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Lecture Management of retail buying – Chapter 8: International vendors

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Ch. 8: International Vendors
• The proliferation & importance of imported 
products
• Gray markets
• Consumer attitudes about American­made 
versus foreign­made goods
• Finding international vendors & intermediaries
• Shipping costs & getting goods through U.S. 
Customs

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese


Why Buy Internationally?
• Lower costs
• U.S. shoppers no longer “swear loyalty” to 
American­made brands when price is a factor
• American­made markets no longer exist for 
some types of goods (notably electronics)
• International market offers wider range of 
products to choose from in trend­setting 
categories (clothing, wine, vehicles, etc.)

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese


Gray Market (Parallel Imports) Goods
PROS                                  CONS

• Name brands 
available at much 


lower prices
• A way for U.S. 
consumers to “fight 
back” against high 
prices
• High profitability for 
deep discounters

• Ethical & legal 
concerns about  
trademark 
infringement
• Legal questions of 
products’ “material 
difference”
• Damage to image, 
reputation of name­
branded products

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese


Buying Foreign Goods from Domestic Sources
• Import merchant
Wholesaler who usually stocks, sells one type or category 
             of product 

• Resident sales agent
Represents multiple foreign manufacturers
May or may not have product on hand


• Import commission house
Represents multiple foreign manufacturers
Imports & stores goods
Paid on commission by manufacturers

• Buying office
            International offices represent retailers, locate product
            & negotiate with manufacturers

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese


Buying Foreign Goods from Foreign Sources
• Foreign export merchant
       Wholesaler whose business is strictly exporting

• Export sales representative
        Sells the manufacturer’s goods to retailers
        Shows samples but maintains no inventory 

• Export commission house
      May represent multiple foreign manufacturers         

         Paid on commission by manufacturers

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese


Buying Foreign Goods from Foreign Sources 

(continued)

• Foreign freight­forwarder
          Licensed by U.S. Maritime Commission to arrange

         shipping, proper documentation on behalf of
         exporters

• Commissionaire or purchasing agent
          Buying office that helps international buyers do

         business in nation where office is located

• Customs house broker
        Represents retailer by doing paperwork, paying 
        duties, ensuring imported shipments meet U.S. 
        Customs laws & requirements

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese


Customs Decisions for Every Shipment
• Duty rates – General rates, special rates, 
“Column 2” rates
• Types of duties – Ad valorem, specific, 
compound
• Value (on which duty & rate are based) – 
foreign value, export value, constructed value
• Formal entry – For shipments worth more 
than $2,000 in value; requires a bond from 

the importer

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights rese



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