PhD Theme geomorphology and paleogeography: Eco-geomorphology research for appropriate terrestrial planning at Nghe An province

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SIENCE AND THCHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
-----------------------------

TUAN TONG PHUC

ECOGEOMORPHOLOGY RESEARCH AS A BASE FOR
APPROPRIATE TERESSTORIAL PLANNING AT NGHE AN
PROVINCE

PhD Theme: Geomorphology and Paleogeography

Hanoi – 2018


MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SIENCE AND THCHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
-----------------------------

TUAN TONG PHUC

ECOGEOMORPHOLOGY RESEARCH AS A BASE FOR
APPROPRIATE TERESSTORIAL PLANNING AT NGHE AN

PROVINCE

Professional: Geomorphology and Paleogeography
Code: 9.44.02.18

PhD theme: Geomorphology and Paleogeography

Ssupervisors:
1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Anh Lai Huy
2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Phai Vu Van

Hanoi – 2018


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PREFACE
1. The need of the thesis
At present, Vietnam as well as many countries in the world is facing
with more and more serious environmental problems caused by
themself development activities. As the consequence, caused exhaust
of natural resources, increase natural disasters, and finally harmful for
the development of future generation. One of the main reasons is the
limitation of the knowledge on natural system as a scientific base for
appropriate development planning under tendency of sustainable
development.
The sustainable development, in term of harmony among economic
benefit, environmental and social welfare is
inevitable demand for any countries, regions. Nghe An province was
set master planning to the year 2020 at vision to year 2030, in which

the ecology, environmental and social issues was mention, but the
development choice still remain obstacles by the lack of scientific
base.
At certain circumstance point out the need of the study as a base for
territorial planning in term of sustainable development. At the result,
the thesis dealing with study named “Eco-geomorphology research
for appropriate terrestrial planning at Nghe An province”.
ECOGEOMORPHOLOGY RESEARCH AS A BASE FOR
APPROPRIATE TERESSTORIAL PLANNING AT NGHE AN
PROVINCE
2. Objectives of the study
Study the ecogeomorphology conditions at Nghe An province as
a scientific base for providing rational territory planning under the
line of sustainable development.


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3. Research theme
- Overview of ecological geomorphology;
- Analyzing and evaluating the natural and socio-economic
characteristics that govern the ecogeomorphology pattern of Nghe An
province;
- Analyze and assess the ecogeomorphological pattern of Nghe An
province
- Proposing orientations territorial planning based on geography
science for ecogeomorphology zoning for the goal of harmony
between development and environmental protection.
4. Scope of the study
- Scientific objects: geomorphology forms and their development

dynamic in the whole ecosystems;
- Geography scope: Nghe An province territorial;
- Scientific scope: ecogeomorphology study at Nghe An province.
5. Defending issues
- The influence of latitude and region characters goes in hand with
increasing
of
human
activities,
those
defining
the
ecogeomorphological pattern of Nghe An. As the result, the Nghe An
territorial was set by 5 regions with 14 sub-region ecogeomorphology
by their whole pattern.
- The ecogeomorphology zoning units are scientific and practical
basis for proposing orientations for rational use of natural resources,
restoring ecological systems and protecting the environment towards
sustainable development.


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6. The new contribution of the thesis
- Contribute to the development of ecogeomorphology research
methodology - a new science branch in Vietnam;
- Identification of ecogeomorphological stable indices at Nghe An
territorial;
- The Nghe An ecogeomorphology pattern study was present at
Ecogeomorphological map with scale 1/200.000 as a scientific

and practical basis for proposing sustainable solutions.
7. The scientific and practical significance of thesis
Scientific significance: Contribute to the development of the
ecogeomorphological study in Vietnam; beyond the geography
system point of view, clarifying the nature objects and their changing
process go in hand with the actual socio-economic activities and
related environmental issues. It then recommends the direction of
sustainable socio-economic development. Therefore, the thesis has
contributed to improve the methodology in territorial research for the
purpose of rational use of natural resources and environmental
protection.
Practical applications: The recommendations for orienting
development activities given for each ecogeomorphology unit is a
scientific basis for local policy makers in the implementation of
development master plan at Nghe An province up to year 2030.
8. Document basis
8.1. The participated theme relate to the thesis
+ Thong Mai Trong et al. Use geographic information systems and
environmental management software to build a database for
environmental planning. Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment (2001-2003).


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+ Thong Mai Trong et al. Environmental planning of Vinh city, Nghe
An province. Nghe An Urban (2002-2004).
+ Thong Mai Trong et al. Prevention, control of pollution and
environmental restoration. Results of P1 activities of the VietnamSweden Cooperation Program on Strengthening Land and
Environmental Management Capacity (2005).

+ Anh Lai Huy et al. Assessing the situation and proposing measures
to prevent and minimize floods and floods in Nghe An province. Nghe
An Science and technology division (2008-2010).
+ Tuan Tong Phuc et al. Study and elaborate environmental
protection planning for Thai Hoa urban center in the 2008-2020
period, taking into account the following years. Nghe An Science and
technology division (2008-2010).
8.2. References to content related to the thesis
+ Periodic and supplementary monitoring data on environmental
quality of Nghe An province conducted by Center for Environmental
Monitoring and Technique, 2005-2014.
+ 60 research papers on theories of territorial natural resource
assessment, theories on integrated approach, theories of
environmental assessment, environmental planning and development
and 37 environmental documents, natural resources, socio-economic
and environment; 5 thesis related to study area; 5 websites.
9. Theme structure
Apart from the introduction, conclusion and reference materials, the
contents of the thesis include 3 chapters:
Chapter 1: Rationale and methodology
Chapter 2: Elements of ecological landscape formation in Nghe An
province


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Chapter 3: Ecological geomorphology of Nghe An province
The dissertation is presented in 143 pages, 32 tables of data, 28
drawings (maps, maps), 107 references in Vietnamese and foreign
languages.

CHAPTER 1. Rationales and Methodology
1.1. Theoretical foundation for ecological geomorphology
1.1.1. Concept of ecological geography
a). Definition
Darwin (1881), referring to the aspect of ecologic geomorphic when
study the role of earthworms in soil formation and vegetation
development [63]; Cowles HC (1899) examines the ecological
relationship of Lake Michigan sand dunes [68]. They are seemed to
be the primary authors on this branch science.
The ecogeomorphology terminology also used by scientists such as
Timofeev DA (1991), Hupp et al. (1995), Butler et al. (1995), Julie
Simard J (2010), Joseph M et al. (2011), Butler David R (2013) ...
According to Russian Geographic Dictionaries (2015), the
eogeomorphological term was defined as "... study the influence of
terrain and terrain processes on organisms, including humans "[91].
Although there is still remain a gap among the authors, the core of
ecgeomorpholocial study is considered to be a geomorphology
discipline, using an ecological approach based on multidisciplinary
and interdisciplinary principles, towards sustainable development.
b). Objects and tasks of ecological geomorphology
The object of the study is the interactions between geomorphologic
systems and human society (broadly speaking, the biological world,
including human beings).
The mission has two tasks:


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1). Analyzes the state of geomorphologic systems and their changes
by the influence of natural and human processes. Addressing this task

helps explain the structure and development of different
geomorphologic systems and provides links between geomorphologic
systems and the environment, including human activity.
2). Analysis of ecosystem status and changes due to
geomorphological characteristics and their forming dynamics. With
information on the structure of the system, it is possible to determine
the type and level of human impact on the system and the adverse
effect of the system on human well-being.

1.1.2. Overview of ecogeomorphological studies
a. In the world
Studies on the dominance of topography to the development of
biosphere, or vice versa, the impact of bio factors on terrain have been
developed in parallel with traditional geological and biological
sciences.
It began in the late eighteenth century, but has been quiet for some
decades, with representatives such as Timofeev, Gеrаsimov, Olson,
Hack and Goodlet. Timofeev "Ecogeomorphology, objects, objectives
and tasks"; Martin and Melissa Parsons "Ecogeomorphology: an
interdisciplinary approach to river science". Sergio Fagherazzi et al.
“Ecogeomorphology of tidal mash”. Wheaton J.M identifies the
specializations of science, especially those related to the
ecogeomorphology in the traditional sciences, as shown in Figure 1.2.
b. In Viet Nam
Anh Lai Huy, Tuan Tong Phuc, 2005 "Ecological geomorphology in
territorial organization planning (taking Ke Go nature reserve as an
example)". Anh Lai Huy, Tuan Tong Phuc, 2009 "Ecological


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approach to water supply solutions for Na Son town, Dien Bien Dong
district, Dien Bien province". The 2 paper was primary present
ecogeomorphology concept in Vietnam. The papers content dealing
with geomorphological attributes be able to support different types of
territorial organization and at the same time reflect the ecological
risks. Recently, Thao Nguyen Van (2015), in the PhD thesis
"Research on terrain changes with coastal forest ecosystems in
Quang Ninh province on the basis of application of remote sensing
technology and GIS" presenting geomorphology objects and bio
factors and their relationships. In 2016, Vu Van Phai and his
colleagues given the set of ecogeomorphology study in general
geomorphology science in particular and the earth sciences in general,
and also affirmed that this is the new research direction spotted in our
country.
1.2. Application aspects of ecogeomorphology
The Ecogeomorphology study is an applied research approach,
particularly for the rehabilitation and management of ecosystems
based on interactions between landform and biogeography. However,
in this study, the most common aspect is annexation with territorial
organization in the categories of territorial organization, development
planning and environmental protection planning.
1.3. Approaches and views
Use a systematic approach to examine the interrelationship between
the of material and energy cycle within and between the
ecogeomorphological units. This approach is based on integrated
geographic perspectives and sustainable development for territorial
units.
This approach is based on integrated perspective, a territorial
perspective and a view of sustainable development.

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1.4. Research Methods
The methods used for the study included: data collection and analysis;
field survey; remote sensing; geomorphological analysis;
geodynamics formation; geomorphology generation; combo
evaluation; mapping and geographic information systems; evaluate
the ecogeomorphology stability index.
The techniques for determining the ecogeomorphology stability
index: each class of object information with an evaluation scores of
the stability, and then normalized to a scale of 0 to 1. The smallest
score get value of 0 and the highest score get value of 1. The
ecogeomorphology stability index was given by an average value of
overall normalized element factors.
1.5. Research progress
The research process shown in Figure 1.6, consisting of 3 steps: data
collection, field survey, update data, checking field trip; Analyse and
evaluate the characteristics of Nghe An territorial, determine the
stability index, ecogeomorphological zoning; Proposed rational use of
the Nghe An province.
Chapter 1 summary
Ecogeomorphology concept was introduced over hundred year ago.
Even that, the ecogeomorphology study was new research style in
Vietnam.
The ecogeomorphology documents shows the differences among
authors with some debate, but the main thing point out that
Ecogeomorphology research branch is dealing with interrelationship
among biology and geomorphology system within whole nature

system. Those point of views as a base for determining object, target
and methodology on ecogeomorphology research, and also helpful for
territorial planning in term of sustainable development.


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Chapter 2. THE ECOGEOMORPHOLOGICAL FORMING
FACTORS AT NGHE AN PROVINCE
2.1. Natural characters
2.1.1. Geography position
Nghe An province located at central of North Central region,
boundaries with Thanh Hoa province at northen, Ha Tinh province at
southern, Lao republic at weastern and east sea at eastern.
2.1.2. Geometric topographic characters
Gemetric topographic character (slop, vertical and horrizon
dissection, wetness index) was obtained from dem base on
topography map at scan 1/50.000. Those as the contribution to
ecogeomorphology pattern at Nghe An. The geometric maps shows
the big distingust among locations, expectialy at mountain area.
2.1.3. Geology characters
Primery set of local geo-material and topo energy, with two
strata-tectonic zones: Truong Son array and west-north block. The
difference of tectonic moverment velocity at each areas with their
matterial play the important role in the set of exogenous processes as
well as their intencity.
At Nghe An, the rock forms was diversity, those include indogenous
rock (mainly intrude magma, and some bazan area at Thai Hoa, Nghia
Dan district), metamophic rock (marble blocks at Quy Chau, Quy
Hop distrtics), and about 2/3 of the province is sedimentary rocks.

2.1.4. Climate character
Nghe An province influenced by moonsoon climate with cold winter,
and two season: hot, hight humid and rainfall at summer, and cold at


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winter. The annual rainfall about 950m-2000m, and also divided to
two season is low and hight rallfall level.
The combination of temperater, rainfall and ecology criterias
presentes 24 eco-climate forms.
2.1.5. Hydrology condition
Nghe An have 7 basin, inwhich 6 short an small basin located seaside.
Only Ca Basin have an area 15.346 sq.km, take up 93,1% province
terristorian, and the river lengh is 361 km.
Annualy, the province land received 13,5 bil curbic metric surface
water, equavalency with 820mm surface, and Cv reached 0,47.
The Nghe An surface water resources divided to 5 region with
difference on exploitation potention, ranged: (1) Hoang Mai area; (2)
Upper part of Ca river basin; (3) Middle part of Ca river basin; (4)
Hieu river basin; (5) Downstream Ca river basin.
2.1.6. Geohydrology character
Nghe An have three aquiffer groups: hole aquiffers; cracking aquiffers;
and almost no water block. In general, the ground water resources at
poor to middle level. The potention to ground water exploitation was
limited at certain social-economic condition.
2.1.7. Pedology character
According to gengerous classification, the soil type at Nghe An
located in two group (sedimentary and weathering soil). Sedimentary
soil 247.774 ha occupied 16% province area. Inspite lown proportion,

but those are hight social economic activities go in hand with hight
sentivity with global climate change and sea water level rising. The
weathering soil almost using for forestry sector, but was recorded
with the sigh of negative changing.


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2.1.8. Biology character
The trend of moverment from natural ecosystem to human ecosysterm
was dominate. Event at Natural part, Natural prevention regions have
record the vilence activities. Accoding to biology statistical, the
province have 2.608 plants species, 211 vascular plants family. The
animal branch also more than less diversity with 490 vertebrate and
amphibians species, in which 124 mammal species, 293 birds species,
50 reptiles species and 23 frog species; 390 insect species; the water
animal belong 5 set, 14 family and 51 sub-family.
2.2. Social economic condition
2.2.1. Economic sectors
Positive changing on economic structure at period 2010-2016
(fig.2.12). In other hand, economic development cause pressures on
environmental, in which higher pressures at lowland in compare with
mountain land. Event in mountain area, go in hand with vegetation
degradation, there are occurred some hotspots of mineral exploitation
and waste dumping, those actually need to pay attention.

Tổng GTXS Năm 2010: 51.911.449 tr.đ

Năm 2016: 129.535.431 tr.đ

Figure 2.12. Economy structure change during period 2010-2016


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2.2.2. Land used character
At lowland area, the economic model have change as respont to short
time period market demend, that cause harmfull to environment, but
the economic benefit still remain debate. The substantial land was
change to infrastructure building, industry, urban, those have high
potention for environmental risk
At mountain land, model upland rise can meet at many area, but their
economic benefit very limited and cause many environmental
problem. The forestry land also have low benefit, with cultivate
species those limited on soil reclarmation. At national park, natural
conserve areas, allway faced with violence activities. The low
economic benefit is become obtacle for development, expectially with
tribal groups.
2.3. Environmental situation and natural disaster
2.3.1. Environmental situation
According to annual reports of environmental monitoring program by
Nghe An Resources and Environmental service during period 20102014 shows that: the increasing of resources exploitation for
economic development cause some adverse effects, such as mineral
exploitation industry, forestry industry, hydroelectric, infrastructure
building. In addition, the tourism development projects also cause
some problems in environmental issue and local livelihoods.
2.3.1. Natural disaster influence to ecogeomorphology character
Those can harm to ecosytem and finally cause demage to human
benefit. Beyond abover point of view, at Nghe An province, the
natural disaster was classified by: soil erosion, landslide, flood, beach

and bank erosion, santy intrusion, geology fraction, earthquake and
tsunami. In which, the soil errosion occured in vast area, that slowly
reducing production efficiency but do not attractive to people, but in


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long period will become disater; the flash floods, flooding, landslide
only occured in narrow area, but ussually goes with the lose of lives,
infrastructure and as consequence have more attactivenes.
2.4. Synthetic assessment of natural and social factors to
ecogeomorphology balance
2.4.1. Indigenous factors group
The rocks style:more then less diversity, but main area proportioin is
sandy, shale stone. The intrusion rocks located at some magma blocks
and bazan eruption at Nghia Dan. The quaternary sediment located at
seaside land and bottom velleys.
The tectonic moverment: belong to two strata-tectonic zone named
Truong Son array and Tay Bac Block with 10 difference moverment
velocity [1].
Tectonic faults: maily effected by Song Ca- Rao Nay system. They
can cause earthquake with Mmax=6,1-6,5; h=15-20km, Iomax=8 [56].
2.4.2. Exogenous factor group
Climate factor: L. Peltier (1950) [70] establish a scheme discrible the
interrelation between temperature, rainfall and exogenous process.
Compare the scheme with Nghe An climate condition point out the
dominate of chemical weathering, landslide and soil erosion. The
physical errosion only occure ate some area, those have low rainfall
and temperature.
Hydrology factor: Surface water regime are strong regional

distinguish. The human water body stocks and dyke are move and
more contribute to natural processes.
Groundwater factor: plays the role in landslide process, in other hand
it help for biology development, expecially during dry season.
Soil factor: sensitive for soil degradation caused by surface and rill,
inter-rill errosion. Each soil unit presents their resistence level but it


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will change due to the obtain of grit in surface land, mono vegetation
species and unappropriate cultivate method.
Vegetation cover factor: althought hight cover rate, but not go in hand
with density, and usually violate event. The main point is local
ecosystem values was not well performed and apply to soical
economic development. In addition, the land protection function of
vegetation cover was variesty to their species and density.
Wave factor: along 82 km sea beach, mainly sand, silt, mud styles,
those sense to wave action, espectialy during storm event. Because
the lowland have highest human properties density, consequency the
need for stratagic plan to avoid nagative effect.
Tidal and sea level rise in storm: the daily tidal with amplitude about
3-4m at northern Hoi mouth and 1.2-2.5m at southern Hoi mouth
[44]. The sea water level rise in storm is 0,6-0,7m in average, and can
reachs maximum 2,5-2,6m [42], those are criterias for terristorial
planing. At given time (10/2017; 8/2018), the sea water level rise
during storm and high tidal cause sea over dyke flood at Dien Chau,
Quynh Luu with huge damage.
Along coast current: be part of Tonkin bay current sustem with two
season direction, southest in winter and northest in summer. The

tendency of lower river sediment load and change water river regime
also contribute to potention change of the along coast current with
possible coast errosion.
Sea level rise: the sea level rising cause land errosion was confirm by
many author. Nghe An province also have same situation with the
inrcreasing of beach erossion.
2.4.3. Human factor group
Human activities play importance role in the Nghe An ecosytems, but
still remain the lack for appropriate measure methodology and for


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evaluation their impacts. In certain circumstance, the evaluation only
in term of quality access.
2.4.4. Natural hazard group
Seem as the results of interaction between natural system and human
activities which can cause harmfull for human properties as well as
ecosystem healthy. The main hazard styles at Nghe An are: flooding,
flash floods, soil erosion, beach erosion, drought. The earthquake,
tsunami, sea level rive have low occurence frequency but also be paid
attention in the province development stratagy.
Chapter 2 summary
Nghe An have hight diversity of natural conditions, social-economic
and enviromental situation. The localization of a synthetic system at
Nghe An province presents their components and the
interrelationship.
The generation alnalyzation present their forming componets and
changing dynamic, in which recognize the increasing of human
activities. The chapter 2 result as a scientific base for study

ecogeomorphological pattern study at Nghe An province.
Chapter 3. ECOGEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND
APPROPRIATE TERESSTORIAL USING AT NGHE AN
PROVINCE
3.1. Geomorphology Character of Nghe An province
3.1.1. Geomorphology forms
Geomorphology form was given by topographic analyse (slope,
vertical and horison dicsection), field trips, geology data, soil map and
Remote sensing data. The geomorphological map was established at
scale 1/100.000 with 16 erosion forms and 9 sedimentation forms. In


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which the erosion form is domination in term of area, the
sedimetation form is only present at lowland and bottom valley.
3.1.2. Geomorphological styles
The detail analyse as a base for synthesic land form with
geomorphological style – a almost individual system with their land
form and changing processes (fig 3.2, with 14 geomorphological
styles).
In which, the middle mountain develop over uplift and stepeness
structure locate at highest mountain area; the low mountain style
locate bettween geology blocks; Limestone style at small uplift block
at Tan Ky – Con Cuong districts; Hill and bazan cover style at Nghia
Dan district; and the more mosaic pattern at lowland reflect
interaction of sea, land and human dynamic.
3.2. Ecosystem character at Nghe An province
3.2.1. Eveluation of forming and changing dynamic
In general, climate change and sea level rise play most importance

role, in particular each location was distinguish by exploitation,
production and waste disposal.
3.2.2. Ecosystem pattern
Generation point of view and biology documents, should be establish
ecosystem unit at Nghe An, involving 17 ecosystem style (fig 3.3). At
western Nghe An, the domination of natural ecosystem style. In other
hand, at eastern province, ecosystem was characterized by manmade
or almost change by human activities.
3.3. Determination of ecogeomorphology stability index at Nghe
An
3.3.1. The stability index of natural factors to the ecosytem
The natural factor for evaluation involving:


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+ Topographic parameter: slope, vertical and horizon dissection. The
evaluate results present at table 3.2.
+ Climate parameter: result present at table 3.4
+ Soil parameter: result present at table 3.5.
+ Hydrology parameter: result present at table 3.6.
+ Natural hazard parameter: result present at table 3.7.
3.3.2. The stability index of ecosystem to geomorphology form
+ Land used pattern parameter: result present at table 3.8.
+ Forestry pattern parameter: result present at table 3.9.
+ NDVI index: the value obtain from average of maximum and
minimum vegetation cover stutus (september-october 2016 and
February – march 2017). The value was nomanization in the range 01, in which highest value assign 1 and lowest assign 0.
+ Population density: statical base on city, districts adminitration
boundary, and then normanization in the range 0-1. In which Vinh

city (highest, 3.025 p/sq.km) assign value 0 and Tuong Dung district
(lowest, 26 p/sp.km) assign value 1.
3.3.3. Calculate ecogeomorphology stablity index
The abover parameter have been nomanization on scale 0-1, and
ecogeomorpholgical stablity index was calcutate as an average of over
all values with the Arcgis tool. The result shows at fig.3.3.
In general, the ecogeomorphological stability index can be range from
0 to 1, in which more close to 1 mean more stable and vise versa.
3.4. Ecogeomorphological zonning at Nghe An province
3.4.1. Ecogeomorphological mapping
The ecogeomorphological mapping was establish as primery
synthetic of ecogeomorphological character, with pay more attention


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on geomorphological style and ecosytem style. The result show at fig
3.4 and table 3.10.
3.4.2. Ecogeomorphological zonning
Ecogeomorphological zonning map are highest synthetic for create a
base of providing an appropriate terrestorial organizatioin. The map at
1/200.000 scale (fig 3.5), involve 5 zones (A,B,C,D,E) and 14 subzones. The A zone have 2 sub-zone (A1,A2), the B zone have 2 subzone (B1,B2), the C zone stay along it self, the D zone have 4 subzone (D1, D2, D3, D4) and E zone more complicate with 5 sub-zone
(E1,E2,E3,E4,E5).
3.5. Terristorial organization based on ecogeomorphologic zones
3.5.1. The role of ecogeomorphological zones in appropriate
teresstorial organization
For pupose of sustainalbe development, the need during practive
development activities are the consideration the interrelationship
among component factor to maintain ecosystem balancy and
environmental protection. Those thing possible to meet when dealing

with ecogeomorphology study with systematic approach.
3.5.3. General accessment of Nghe An Social-economic master
planning period to 2020 and vision to 2030
The analyses of terrestorial organization of development projects
shows the main point are:
1. At mountain region: biodiversity protection, forestry sectors,
ecotourism, hydroelectric and mineral exploitation industry.
2. Hill and denta region: cultivate, breed, aquaculture, urban
development, industry and marine tourism.
3.5.3. Appropriate terristorial organization based on
ecogeomorphology zone units


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Based on the analyse of ecogeomorphology zone unit with their
certain situation and changing trend, those given some orientation:
A. Middle and low mountain at nourth west zone (Que Phong, Tuong
Duong, Ky Son districts)
A1. Middle mountain Que Phong – Ky Son sub-zone: Forest
protection, forest prodcution; eco-tourism development. Support for
reserach and advertisement of their biodiversity values.
A.2. Low mountain Quy Chau – Quy Hop sub-unit: rehibilitate natural
forest, plantation forest, hydroelectric power at small and middle zise;
mineral exploitation.
B. Middle-low mountain south-west zone (Anh Son, Con Cuon, Tuong
Duong, Ky Son districts).
B1. Middle mountain Pu Mat national park sub-zone: Strickly protect
natural forest ecosystem at Pu Mat national park; develop of ecotourism, discover tourism; tribal group livelihood change to tourism.
C. Ca river valley zone (nouthern Con Cuong to Ky Son district): 01

sub-zone: No7 nation road economic corridor: protective forest and
production forest; develope the No7 nation road; cultivate for region
demant; built up tourism and trade infrastructure in relative to
neighbour region as well as Lao PRC; supporting for tribal group
development.
D. Low mountain – hill zone
D1. Hill Nghia Dan – Tan Ky sub-zone: developt industry plants
(coffe, tea, rubber, sugar-cane), fruit plants (orange, lemon);
processing industry at Phu Quy; grass field for milk cow, buffalo;
built waste treatment center.
D2: low mountain-hill Tan Ky sub-zone: protect the limstone
ecosytem; develop the local medicine plants and other special specie;
possible exploit some limstone sites.


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D3: Hill Yen Thanh – Tan Ky sub-zone: develop the production
forest, fruit plant and short-day cropt; create landscape for tourism
development in relative with delta area; built small irrigation lake;
possible to select a site for waste treatment for the area as well as
downstream region.
D4. Hill Anh Son – Thanh Chuong sub-zone: develop forestry and
agriculture; built up infrastructure for tourim development; built small
lake for irrigation; possible to exploit limstone, sand or creat a center
for waste treasment event for other region.
E. Hill – plan along coast
E1. Vinh city sub-zone: develop Vinh City to reach 1st class urban;
built up indutry park; develop urban vegetation, conditioned lake for
landscape beauty and environmental healthy; complete a waste

collection and treatment system; improve dyke system; Buiding-plan
take consider the effect of climate change and sea level rising; strick
handly the flood problem.
E2: Cua Lo town sub-zone: Built up tourism and trade infrastructure
in consider to avoid demage of landscape beauty; develop the
diversity of tourim type (sea-island; culture, eco-tourism...); protect of
wetland ecossystem; strickly monitoring nagative effects of building
port; Create the model tourim but still remain spectial local culture.
E3. Along coach Quynh Luu – Dien Chay sub-zone: protection and
reclamation of wetland ecosystem; develop aquaculture, fishery
production; beach torism development.
E4: Plan land Quynh Luu – Do Luong – Nam Dan – Nghi Loc:
develop the model agri-aquaculture; trade village; mineral
exploitation (clay, sand); residual site and urban, industry zone.


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E5: Plan-hill Do Luong – Nghi Loc – Nam Dan: protection forest and
cultivate forest; develop fruit plants; processing industry; possible to
built waste treament center.
E6. Along river Thanh Chuong – Hung Nguyen sub-zone: shortday
plants, expectialy vegetable plants for urban demend; Minimize
residual size at outside dyke.
Abover suggestion for eclogical zone and sub-zone development
should be point out the conclution: for efficience plan building, that
need to base on the study natural, social-economic and evironmental
in their interrelationship situation as a dynamic system. By the study
can propose the human activities those do not breakdown eco-balance
and eliminate nagative of natural hazards.

Chapter 3 summary
Nghe An has ecosystem diversity, but the changing dynamic is
mainly by human activities.
The province geomorphology and ecology factors providing the sense
of interrelationship, those possible shows up by ecogeomorphology
stable index. The analyse of ecogeomorphology factors providing to
classify and zonning of ecogeomorphology areas.
The comparation between ecogemorphology zones and the Master
plan for social-economic development up to 2020 and vision to 2030
point out the relativerly suitable. In other hand, the Plan involving
strong impacts to ecosystem, those should be eliminate.
The providing of development orientation base on
ecogeomorphological zone and sub-zone are scientific evidence for
ensure sustainable development in Nghe An province.

CONCLUTION
The study contains point out some main points:


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1. Sustainalbe development is the need of any contries, regions and
the ecosystem approach was recognise by many authors for solve
proplem among interrelationship among economic development,
society stable and environmental healthy.
2. The sense of geomorphology in the whole ecosystem elements was
point out over 100 year ago. The continuing development help to
demonstrate that ecogeomorphology study is a branch of
geomorphology with inter- intra disciplinery, dealing with ecosystem
and enviromental problems for ensure sustainable development.

3. The analyse and assessment of natural condition, social-economic
and evironmental situation, those influence to Nghe A
ecogeomorphology pattern with main results:
a). Each ecosystem element have it worn ecogeomorphology
stability index, and the synthetic of those given synthetic
ecogeomorphology index, ranged from 0.26 to 0.69, in which the
value at plan area lower than mountain and hill area.
b). Determining 14 geomorphology forms and 16 ecosytem
forms. The combination was establish 16 ecogeomorphology forms.
4. Base on 16 ecogeomorphology forms, by domination rule in
zonning process, allowing to given:
a). 5 ecogeomorphology zone with 14 sub-zone, those include:
a). Middle-low mountain north-west Nghe An zone with 2 sub-zones;
b). Middle-low mountain south-west Nghe An with 2 sub-zones; c).
Ca river valley zone with only 1 sub-zone; d). Low mountain and hill
zone with 4 sub-zones; e). Hill- flat land along coach zone with 5 subzones, those are main dynamic for social-economic and policy
development for Nghe An province.


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b). The characteristic of each ecogeomorpholgy zonning unit are
scientific base for providing an appropriate terrestorial organization in
term of sustainable development.
5. The ecogeomorphological zoning units given the
methodolody and practical values for terrstorial planing which ensure
balance of ecology functions involve nature – environment and socialeconomic.
6. The annalyse of Master plan for social-economic
development to year 2020 and the vision to year 2030 shows the
relatively suitable with ecogeomorphology zone unit character,

although need add some enviromental protection activities and pay
more attention on tribal group. In addition, the neet of improvement
of using resources and enviromental protection, with an appropriate
managment machanic, and community knowledge for ensureing
sustainable development.