Ebook Rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh trình độ nâng cao - Cause and Effect intermadiate reading practice: Phần 2

C A U S E A N D EFFECT

1
1.

A man is a ____________ .

2.

In spring, animals search f o r ____________

3.

Spiders and birds b u i l d _____________.

4.

A roadrunner’s head ____________ straight in front when it runs

5.

T he Simplon ____________

goes under the Alps between Italy and

Switzerland.
6.

Being afraid to fly is an i ll o g ic a l ____________ .

7.

We heard a l o u d ____________ and knew that there had been an accident.

8.

Som e people think baseball i s _____________ because it is so slow.

9.

W ould you b e ____________ to meet Frankenstein?

10. M ost people only fly ____________ .

D. T rue/F alse/N o Information
_________ 1. Some Eskimos are left-handed.
_________ 2. Most right-handers do calculus with the left hemisphere of the brain.
_________ 3. When people look at a beautiful sunset, most o f them use the
right hemisphere o f the brain.
_________ 4. The right hem isphere controls the right side o f the body.
_________ 5. Most people in the world use the left hem isphere for language.
_________ 6. Left handedness can cause children to see letters backward.
_________ 7. It is easier to write from left to right.
_________ 8. Left-handed people are more intelligent than right-handers.

straight (adj)

[strcit]

: thang

c alculus (n)

['kit-'lkjules]

: pliep tinli

brain (n)

[brcin]

: nao

146


A M I S H M A S H (A HO DG E PO D GE )

E. Comprehension Questions
1. What does the right hemisphere o f the brain control?
2. Which hemisphere is stronger in left-handed people?
3. Why do lefties prefer to kick with the left foot?
4. What problems do lefties have using machines?
5. When do some left-handers start to stutter?
6. Why do anthropologists think the earliest people were equally divided
between left-and right-handedness?
7. Why did the Greeks start writing from left to right?
8. What does "you are in good company" mean?
9. How can you tell if a two-year-old child is left-handed?
10. Are you left-handed?

F. Main Idea
1. What sentence is the main idea for paragraph 4 (lines 23-28)?
2. Paragraph 6 (lines 32-36)?
3. Write a sentence for the main idea in paragraph 9 (lines 53-62).
4. Write the main idea o f the last paragraph.

anthropologist (n)

[tlcn0ro'polod3ist]

: nlid nlidn cluing hoc
147


C A U S E A N D EFFECT

WORD STUDY
A. W ord Form s
V erb
1. communicate
2. exist
3. prefer
4. divide
5. force

6.
7. respond
8 permit
9.

Noun
communications^)
existence
preference
division
force
response
permission
permit
reality

Adjective
Adverb
(un)communicative
(nonexistent
(un)preferential
(indivisible
forceful
forcefully
(un)common
(un)commonly
(un)responsive
(im)permissible
(im)pcrmissibly
permissive
(un)real
really

la. There have been m any wonderful developm ents in the field o f ________
in the last 20 years.

1b. I tried to get the information from the president’s secretary, but she was very.
2. Frank told everyone he worked for a large company, but the company is
3a.
3b.
4.
5a.
5b.
6.
7.
8a.
8b.
8c.
9.

Professors should not give
treatment to the students they like
Short jackets, not long coats, a r e _______
_________ by skiers.
Ten is not e v e n ly _____________ by three.
Ms. Bush has a very_______________ personality.
John w a s ________ to leave the university because his grades were so bad.
It i s _____________ believed that sons are better than daughters.
The injured p e r s o n ___________to the doctor's treatment. She is well now.
Some psychologists say that adults should not b e _______ with their children.
You cannot build a house in this city without a b u ild in g ____________ .
S m o k in g _____________ n o t ______________in this building
It s e e m e d _____________ to Abdullah that he had finally finished his
doctorate degree and was going home.

e x iste n c e (n )

[ig 'z is te n s ]

: s t f to n t a i

re a lity (n )
trea tm en t (n )
g rade (n )

[ ri :'aeliti ]
[ ’tri'tm o n t]

: s i ( tlitfc

d o cto rate (n )

148

[g re id ]
[ d o k to n t]

: su do i su
: d ie m
: h o c vi H en s i


A M I S H M A S H (A HO DG EPO DGE )
B. Finding the Reason
Write the reason for each statement.
Statement

1. Many left-handers have to use their right hand.
2. For some people, the center o f language is
in the right hemisphere.
3. Both sides o f the body receive the same
information.
4. Lefties prefer kicking with the left foot.
5. King George VI stuttered.
6. Anthropologists think more than 50 percent
o f people were right-handed by 3500 B.c.
7. Paul McCartney plays the guitar differently.

Reason

C. Connecting W ords
Put after, before, when, since, or until in the blanks.
1. I'll give you the b o o k ____________ I see you tomorrow.
2. People who are afraid o f flying can control their f e a r ____________ they
take a class.
3. Greenpeace has been in e x i s te n c e _____________1971.
4. Greenpeace was o rg a n iz e d _____________the U.S. started nuclear testing
in Alaska.
5. S o m e tim e s _____________ the roadrunner gets a piece o f meat, it takes it
back to its nest.
6. There were no s k y s c r a p e rs _____________ 1884.
7.
Burke started across Australia, he organized an expedition.
8. Some left-handed European children were forced to write with their right
h a n d s _____________ the 1950s.
D. M issing W ords
Fill in the missing words.

1. If you are, you are one _____________ millions in ______________world
_____________ p r e f e r______________ use their left hand.
2.
understand left-handedness, it is necessary _____________
look
the brain.
149


C A U S E A N D EFFECT

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The b r a i n _____________d i v id e d _____________ two hemispheres.
Both sides o f _____________ body receive the same information
__________ the brain because both h e m is p h e re s ______________connected.
There
is____________ increasing amount _____________ research
_____________handedness.
But ____________ 3500 B.c, the tools, which _____________ better
designed, were for u s e _____________only one hand.
the centuries passed and education spread_________ more
levels_________ society, more a n d _________people b e c a m e _____________
But _______ _
worry _____________ you are left-handed. You are

_____________good company.

E. C o n te x t C lues
1. A com puter is a very c o m p le x machinc.
a. beautiful
b. boring
c. com plicated
2. Ali said he was from Palestine, but he was a c tu a lly bo m in Qatar,
a. preferably
b. m aybe
c. really
3. The m em bers o f G reenpeace discuss a protest to get each other's ideas,
a. talk about
b. prepare
c. publish
4. Pierre has studied English for 3 m onths so fa r. He plans to study for 6
more.
a. until now
b. aw ay from hom e
c. altogether
5. In rain forests, dead plants c r e a te nutrients for living plants,
a. take away
b. make
c. prevent
6. Most children think video gam es are fasc in atin g . They spend hours
playing them.
a. very boring
b. very interesting
c. unpleasant

com plex (adj)
actually (adv)

['kom plcks]

: plurc tap

['icktjuoli]

: cliinli xdc

discuss (v)
so far (adv)

[dis'kAs]

: lluio liian

[sou fa:]

fascinate (v)

[’fx sin c it]

: den nay
: t/iu hut, to i cuon

150

SCIENCE

Unit


Minds are like parachutes. They only function when they are
open.
- Sir Jam es Dewar

152


A BIOSPHERE
IN SPACE

1

Is it possible for people to live on another p lanet
such as Mars? The Environmental Research
Laboratory at the University o f Arizona is designing
a biosphere ( bio means life, and sphere is a circle like
a ball) which could be used to colonize other planets.
The author interviewed Walter Lindley, Program
Coordinator at the Laboratory, about this exciting
idea.
P.A: I've been reading science fiction stories
about space colonies for years, but o f course they
were possible only in the author's imagination. Now
you are a c tu a lly preparing for a space colony. Do
you really consider it possible for people to live away

from the earth?
W.L: We believe it will be possible sometim e in
the future, and that's why we're working on it. But it's
a very com plex project. Our biosphere will be a
complete, enclosed environment where people can be
born, live their whole life, and die without returning
to earth. But there will have to be a perfect balance
between plants, animals (including humans), and
the chemical elements, that is, everything in the
environment. Right now we're talking about a place
for ten people to live for a year. It's not like one or
two men on the moon for a few weeks.
planet (n)
science fiction (n)
consider (v)
project (n)
balance (n)
element (n)

[’plicnit]
['saions'fik/n]
[kon'side]
[’pred3ckt]
['bielens ]
[’elimont]

Sun
Mercury
Venus
Ztrrti

Mars

Unmus
Neptune
Pluto
really

complicated

: lianli tilth
: khoa hoc vien luting
: clio rang
: d u an
: sir can bang
: veil to
153


*3

0

0

0

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C A U S E A N D EFFECT

P.A: Wliai will it look like?
W.L: We don't know yet. We call it a biosphere,
but it might not be round. It could be square or any
shape at all. There m ight be separate units for food
production. These w ould be connected to the main
unit. Architects and engineers are discussing all the
possibilities now. W e have to figure out what shape
it should be, what m aterials to use. and how small it
could be and still support human life.
P.A: You m entioned engineers and architects.
W ho else is w orking on it°
W.L: That's one o f the interesting things about
the project. There are biologists, biochemists, and
people from different areas o f agriculture. We have
specialists on alm ost everything in our environment.
P.A: It seems so unreal and impossible that it's hard
for me to understand it. Could you explain a little
more?
W.L: Well, a greenhouse for growing plants in
winter is the first step toward a biosphere. This is a
closed environm ent except for the sun's heat entering
through the glass or plastic. O f course, there is a
water system from outside, and people bring in
nutrients for the plants and take out the waste
material. The biosphere will have to have its own
system to provide w ater that can be used and reused.

It will need bacteria or som ething eise to take care o f
the wa st es . And it all must be balanced perfectly, or
the whole system will break down.

bi os p he re (n)
engineer(n)
m e n t i o n (v)
b i o c h e m i s t (n)
bac te ri a ( n)

154

['baiesfieCr)]
[.end^i'me]
[ ' m e n / n]
[. bai ou' kemi st ]
[bick'tiene]

: suih quyen
: Icy su
: cle cap
: suih hod
: i i kliitan

lalkm g about


SCIENCE
Nothing will enter the biosphere except heat
from the sun and information from earth. O f course

the information going in and out won't be necessary
for the biosphere to exist, but it will be very
necessary for research.
The earth itself is the best example o f a
biosphere. Nothing important enters except sunlight,
and nothing leaves as waste except some heat.
Everything in the earth's environment has always
been balanced, except that now humans are
destroying the balance more and more.
P.A: Why do we want a colony on Mars? It's
very exciting, but is it necessary?
W.L: I'm sure you know that there will be a
petroleum shortage in the future. Dr. Gerard K.
O'Neill is a famous physicist from Princeton
University. He says that in 25 years we will have
satellites in space to produce s o la r energy and send it
to earth. It would be too expensive to continually
send people and materials to the satellites, so the
biosphere will be necessary. He thinks 10,000 people
could live in a space colony sometime in the future.
So f a r all your questions are about a space
colony, but for me there’s a much more interesting
use o f the biosphere. We can use it to do all kinds o f
research about our own environment and how it
works. By studying the biosphere, wbetter what will happen as humans destroy topical
forests, as we c re a te more carbon dioxide (COi) by
burning fuel, and as we pollute the oceans and the
air. The information we get from the biosphere may
keep us from destroy ing our own environment.

petroleum (n)
satellite (n)
solar (n)
create (v)

[po’trouliem]
[’sx*tolait]
[’soule]
[kri:'cit]

s o la r = a d je ctive
fo r

sun

until now

make

: dan mo
: ve tinli
: m at trffi
:tgora
155


0

-

0

0

0

0

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C A U S E A N D EFFECT

P.A: I agree with you that learning how to protect our
own environm ent is the m ost important thing we can do,
both for ourselves and for our children. The world's
population is increasing very fast, and we are using up our
natural resources fast. W e need to do everything we can to
save our environm ent before it's too late. I'm glad y o u ’ve
started this fa s c in a tin g project, and I hope it's successful.

vcry interesting

A. V o c a b u la r y
actual
solar
unit

planet
satellite
bacteria

project
complex
consider

science fiction
carbon dioxide

1. The earth is a _____________ It is part o f t h e _____________ system.
2.
can cause disease. They also destroy wastes
3. Tom said his new car cost $10,000, but the _____________ figure was
$9,980.85.
4. Julia likes to r e a d _____________ .
5. The space colony m ight be all in one
, or it might have
separate ones for agriculture.
6. The governm ent has a ________
to build a dam to store water for
agriculture.
7. Another word for com plicated is
8. We m u s t _________
both the advantages and the disadvantages before
we start the project.
B. V o c a b u la r y
create

so far
balance

satellite
discussed
project

fa s c in a tin g (a d j)

['ficsincitirj]

bacteria
actually
physicist
: liap dan

s u c c e s s fu l (a d j)

[sek'sesfl]

: tlianli cong

d is e a s e (n )

[di'zi:z]

: benli tat

d am (n )

[d;cm j

: ho, dap

p h y s ic is t (n )

156

[’fizisist]

: nlia vat ly hoc

carbon dioxide
elem ents
fascinating


SCIENCE
1. C 0 2 means
2. Gold (Au), oxygen (O), and uranium (U) are a l l ____________ .
3. Destroying rain forests c a n ____________ problems for the whole world.
4. The c l a s s ____________ how to prepare for the TO EFL exam.
5 .
there are no buildings over 110 stories high.
6. A ____________ teaches or does research in physics.
7. Before the large increase in population, there was a ____________ between
the needs o f the people and what the land could produce.
8. Much international communication is now done b y ____________ .
9. It is a ____________ experience to live in another country.
C. V o c a b u lary Review

energy
takes o ff
honestly
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

avoided
board
score

rush
harmful
interview

crew
phobia
initial

P le a s e ________this paper so I can show my teacher that you have read it.
After p e o p le ____________ a plane, i t _____________ .
What was the f in a l ____________ o f the game?
Sometimes students have to ____________ someone and write a

composition about it.
Smoking i s ____________ to the health.
is produced by burning fuel.
If y o u ____________ through your work, you are likely to make mistakes.
K u m ik o ____________ giving a speech in class by staying home that day.
A r o a d ____________ is repairing the main street where I drive every day.
Betty said s h e ____________ forgot to meet her friend for lunch Sunday.

D. M ultiple Choice
1. Fiction i s ____________ .
a. true
b. imaginative
c. boring
2. The biosphere is a complicated project b e c a u s e ____________ .
a. everything must be perfectly balanced
b. they don't know what materials to build it from
c. people from different professions are working on it
another (adj)
score (n)
repair (v)

['Ado(r)]
[sko:]
[ri'pee]

: kliac
: ban thang
: stfa clitfa

157

C A U S E A N D EFFECT
3. The b io s p h e r e _____________be round.
a. must
b. will
c. might
4. The first biosphere will s u p p o rt_____________ people
a. two or three
b. ten
c. ten thousand
5. A g re e n h o u s e _____________ .
a. is a partly enclosed environm ent
b. is a biosphere
c. supports plant life independently
6 .
might take care o f the w astes in the biosphere.
a. A water system
b. Balanced nutrients
c. Bacteria
7. Dr. Oneill thinks.
a. Satellites can produce solar energy
b. about ten people could take care o f a satellite
c. we need a space colony to study the solar system
E. C om prehension Q uestions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

W hy is it a com plex project to create a biosphere9
W hat problems must the architects and engineers consider?
How is a greenhouse different from a biosphere?
Explain why the earth is a biosphere.
How does Dr. O N eill think we will solve the energy shortage?
W hy can we learn about our environm ent from the biosphere?
Would you like to live in a biosphere on M ars? W hy or \shy not9

F. M ain Idea
1.
2.
3.
4.

Write a sentence that gives the main idea for paragraph 5 (lines 28-36).
Paragraph 7 (lines 39-43).
W hat sentence is the main idea for paragraph 1 I (lines 64-69)9.
Write a sentence for the main idea o f paragraph 13 (lines 7 2 - 8 1)

p ro fe s s io n (n )
s y s te m (n )
sp ace (n )
M a r(n )

158

[p ro 'fc / n ]

['s is to m ]
['s p c is ]
[m o :]

: nglie nghiep
: lie thong
: kliong gum, vtl tin
. sao hod


SC IE N C E

WORD STUDY
A. Word Forms: Verbs and Nouns
Many English words are used as both a verb and a noun. Use 10 o f these
examples in sentences, using some verbs and some nouns.
Verb
balance
kick
force
design
interview
initial
fear
crash
harm
bother
whistle
knock

Noun
balance
kick
force
design
interview
initial
fear
crash
harm
bother
whistle
knock

B. Noun Substitutes
What do these noun substitutes stand for? Sometimes the word isn't in the
sentence before.
1. page 153,
2.
3.
4.
5. page 154,
6.
7.
8. page 155,
9.
10.

whistle (n - v)

line
line
line
line
line
line
line
line
line
line

5 which
10 they
15 we
16 it
27 it
3 1 these
56 it
64 itself
71 it
77 it

bother (n - v)

[’witl]
[’bode]

: lam pliien

initial ( n - v )

[i'ni/el]

: chtf cat dan, ky ten tat
159


0

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0

0

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C A U S E A N D EFFECT

C. A rtic le s
Put an article in the blank if one is necessary.
Environm ental Research Laboratory at ___________

University o f A rizona is d e s ig n in g _____________biosphere.
2. I've been reading _____________ science fiction stories about
_____________ space colonies for years, but o f course they were possible
only i n _____________ author's imagination.
3. N o w y ou are actually preparing f o r _____________space colony.
4. W e believe it will be possible sometime i n _____________ future.
5. But i t 's _____________ very com plex project.
6. But there will have to b e ___________ perfect balance b e tw e e n __________
plants, anim als (including _____________hum ans), and ____________
chemical elem ents; that is, everything i n _____________ environment.
7. We call i t _____________ biosphere.
8. These w ould be connected t o _____________main unit.
9. Well, _____________ greenhouse for grow ing _____________ plants in
winter i s _____________ first step t o w a r d ______________biosphere.
10. This i s _____________ closed environm ent except f o r _____________ sun's
heat entering t h r o u g h _____________ glass o r ______________plastic.
1.

D. C ause and Effect
W hat is the cause o f each o f these effects?
C au se
Effect
1.
a. People can live their whole
lives in the biosphere.
2.
b. The whole system m ight break down.
3.
c. The same water m ust be used and
reused.

4.
d. We will need solar energy.
5.
e. The biosphere will be necessary to run
solar energy satellites.
6.
f. We create more carbon dioxide.
imagination (n)
perfect (adj)
160

[i,ma;d«3i'nci/n]
[’pecfikt]

: trf tucmg tucmg
: hoan hao


SCIENCE

E. Context Clues
1. There are two ways to plant seeds. One is to put each seed in a hole in the
ground. The other is to s c a t t e r the seeds on the ground by the handful.
a. spread around
b. push into the ground
c. plant by machine
2. When you take ice out o f the freezer, it melts.
a. gets colder
b. changes to a gas

c. changes to water

3. At nights, scientists observe the stars, the solar system, and other objects
in the sky at an observatory.
a. write about
b. are tested on
c. look at
4. Water starts to boil at 100°C. Then it becomes steam .
a. water in the form o f ice
b. very hot water
c. water in the form o f hot moisture in the air
5. A stone sinks in water. A piece o f wood or paper floats.
a. goes to the bottom o f the water
b. rides on top o f the water
c. gets very wet

scatter (v)

['skx'to]

: rai va Ichap noi

melt (v)

[melt]

: tan cliay

observe (v)

[e'bze:v]

: quail sat

steam (n)
float (v)

[sti:m]

: hoi ntfcrc

[flout]

: trdi noi

161


VOLCANOES

2

Throughout history, people w ho lived near
volcanoes m ade up stories to explain why they erupt.
Usually they believed that the gods were showing their
anger through the eruption. Today scientists can explain
much about volcanoes, but they also must guess about
what is happening deep inside the earth. There is still
much for us to learn.
The active volcanoes o f the world exist in definite

patterns. They are not ju st scattered anywhere, but are
found in c h a in s and groups. Three-quarters o f the earth's
volcanoes are in the Ring o f Fire around the Pacific
Ocean. There is another chain in the Atlantic, a chain in
the M editerranean, and a group in Central Africa. Most
o f them are on coastlines or islands.
What causes volcanoes to erupt? M uch o f the
material under the surface o f the earth is melted rock
called magma. H eavy layers o f rock push down on the
magma. The m agm a escapes sidew ays or upward until it
starts to push on the underside o f the earth's surface. If
there is a weak spot, the magm a and its gases push right
through the spot and explode into the air. If there is a lot
o f gas, the eruption is violent; if there is only a little gas,
the eruption is mild. The hole which forms at the top o f
the volcano is called a crater. After the m agm a escapcs
to the earth's surface, it is called lava.
volcano (n)

[vol'keinou]

chain (n)

[t/cin]

: d a y xich, dittoi

e ru p t(v )

[i'rApt]

: no

m agm a (n)

['niicgm e]

sideways (adv)

[’saidwciz]

: m ac ina, dung iiliain H ong long dal
: ngang

upward (adv)

['Apwod]

: Itifcrng len lien

: ntii Itfa


0

SCIE NC E

0

0

^

0

0

0

0

Some volcanic eruptions are very gentle. Kilauea,
for example, on the island o f Hawaii erupts often, and
tourists go to see it because the melted rock shooting into
the air is beautiful. Scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory near Kilauea have given us much
knowledge about volcanoes. Stromboli, another famous
volcano, is on an island between Sicily and Italy. It has
been erupting about every half hour for 2500 years.
Volcanoes like Kilauea and Stromboli don't usually
cause much damage.
Iceland also has nonviolent eruptions, but they often
cause damage because the hot lava melts the snow and
ice and causes floods.
Although some famous volcanoes are gentle, most
of the world's active volcanoes have very explosive
activity and violen eruptions. The eruptions are violent
because there is a long resting period between eruptions,
and a los o f gas builds up in the magma. There have been
some famous eruptions from this kind o f volcano.

In late 1984, strong earthquakes began shaking the
Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia every day. Then it
began sending out steam and ash. On Novem ber 14,
1985, it erupted. A nearby river became a sea o f mud
which buried four towns. This disaster killed more than
2100 people.
Mt. Vesuvius in Italy had not erupted for a thousand
years, and people thought it was dead, but in A.D. 79 it
erupted and buried the city o f Pompeii in ashes. Life
stopped for 2000 people who were buried under the
ashes. Today we can visit Pompeii and see exactly what
life was like 1900 years ago.
shoot into (v)

[-fu:t]

: ban leu phia tren

lava (n)

['la:ve]

: nliam tligcli

shake(v)

[/cik]

: lac, rung

ash (n)

[;v/]

: tro but

163


C A U S E A N D EFFECT
In 1902, Mt. Pelee on the island o f M artinique in the
Caribbean Sea erupted. First a huge cloud o f steam
appeared at the top o f the volcano. People m oved into
the town o f St. Pierre from the surrounding countryside
w here they thought they would be safe because St. Pierre
w as 13 kilometers from the volcano. T w o w eeks later,
there were several explosions that sounded like thunder,
and Mt. Pelee seem ed to burst apart. A huge black cloud
rolled dow n the m ountainside, and in 3 m inutes it
covered St. Pierre. Thirty thousand people died.
The worst eruption in history was on the small
island o f Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883. T he volcano
started sending out steam in the early spring o f that year,
and as the weeks passed, explosions sent out dust and
ash that killed all the plants on the island. The surface o f
the sea w as covered with hot, floating volcanic rock.
On August 26 there was an explosion every 10
minutes, lightning appeared in the sky, and a cloud o f
black steam covered the island. Then there w as a huge
explosion-the loudest sound ever heard by hum ans. The

sound waves, which broke w indow s 350 kilom eters
away, traveled 5000 kilometers. Two-thirds o f the island
disappeared into the crater. W ater rushed in to Fill the
hole, and there was a final explosion w hen the water
m ixed with the m agma. This caused a huge sea wave, as
tall as a 12-story building, which rushed aw ay from
Krakatoa. The wave covered the low islands nearby and
destroyed 300 villages. Even ships in South A frica felt
the wave. O ver 36,000 people died from the eruption and
the huge wave.
sound (v)

[saund]

: nglie

b u r s t( v )

[be:st]

: no tung

c o v e r( v )

['kAve]

crater (n)
wave (n)

['kreite]

[weiv]

: bao pliu
: m ieng nui Itfa da tat

164

: song


SCIENCE
The dust from the eruption moved high above the
earth and traveled around the world at least 12 times. For
two years it formed a wall between the sun and the earth,
and the earth's temperature dropped 10°C. Sometimes the
sun was green or blue. When the last o f the dust fell after
several years, the island o f Krakatoa had been spread all
over the earth.
There is no question that volcanoes are destructive. Is
there anything good about them? People continue living
near them because volcanic soil is the most productive on
earth. Volcanic areas also contain many o f the world's
valuable metals. Many o f Africa's diamonds come from
volcanic areas. Volcanoes also create geothermal energy.
G eotherm al means earth heat, heat created by volcanic
activity underground. This could help solve the world's
energy shortage.
Scientists are observing volcanoes throughout the
world. They hope that by studying the history o f eruptions
and the changes in a volcano before an eruption, they will

be able to tell when one is going to happen. Humans have
learned to control many things about nature, but we
cannot control volcanoes. However, if we can know that
an eruption is going to happen, many lives can be saved.
A. Vocabulary
volcanoes
rolled
floods
valuable

chain
waves
thunder
erupted

damage
patterns
lightning
definite

dust (n)

[dAst]

: bui dat

eruption (n)
flood (n)

[i'rAp/n]

: stf no

[flAd]

: hi hit

pattern (n)

['p«t(o)n]

surface (n)
roll (v)

['se:fis]
[Youl]

: man vat
: be mat

bursts
melts
float
surface

: cuon, Ian

165

CAU SE A N D EFFECT

I.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9.

during a storm, it is
When there is
and
sometimes called an electrical storm.
Mt. St. Helens, a volcano in W ashington State in the United States,
_____________in 1980.
A gold___________ is a popular kind o f jewelry.
There is a ring_ o f ______
__________ around the Pacific ocean.
When a ttire
i r e __________ while a car is moving, it is called a blowout.
When Peter set his pencil on the table, i t __________ o f f onto the floor.
Huge o c e a n __________ hit the shore during a storm.
Gold and silver a r e __________ metals.
The Browns think they are going to Europe next sum m er, but it isn't

10. Volcanoes are found in d e f i n i te __________ around the world.
1 1. Floods cause a lot o f __________ o f towns and agriculture.
12. When s n o w ________in the mountains, it can cause_________ in the lowlands.

B. V ocabulary
surface
geothermal
float
mild
2.
3.
4.
5.

layer
active
dam age
lava

crater
scattered
guess
ashes

observe
m agm a
pattern
steam

energy com es from heat under the earth.
Melted rock inside the earth is called
W'hen it leaves the
o f the volcano, it is called
Rocks generally sink below the

o f the sea. However, some
volcanic rock is light enough to_
The w i n d ________
my papers £11 over the room..
Trains used to be run by
___________ Now most o f them are run by
electricity or diesel oil.

definite (adj)

[’dcfinit]

: xa c d in li, i d rang

lowland (n)

[’loulend]

: vting ddt trung

mild (adj)

[maild]

diesel oil (n)
ashtray (n)

[’di:zel]
fa^/trei]

: binli thtfdng, hat hod
: dan diezen

166

: gal tan


SCIENCE

6. The weather has b e e n __________ this week, even though it is winter. It
hasn't been very cold.
7. Smokers put their c ig a re tte __________ in an ashtray.
8. In a rain forest, the l o w e r __________ o f plant growth is protected by the
upper layer.
9. Students who plan to become teachers usually have t o __________ classes
as a first step toward teaching.
10. Mr. Green is not v e r y __________ now. he is 87 and in poor health.
11. Can y o u __________ what I have in this bag?
C. Vocabulary Review
For each word in the first column, find a synonym in the second column and
an antonym in the third column.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

fascinating
complex
so far
create
ordinary
force
broad
tiny
connect
calm

join together(v)
narrow (adj)

Synonym s
a. comm on
b. small
c. interesting
d. quiet
e. complicated
f. make
g. make someone do something
h. balance
i. consider
j. join together
k. until now

1. wide

[d3oin to'gcdo]
['nicrou]

Antonym s
m. uncomplicated
n. excited
o. forbid
p. unusual
q. boring
r. separate
s. not yet
t. actual
u. narrow
v. unit
w. destroy
x. huge

: ket hap
: chat clipi

167


CAUSE A N D EFFECT

D. T rue/False/N o Inform ation
__________ I. Today scientists know all the details about the formation of
volcanoes.

__________ 2. Inactive volcanoes exist in definite patterns.
__________ 3. M ore than h a lf o f the world's volcanoes are near the Pacific.
__________4. Most inactive volcanoes are near the sea.
__________ 5. M agm a pushes through a w eak spot in the earth’s surface.
__________ 6. A lot o f gas mixed with the m agm a causes a violent explosion.
__________ 7. M ost o f the world's active volcanoes have mild activity.
__________ 8. Krakatoa destroyed the tow n o f St. Pierre.
__________ 9. Early people made tools from volcanic materials.
__________ 10. Therm al means heat.
E. C om prehension Q uestions
1. W hy did people think there were gods in volcanoes?
2. W hy don't scientists understand everything about the activity below the
surface o f the earth9
3. W hy is the R ing o f Fire a good nam e?
4. W hy are some eruptions more violent than others?
5. W hy do Iceland's nonviolent volcanoes cause damage?
6. W hy can som e volcanic rock float?
7. W hat caused the huge sea wave after K rakatoa erupted?
8. How did Krakatoa become spread all over the world?
9. W hat are some advantages o f volcanoes?
F. M ain Idea
Write or copy a sentence that is the main idea for these paragraphs.
1.
2.
3.
4.

2 (lines 9-16)
6 (lines 44-51)
7 (lines 52-58)

13 (lines 110-119)

168


SCIENCE

WORD STUDY
A. Word Forms
Verb
1. discuss
2. consider
3.
4. fascinate

Noun
discussion
consideration
complexity
fascination

5. create

creation
creativity
value
observation
observatory
action
activity

explanation
belief

6. value
7. observe
8. act
9. explain
10. believe

Adjective

Adverb

(in)considerate
complex
fascinating
fascinated
(un)creative

(in)considerately
fascinatingly
creatively

valuable
(un)observant
(in)active

actively

(un)explainable

(un)believable

(un)believably

1.
2.

After a lo n g __________ , the architects decided to change the design.
Marge is a v e r y __________ person. She thinks o f others and what they
want, instead o f thinking o f herself most o f the time.
3. T h e __________ o f modern society affects family patterns.
4. Mark is going to study geology because he i s __________ by rocks.
5. Pablo Picasso was a v e r y __________ artist. He was known for his_______ .
6. Most people want to have friends. T h e y __________ the friend-ship o f
people they like.
7. When the director o f the English p ro g ra m __________ classes, she writes
up a n __________ report.
8. Pierre has b e c o m e __________ in the stamp club because he is too busy
to attend. Stamp collecting used to be his favorite__________ .
9. Can scientists give a c l e a r __________ o f what actually happens deep in
the earth? No, some o f the details a r e __________ so far.
10. Scientists consider i t __________ that gods create volcanic eruptions.
belief (n)
value (v)
geology (n)
favorite (n)

[bi'li:f]
[’vaslju:]
[d3i'oled3i]

[’feivent]

: Idng tin
: gid tri
: dia ly
: s o thick
169


C A U S E A N D EFFECT
B. Sequen cin g
Put these sentences about Krakatoa in the right order. N u m b e r I is done for
you.
__________ a. The dust traveled around the world
__________ b. W ater rushed in to fill the hole.
____ 1____ c. The volcano started sending out steam.
__________ d. The water mixed with magma.
__________ e. All the plants on the island died.
__________ f. There was a huge explosion.
__________ g. A huge sea wave w as created.
__________ h. Lightning appeared.
__________ i. Tw o-thirds o f the island disappeared into the crater.
__________ j. There was a final explosion.
C. T w o -W o r d Verbs
N u m b e rs 2 and 3 have the same expression twice.
mix up
dress up
have on
look out
spread out

-mistake one thing for a nother
-put on special clothes
-be wearing
-be careful
-spread over a certain area or time

1. Don't try to learn 40 irregular verbs in one day. __________ them
over a week or two.
2. People u s u a ll y __________ for a party. Children like t o ___________ in their
parents' old clothes and play that they are adults.
3. First she __________ her h o m ew ork assignm ents and gave the reading
hom ew ork to the wrong teacher. T hen she found out she had done the wrong
page. She w a s __________ .
4 .
! There's a child in the street!
5. M ike__________ his running clothes because he just came back from jogging
h o le ( n )

[ ’h o u l]

a p p ear ( v )

[ e>'pie>]

d is a p p e a r ( v )

[.d is e 'p io ]

a s s ig n m e n t ( n )

[ e ’s a in m o n t]

170

: Id hong
.x u d t Inen
: bien m at
: nhiem \ u d u o c giao