural workers in 6 provinces
in the Northwest,
Recommendations and solutions to improve employment supporting policies
for rural workers in the Northwest region in particular and the country in general.

3. Object and scope of the study
a. Research subjects
The object of this study is the content, implementation results and impacts of
employment supporting policies on employment status, income and life of
agricultural workers in the Northwest region.
b. Research scope
Time:
The thesis focuses on assessing and analyzing policies to support
employment for rural workers in the Northwest region in the period from when the
Vietnamese government implemented activities to attack poverty to the current
period and brought solutions to 2030.
Space:

The system of employment supporting policies for agricultural workers is
carried out in 6 provinces in the Northwest.
Contents
The policy of employment support for rural workers includes many modules,
however, in this study, based on the situation as well as the results of
implementing relevant component policies, the topic focuses on three component
policy groups are (i) Career guidance and job introduction, (ii) vocational training,
(iii) credit; Other policies such as labor export support, support to link 4 houses in
rural agricultural development ... were not included in this study because there are
not many in the Northwest mountainous region, even There are very few rural
workers, ethnic minority workers go to labor export; and the implementation of
production chain development in this area is still at an early stage ... The policy
assessment is focused on three major contents, (i) policy implementation results,
(ii) impacts of policies on employment change and rural labor life, (iii) causes
affecting the current status of employment supporting policies for Northwest
workers, which limit the content of policies Integrated analysis of factors from
macro environment.
4. Expected results
About reasoning
The thesis systematizes the theoretical basis of policies to support
employment for workers; develop research theoretical framework on employment
supporting policies for rural workers in the Northwest region.
Develop a system of criteria / criteria to evaluate the results and impacts of
employment supporting policies for rural workers.


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Forecast of employment fluctuations and vocational training needs for
workers in the Northwest region.
The research results of the Thesis complement the scientific arguments on
employment support and employment supporting policies for rural workers in
general, especially in rural areas in the Northwest region in particular.
The results of the thesis are used as references in research and teaching
related fields (public management, public policy, economic management, social
science and humanities ... ) in colleges, universities and research institutes
nationwide.
About practicality
The thesis systematizes employment supporting policies for the rural
government of the central government and policies for supporting rural labor in
the Northwest region in particular in the early 1990s until now. The thesis
provides policy makers, managers and researchers with an overall picture of the
results of implementing employment supporting policies for workers in the
Northwest region in the past time; providing more information from practical
research to scientists aiming to advise the Party and the State to develop
appropriate policies on employment support for workers in the Northwest region
to 2025, orientation to 2030.
The thesis studies international lessons learned about the model of effective
employment support for mountainous people will provide more arguments for
managers and policy makers to determine appropriate models of support. jobs for
workers in Vietnam.
The thesis proposes an evaluation framework with a set of criteria / criteria to
serve the assessment of the results and impacts of employment supporting policies
for workers in the Northwest region in Vietnam.
Full and comprehensive assessments of the thesis on the results and impacts
of employment supporting policies for workers in the Northwest region from the
early 1990s to the present as well as pointing out achievements and limitations and
the reason in the policy of employment support for workers in the Northwest

region will help determine the direction, proposal and recommendations to
improve policies in the coming years.

Chapter 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
On the basis of reviewing research projects at home and abroad, the thesis
gives conclusions about research vacancies, which is a premise for
implementing this thesis. As follows:
Firstly, domestic and foreign studies mentioned many aspects of vocational
training and highlighted the role of the state in vocational training as well as
advanced vocational training models in the world. Vietnam has also had many
policies to acquire vocational training models towards integration in parallel
with completing laws and policies for vocational training, including interest in
ethnic minority people. numbers as well as ethnic minority areas. However,
separate studies on employment supporting policies for mountainous workers in
general and in rural areas in the North West in particular are still limited,
especially researches based on teaching interdisciplinary approaches. career with
employment and socio-economic issues.
Secondly, although there are many studies on policies and results of
implementation of vocational training policies and employment in many
countries around the world as well as in Vietnam, however, studies on policy
assessment Supporting jobs for mountainous workers in general, the
Northwestern rural labor is presented relatively simply, only describing the
results of policy implementation but not deeply analyzing the direct impact. ,
indirectly supporting employment on employment status of this target group; or,
if so, only stop at a few pilot programs and projects on a small number of
locations, but have not been tested on a large scale in the whole Northwest
region. Therefore, the analysis of the causes affecting employment status,
employment quality of rural workers in the Northwest through participation in
employment assistance programs only stops under other perspectives. each other

from the state, from the workers themselves, from the socio-economic
development environment ... but there is no link in a whole.
Thirdly, studies on policies to support employment for rural and
international workers in the country today, although it has shown the criteria /
indicators systems that reflect the results and impacts of policies. to employment
status, income of rural workers; However, these criteria have not yet received
consensus among scholars and analysts. Therefore, causing many difficulties for
management agencies when making policy adjustments.
On the basis of reviewing research projects at home and abroad, the thesis


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gives conclusions about research vacancies, which is a premise for
implementing this thesis. As follows:
Firstly, domestic and foreign studies mentioned many aspects of vocational
training and highlighted the role of the state in vocational training as well as
advanced vocational training models in the world. Vietnam has also had many
policies to acquire vocational training models towards integration in parallel
with completing laws and policies for vocational training, including interest in
ethnic minority people. numbers as well as ethnic minority areas. However,
separate studies on employment supporting policies for mountainous workers in
general and in rural areas in the North West in particular are still limited,
especially researches based on teaching interdisciplinary approaches. career with
employment and socio-economic issues.
Secondly, although there are many studies on policies and results of
implementation of vocational training policies and employment in many
countries around the world as well as in Vietnam, however, studies on policy

assessment Supporting jobs for mountainous workers in general, the
Northwestern rural labor is presented relatively simply, only describing the
results of policy implementation but not deeply analyzing the direct impact. ,
indirectly supporting employment on employment status of this target group; or,
if so, only stop at a few pilot programs and projects on a small number of
locations, but have not been tested on a large scale in the whole Northwest
region. Therefore, the analysis of the causes affecting employment status,
employment quality of rural workers in the Northwest through participation in
employment assistance programs only stops under other perspectives. each other
from the state, from the workers themselves, from the socio-economic
development environment ... but there is no link in a whole.
Thirdly, studies on policies to support employment for rural and
international workers in the country today, although it has shown the criteria /
indicators systems that reflect the results and impacts of policies. to employment
status, income of rural workers; However, these criteria have not yet received
consensus among scholars and analysts. Therefore, causing many difficulties for
management agencies when making policy adjustments.
Fourth, although there have been studies on labor demand analysis
(Cörvers and Hensen, 2004; Le Dong Phuong, 2010; Tran Thi Phuong Nam,
2014 ...), the demand for vocational training (Christofides, 2006 ; Department of
Employment, 2011 ...). However, the analysis of labor demand and the demand

for vocational training for rural workers in the Northwest region is still relatively
open.
Fifth, although previous studies also mentioned this problem, case studies
in the Northwestern rural area have never been done. This study therefore
considers and assesses the component elements of how employment supporting
policies affect the employment status of rural workers in the Northwest; The
status of income of rural workers in the Northwest varies from the results of
implementation of employment supporting policies of the Central and the

province.
Chapter 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
ON THE EMPLOYMENT SUPPORTING POLICY FOR RURAL
LABORERS
Firstly, employment, income of rural workers and the contents of
employment supporting policies for rural workers
Rural workers are people aged 15 and over, able to participate in the labor
market in rural and mountainous areas in the form of self-employment, selfemployment or employment under the management of employers in the form of
labor contracts or no labor contracts but are paid remuneration.
Income of rural labor is income which is the added value of production that
households are entitled to to compensate for labor remuneration in the family,
for remanufacturing if any. The income of rural workers depends on the results
of the production activities they perform. Income of rural workers from
endogenous and exogenous sources
Employment support for rural workers is the implementation of policies
and measures by the central government and local authorities to help rural
workers increase working time, improve incomes, thereby raising High quality
of life of individuals and families, contributing to promoting local development.
Therefore, the policy of supporting employment for rural workers is
understood as the overall viewpoints, solutions and tools implemented by the
central government and local authorities to support rural workers to improve. get
employment status, increase income, contribute to the local economic
development in particular and the country in general.
The objective of the employment support policy for rural workers is to
address the following aspects: (i) Firstly, fully and rationally use rural labor
resources for the socio-economic development career. Assembly; avoid wasting


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resources during development. (ii) Secondly, resolving non-agricultural jobs
well, contributing to ensuring political security and social order and safety in the
locality.
The enactment of the policy of employment support for rural workers is
primarily the central government with legal documents on employment support
directly issued by the government or decrees. guiding circulars of ministries and
ministerial-level agencies attached to the Government. Based on the policies
issued by the central government, the local government will issue specific and
specific policies associated with the socio-economic conditions of the area.
Subjects of the promulgation of policies to support jobs for rural laborers in each
province are therefore the chairman or the person who is empowered by the
chairman of the provincial People's Committee to handle jobs for local laborers.
table. As well as the central government, participating in the policy-making
process, the provincial functional departments and other socio-political
organizations also contribute to policy making and helping people. issued
policies that get optimal policy.
Participating in the implementation of policies, are organizational
individuals determined from the promulgated policy including functional
departments under the provincial People's Committee, vocational and vocational
centers, policy banks, socio-political organizations in the area.
The principle of the employment support policy for rural workers is the
point of view that directs the behavior that the policy-maker determines when
planning methods is or is not in policy implementation. These principles are
defined on the basis of the perceived requirements of objective laws that govern
policy processes and policy objectives.
The modules of employment supporting policies for rural workers include
(i) Career orientation and job introduction policies; (ii) Vocational training

policy for rural workers; (iii) Credit policy
Secondly, assess employment supporting policies to change endogenous
income and life of rural workers
Evaluation of policy implementation results for rural workers: this
assessment is done on the following criteria (i) Changes in employment status in
the area: the change here includes the variation changing the employment
structure, working time as well as the form of labor market participation; or the
qualifications of workers; (ii) The change in special income is the poverty status
of labor or households, and its impact on local development.

Assessing the impact of employment supporting policies on the changes in
endogenous income and life of rural workers: this assessment is carried out on
the first criteria (i), assessing the impact of end implementation of departmental
policies to transform the income of rural workers; (ii) Second, assess the impact
of income changes on living conditions of rural workers
Evaluating the causes affecting the current status of employment
supporting policies for rural workers, this assessment is carried out on the
following criteria: (i) first, the perception of the objects issued, enforced and
benefiting from career-oriented policies and job introduction for rural workers
assessed through criteria reflecting the usefulness of policy beneficiaries; (ii)
Secondly, the perception of the subjects who enact, enforce and enjoy the
employment supporting policies for rural workers is assessed through criteria
reflecting the level of benefits that the policy brings. for them; (iii) thirdly, the
perception of the subjects issuing, enforcing and benefiting from the rural
development credit policy is assessed through criteria that reflect the level of
benefits that the policy brings to them.
In addition to the cognitive assessments for rural employment supporting
policies; limitations on policy content, methods, measures and resources for
policy implementation are also analyzed through relevant data in the mutual
relationship with the current socio-economic development situation. areas of the

studied provinces.Hai là, đánh giá chính sách hỗ trợ việc làm đến biến đổi thu
nhập nội sinh và đời sống của lao động nông thôn
Third, factors affecting employment supporting policies for rural workers
Capacity for policy planning and implementation
Factors of macro environment and policy itself
Workers themselves
Fourthly, to study experiences on employment supporting policies for
rural laborers: South Korea, China and some lessons learned for Vietnam.
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHOD
Design research framework
On the basis of reviewing the system of policies promulgated by the central
government and local authorities implemented in 6 provinces in the Northwest,
the study conducted an analysis of the status of employment of rural workers in
the area. this area in terms of working time, employee qualifications,
occupations and working position of workers; The topic focuses on three issues


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of assessing employment supporting policies for rural workers in the Northwest
region, including: evaluating the results of policy implementation and assessing
the impact of policies and policies Price causes affect employment supporting
policies for rural workers in the Northwest region.

policies. employment support for rural workers deployed in the Northwest
region.
Based on the forecast of the situation of labor mobility and participation of
workers in the Northwest economic sectors in the coming period, combined with

the current situation of employment supporting policies for rural laborers in the
region. This topic provides some solutions to improve employment supporting
policies for rural workers in the Northwest region in the coming period.
Research process
Step 1: Review documents, formulate a research framework on
employment supporting policies for rural workers in the Northwest region.
Step 2: Collect secondary data, approve the report of the 6 provinces in the
Northwest Region on policies to support employment for rural workers in the
Northwest region from 1993 to present; Report on employment and rural labor
in the Northwest according to the report of the General Statistics Office; Studies
on rural employment have been published from 2010 onwards.
Step 3: Data processing and analysis of the status of employment
supporting policies for rural workers in the North West North West region
according to the objectives, showing the achieved points and drawbacks, image
factors enjoy the results stated.
Step 4: Provide solutions to improve employment supporting policies for
rural workers in the Northwest Northwest region, from which to draw
recommendations to implement solutions to the authorities at all levels .Các
phương pháp sử dụng nghiên cứu
Approach
To achieve the objectives set out in this study, the approaches of the topic
are as follows:
- Institutional approach: In this study, with the institutional approach, the
research team focused on clarifying policies that governments around the world
have issued and implemented to support the working group. mountainous areas,
actively participating in the labor market. In addition, the views and policies to
support rural labor in the Northwest (mainly in poor districts) are issued by the
Party and the Government from the Doi Moi period to date. unsatisfactory
points to make recommendations to support employment for rural workers in the
Northwest and in accordance with regional customs and address the socioeconomic development goals of the Party and the Government. government set

out in the coming period.

Contents of policies to support
employment for rural workers
Background
Objectives
Policy-makers
Principles
Contents
Career and
employment
services
Vocational
training
Credit
Affacted factors
Capacity of policy-makers and
deployers
Macro and the policies
Employeers

Evaluation
Outputs
Impacts
Reasons

Economic
development
trend
in

Northwest region
Employment
trends
in
Northwest region
in the coming
years

Solutions
Opinions on building model for employment
supporting for rural labour up to 2030
For people ffrom 16-60 years
old
For people over 60 years old
Recommendations for local and central
government
Recommendations for contents
Others

Figure 3.1: Research framework on employment supporting policies
for rural workers in the Northwest region
The factors affecting policy are analyzed relatively flexibly in this topic: (i)
For elements from macro environment and policy itself, the thesis uses primary
survey data through widely published reports of the General Statistics Office, of
the 6 provincial People's Committees on employment status, income, poverty as
well as local development orientation in the coming period to point out Current
employment status in the Northwest rural area; (ii) For the elements of planning,
enforcement as well as policy beneficiaries, the study also uses primary surveys
to assess the recognition of the kidneys of these objects for the content of

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- From reasoning to reality: The thesis conducts research on different
approaches of domestic and foreign scientists, organizations on employment
support in general, for rural workers in the North West in particular. . From the
study of successes, lessons learned from some countries such as Korea and
China to provide some job recommendation for the Northwestern rural workers
in Vietnam in the coming period.
- From the endogenous perspective of exogenous integration: This
approach requires research as well as solutions to fully consider both internal
and external factors in policy making and implementation. employment support
for rural workers in the Northwest, in which the basic problem is to combine
external resources with internal internal capacity. Exogenous factors that are
positively absorbed by the rural Northwest workers will create useful impacts on
decision making when participating in the labor market. In contrast, these
exogenous factors, if they bring negative effects to employees, inevitably cause
negative effects in the decision-making process to participate in the labor market
of the rural Northwest . This approach therefore requires consideration of the
formation, historical origins and development of peoples associated with the
natural, economic, social and transformative environment of internal relations.
birth and exogenous. These studies and assessments serve as a basis for
proposing the direction of building a job support policy for suitable rural
Northwest workers in the coming time.
- System approach: According to this approach, the thesis will clarify the
components of the Employment Support Policy for rural workers, (i) the basis
for policy issuance; (ii) Objectives of the Employment Support Policy for rural
workers; (iii) subjects issued and target groups of policies; (iv) Department

policies

according to 07/2006 / QD-BLDTBXH. Each province (city) will at least one
vocational secondary school or vocational college, each district or town has at
least one vocational training center or district cluster with a vocational
secondary school in order to create favorable conditions for vocational learners.
especially in remote areas, islands, ethnic minorities and rural areas, provinces
and cities in general and the Northwest region have been invested to develop
vocational education systems and orientations. Occupation for labor in the area
In general, in the recent period, the implementation of vocational orientation and
gender policies Employment in rural areas in the Northwest is relatively
different between localities.
Secondly, vocational training policy for rural workers
Like the policy for vocational guidance and job introduction for rural
workers in general, the Northwestern rural labor in particular, the technology
training policy of the Northwest mountainous provinces is shown through
resolutions. Decrees, decrees, resolutions, directives and projects of each
province are issued based on the policies of the central government. In general,
the policies of each province aim at common goals to improve the quality and
efficiency of vocational training, in order to create jobs and increase income of
rural workers; contributing to labor restructuring and economic structure,
serving the agricultural and rural industrialization and modernization; improve
the rate of trained workers and employment rates after being trained ...
Thirdly, credit policy for rural development
For localities in a country following a single state model, the promulgation
of policies on socio-economic development, job creation for laborers in the
localities of the local authorities is often based on the documents resolutions,
decisions, circulars or programs and projects of the central government. For the
six North West provinces, the provinces that depend on the content of policies
promulgated are often outside the main directions of the central government's

policy. It may even be just the implementation of central government policies,
especially credit-related policies. In general, in the northwestern six provinces,
the local government does not issue a specific credit policy to develop rural
areas but it is included in the socio-economic development program of local.
Results of implementing employment supporting policies for rural
workers in the Northwest region
Although provinces have issued decrees, resolutions, directives or even
projects and according to the evaluation of socio-economic development results

Chapter 4
ANALYSING CURENT EMPLOYMENT SUPPORTING POLICY FOR
RURAL LABOR IN THE NORTHERN REGION IN THE PERIOD OF
2011-2017
System of employment supporting policies for rural workers in the
Northwest region
Firstly, vocational orientation policy and job introduction for rural workers
Based on "Planning to develop the network of vocational colleges,
vocational schools, vocational training centers by 2010 and orientations to 2020"


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of each province in the Northwest region, the training objectives career, socioeconomic development of the province have met and exceeded targets.
However, despite achieving and exceeding the target, the labor force in rural
areas in the Northwest is much lower than the general level of labor
qualifications of rural areas nationwide. In the Northwest, the province with the
highest level of trained and trained rural workers only achieved one fifth of the
total workforce; the rest of the lower provinces have not even reached the level

of 10% of trained workers.
Regarding working time, policies to support employment for rural workers
in the Northwest in the last 3 years do not create stable growth in employment,
when the working time of workers The dynamics of each province fluctuate
abnormally over three years because of changes from natural conditions such as
landslides, floods or economic instabilities due to the macroeconomic
fluctuations that the locality suffers.
When considering the working time, in the Northwest region, the results of
comparative analysis show that, if working in Dien Bien, the rate of working
less than 40 hours per week is the most; Son La is the province where the rate of
workers working over 40 hours per week is the highest. However, the most
untrained province is Lai Chau.
Policies to support employment for rural workers in the Western region
have contributed to reducing the proportion of workers engaged in agricultural
activities, creating conditions for workers to participate in the service and public
sectors. career in the area. However, compared to the national average, the
situation of agricultural households in the Northwest is much higher and almost
doubled in 2016. In other words, in the development process Socio-economy,
when other provinces, the status of urbanization and economic structural
transformation take place strongly with the implementation of socio-economic
policies, policies to support employment for workers. However, the state of
attachment to farming due to geo-economic situation still prevails in this area.
The impact of the policy on changing the endogenous income of rural
workers in the Northwest region
The results of the regression analysis of the effects of the outcome
variables of vocational training, access to credit to the collection of workers
without labor contracts in rural areas in the Northwest region show that:
(1) The research results show that, among the 4 industries in which the
rural people in the surveyed area are participating in the process of social

development, the households participating in service activities have the highest
income. and only pure agricultural households have the lowest income. In other
words, the process of economic development in rural areas, if the family has a
higher income than non-agriculture, the family's income will increase and vice
versa (P_value <5%). In other words, supporting successful job conversion to
reduce the share of agricultural labor will contribute to increasing household
income; Training level (culture) of the household head has a positive impact on
household income (P_value <5%). Households with minimum qualifications
from upper secondary schools or higher will have higher incomes than
households with a maximum level of lower secondary education; vocationally
trained households will have better incomes than those who have not received
vocational training; With vocational training, the difference between those who
are trained with the training is not granted by recognizing the impact of the
training process on income changes of labor is not clear (P_value> 5% ) ..
(2) The fact that borrowing money for business activities always exists in
the economy, including economic activities in rural areas. Farmers' families can
buy feed and wait until they sell new livestock and poultry to repay the owners
who sell food; Households can also import goods and pay for suppliers after
they have sold their products. In addition, the number of households that declare
credit activities accounts for only a very small percentage of the whole survey
sample; The survey data also showed that those who carry out borrowing
activities are mainly those in difficult economic conditions, or have conducted
property purchases or major household repairs during the study year. .
Therefore, the regression results show that there is no difference in the impact of
households having access to credit to transform income of households in rural
areas in the six provinces studied ( P_value> 5%).
Vietnam is a developing country, so people in rural areas in 6 provinces in
the Northwest region have less conditions to apply advanced and modern
technologies in the production process. Therefore, the technology being used by
households in this area in the daily production and business activities is

backward, the households are very difficult to create a big change in income
from work. apply the technology they own. Therefore, the impact of current
technology application on the increase in income of rural households in Hoa
Binh, Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai and Yen Bai provinces is not
available ( P_value> 5%).


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The impact of income on poverty of rural workers in the Northwest
region
In other words, policies to support employment for rural workers in the
Northwest, despite promoting positive contributions to increasing income for
rural workers, this level is relatively precarious. Helping poverty reduction be
sustainable when the rate of re-poverty is relatively high, especially in the
context of economic and social shocks.
In the Northwest provinces, out of 6 provinces, there are 4 districts
escaping from poverty and equally divided between Son La and Lai Chau.
While in Lai Chau, the province has two districts that have escaped poverty and
no more poor districts have been supplemented by the new Prime Minister's
decision; In Son La, in addition to the two districts that have escaped from
poverty, there are 3 poor districts out of a total of 5 poor districts as decided by
Decision 30a, according to the decision of 275 provinces, there is one more
district falling into poverty along with 3 districts that have not escaped poverty ;
Also according to Decision 275, Hoa Binh has added a district to the poor list
although previously Hoa Binh was the only northwestern province without a
poor district. Not much increase in income, employment status has not changed
significantly in terms of time and type of work has also significantly affected the

situation of escaping from poverty and being classified as a poor area of the
Northwest according to Decision set 275.
Impact on living conditions of households in the Northwest rural area
In the Northwest provinces, the number of people participating in health
insurance is the most in Son La, while Lai Chau is the province with the lowest
rate of participation in health insurance. However, in terms of the percentage of
people who are granted free health insurance cards over the total number of
people participating in health insurance, Lai Chau is the province with the
highest percentage of people receiving health insurance cards, over 80 % of total
people participating in health insurance is paid by the state budget. Meanwhile,
Son is a province where the proportion of people who are granted free health
insurance cards even though over 70% of people participate in health insurance
in the province but this is also the province where the proportion of people who
are granted insurance cards Health on the total number of health insurance
participants is at the lowest level.
In the Northwest region, except Hoa Binh, the remaining 5 provinces have
a lower percentage of households using electricity than the national average. Lao

Cai, Yen Bai and Son La are the localities where people have the highest rate of
using electricity outside the national grid; on the contrary, Hoa Binh is the
situation where the number of households using electricity grids other than the
national grid is the lowest in the region. In general, with the current policies, the
disadvantaged groups are not only supported by the state to supply electricity
lines but also subsidize electricity consumption, so the percentage of households
in the Northwest region is close to National average of electricity use.
Regarding the situation of domestic water use, the statistical report shows
that the highest percentage of rural workers who have access to tap water in the
Northwest region has not yet reached one third compared to the common area in
rural areas nationwide. ; even the province with the proportion of rural workers
who have access to tap water accounts for only about 10% compared to rural

areas nationwide. Thus, the statistical report shows that the majority of water for
domestic use of rural people in the Northwest is dug wells. In other words,
because the income is not high, it is also the poor provinces so the supply
capacity of the government, as well as the payment of the household is not high,
so people choose to use dug wells to serve their living.
In the Northwest provinces, rural areas with permanent houses of Lao Cai
and Yen Bai provinces are more than the national average. Despite being poor
provinces, many households are in poor condition but compared to the whole
country, the proportion of households living in semi-permanent houses, lowincome houses and single houses of the regional area The northwest mountain is
lower than the national average. In other words, with the current government
policies and the use of local government support for housing conditions of the
Northwestern rural population.
The causes affecting the results of implementing employment
supporting policies for rural workers in the Northwest
From capacity to plan and enforce policies
Firstly, the central government has been facing problems in planning and
implementing policies when programs aimed at supporting employment to
increase income for rural workers have been falling into the state. overlap or
difficult to clarify the responsibility of the local implementing agency.
Secondly, the local government is relatively passive in developing
employment counseling plans and vocational training programs. In other words,
the assessment of the job management team in Lao Cai province shows that the
development of vocational training and consultancy plans often stems from the


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set targets, and vocational training courses are conducted. by existing and

existing methods.
Thirdly, the policy-making capacity of the provincial government is even
higher than the average level, however, the quality of approved vocational
training programs is not high when most of the judgments think the vocational
training program is lacking. practical applications. In addition, the list of
vocational training spreads, making the quality of vocational training programs
slowly renewed by teachers at a time to undertake many training fields.
Fourthly, the perception of the policy enforcement ministries supporting
employment for policy implications as well as policies and practices of policy
implementation also has inconsistencies. In other words, officials themselves
implement policies to support employment for rural workers in Lao Cai have not
mastered the operations in the process of implementing policies, it is very
difficult to implement job counseling policies. make good career guidance for
rural workers in the area.
Fifthly, the source of funding for implementation of the employment
support policy for incorrect and ineffective use. When local authorities have not
yet allocated sufficient and timely budgets to support the development of
vocational training centers according to the norms of Project 1956; ensuring
public houses for trainers to participate in vocational training classes in public
schools in mountainous and remote districts, with many ethnic minorities ...
From macro environment and policy itself
For vocational guidance and job introduction policies, the results of the
interview of the survey group said that information on employment, although the
usefulness of the information they received is not high (2.83). ; The information
they received from the district and commune People's Committee channels did
not really give them the opportunity to get jobs (2.83), and they themselves did
not have the skills to find satisfactory employment information. They think that
the information they receive from the local organizations and associations is
more meaningful to them than other organizations in the province in obtaining
employment opportunities.

Vocational training policy for rural workers in the Northwestern Region
of the Northwestern Region. For vocational training issues, 300 subjects of rural
labor 6 in the North West province surveyed said that these programs are still
theoretical, the amount of practice is not high (2.84). Understanding to be able to
apply to their work is also lower than the average level (2.91). In addition, the

number of equipment for learning process is insufficient and outdated (2.98).
The participants of the surveyed courses mostly shared the fact that they were
afraid to communicate with the lecturers in the entire course and the reasons
derived from the curriculum, they had no interest in talking about the theory.
and would like to discuss more about the actual situation handling.
The credit support policy for rural workers in the Northwest region is not
really effective. Many people have access to credit, especially individual
business households, who have not invested in loans for approved projects,
because many of these banks are not too close to controlling records as well as
checking Does the use of loans have the correct purpose? In addition, sanctions
against them are not really high.
This is also the reason that rural workers in the 6 provinces in the North
West have not really been aware of building loan plans and actively using loans
to promote family economy in a positive direction. In other words, the credit of
rural labor 6 in the Northwest Province, despite being implemented in
accordance with the current legal system, the provincial government strives to
support the most vulnerable groups to access. for credit capital (financially), but
the method of supporting the use of loan capital effectively is not really
supported by credit institutions by supporting them to develop economic plans.
When borrowing money and controlling the use of loans, is it used for the right
purpose.
From the workers themselves
From the macro environment, due to the fluctuation of the international
economy, the region's employment status is not stable, especially for skilled

workers.
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS TO UPGRADE THE EMPLOYMENT SUPPORTING FOR
RURAL LABORS IN THE NORTHWEST REGION
Orientation policies to support job creation for rural workers
Based on the socio-economic development strategy of the North West
provinces and the pressure to implement economic restructuring in a positive
way to improve the living conditions of people, especially those who work and
people people living in the northwestern mountains. Developing jobs of
Northwest workers until 2020 with a vision to 2030, thus aiming to shift both
the quantity and the proportion of labor from the agricultural sector to other
industries.


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In order to create jobs for farmers in the period of coming to the central
government, local authorities on the one hand need to create an adequate
institutional environment to implement three jobs-oriented orientations for
farmers according to the above models. but on the other hand, it is necessary to
have adequate measures to mobilize enterprises to invest in the area and
encourage enterprises to recruit local workers as the most optimal solution in job
creation. and develop local socio-economic in a sustainable way. The
recruitment of workers in the locality not only helps solve the situation of
employment for workers who lose land, must change jobs, but also limit the
social problems arising from immigration status.
Viewpoints on completing employment supporting policies for rural
laborers in the Northwest region

- For career-oriented and job introduction policies, it is recommended to
put top priority from business needs in the locality when implementing career
counseling and employment; actively cooperating with enterprises in job
consultancy and vocational training so that participants can feel assured about
their jobs after the training process; enhancing the ownership of the authorities
in search and disclosure of information to employees; more attention should be
paid to the trend of labor market participation in the province to have more
detailed introduction to introduce job opportunities in the province and abroad,
to avoid waste of time and resources when perform this activity.
- Vocational training policy zone: it is necessary to improve the capacity
of teaching staff in addition to arranging them to take on too many subjects in
the process of working at the center; the curriculum needs to be adjusted and
coordinated with the business to form specific provincial training programs; pay
attention to the implementation of the commitment to bring learners to practice
at some institutions to increase practical experience from the training process.
- For credit policy: strengthen the guidance and better control of credit
loans for borrowers to be more aware of the use of loans for the right purpose, to
minimize risks to the budget. as well as closely follow, support borrowers to
develop jobs, increase income.
Solutions to complete the policy on vocational training and
employment
Scenarios and plans for organizing propaganda and counseling activities
for rural workers in the Northwest region in the province need to be diversified
through direct talks in villages, vocational sessions at Center for career guidance

and job creation, forms of propaganda through public radio and television media
of the province and the workshops of the provincial conference on this issue to
get the optimal solution with different ethnic groups.
Solutions to complete vocational training policies
Regarding content, methods and means of vocational training: On the

basis of survey and planning of occupations suitable to the socio-economic
development orientation and reality, the District People's Committee directs
vocational training institutions to make plans. Detailed vocational training for
each subject of registered workers (the duration of study is not more than 60
days but the training period may last more than 03 months). The content,
methods and means of vocational training are informed of the opinions of
workers so that they can understand and participate in comments before
organizing vocational training classes, in which care should be taken to arrange
a lot of practice time. more in class with models, specimens; Learning theory
should guide workers to self-study at home.
- Developing management and monitoring mechanism after vocational
training: District People's Committee directs CPCs to grasp production and
business situation of workers after vocational training; periodically (6 months, 1
year) organize to meet workers to grasp their difficulties and problems and
propose to competent authorities for consideration and settlement. Regularly
synthesize and monitor the performance of workers after being trained,
especially their changes in production, income, poverty reduction.
Solution to complete credit policy
Strengthening technical support for people when building loan plans, as
well as promoting monitoring activities to ensure the use of loans for the right
purpose, limiting the situation of outstanding debts and using ineffective loans.
fruit.
CONCLUDE
The policy of supporting employment for rural workers in the northwest
northwest region has been implemented recently, which has brought about
positive impacts on the restructuring of industries and jobs and contributes to
promoting socio-economic development 6 north west provinces towards
progress.
Based on the situation as well as the orientation of socio-economic
development, job creation for laborers in the province, the study has reviewed

the system of employment supporting policies being implemented in the western


25

region. north, including central and local government policies, is being applied
in this area.
The study has developed a set of criteria used for policy and application
assessment to assess the status of policies to support employment for rural
workers in the northwest region since the government began to develop.
declared poverty attack programs from the early 1990s to the present
The study conducted a comparative assessment of income from
employment, endogenous income between the group of labor contracts and the
group without labor contracts. the results show that the income of the working
group has a labor contract, their average annual income is much higher than the
other group.
Further research conducted a regression assessment of the impact of the
measures used by the government to help improve the employment conditions of
the rural northwest workers.
In principle, the level of labor, occupation of the household, technology,
the ability to access capital (credit) all have a positive impact on income
changes. however, in fact, in the situation of northwestern crabs, credit and
technology are not meaningful. the secondary data collected in this study has
also proved that the regression results on the research samples are significant.
The thesis proposes 3 policy orientations for job creation support for rural
workers in general and application for the northwest region. accordingly, the
employees, according to age groups, will be oriented to create suitable jobs
when participating in the labor market in different ways.
In addition to solutions to complete the component policies of employment
supporting policies for rural workers in the northwest region. the thesis also

offers a number of views to solve the employment status of workers based on
the advantages of the area of the rooster area.

26

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