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Consequences
Stewart L. Tubbs
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Consequences
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McGrawHill
Glossary
Case Study
Solutions to Problems
Changes in Interpersonal Relations
Improved Information Flow
Organizational Change
The Systems Approach
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Glossary
• Acceptance of Solutions—there are three different
types of solutions for problems: (1) high quality, low
acceptance, (2) high acceptance, high quality, and (3) high
acceptance, low quality.
• Quality of Solutions—groups have the potential to
make betterquality decisions than the same individuals in
those groups would make if working alone.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Case Study
North West Aerospace
1. What would you do if you were Robert?
2. What would you do first?
3. Whom would you talk to to get things started?
4. What will be the consequences if you are not
successful?
5. What lessons from this case can you apply to your own
work experience?
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Solutions to Problems
• Quality of Solutions
– Groups have the potential to make betterquality
decisions than the same individuals would make
if working alone.
• In those instances when group performance does not
surpass individual performance, the group process
has been counterproductive.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Solutions to Problems
• Quality of Solutions (continued)
– Teams can help increase value:
• By performing the same function at a lower cost.
• By increasing function while reducing costs.
• By increasing function while increasing costs by a
proportionally smaller amount.
• By decreasing function while decreasing cost by a
proportionally greater amount.
– It has been found that groups are better at
solving complicated tasks requiring reasoning
and elimination of poor solutions.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Solutions to Problems
• Acceptance of Solutions
– For solutions to be effective, they must be of
high quality and they must be accepted by those
who must carry them out.
• Three types of problem situations can be identified:
– Problems requiring high quality but low acceptance are
best solved by persons with a high level of technical
knowledge and expertise.
– Problems requiring high acceptance but low quality may
include all individuals who may be affected by the results
of the decision.
– Problems requiring high quality and high acceptance
should utilize problemsolving groups.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Solutions to Problems
• Acceptance of Solutions (continued)
– People generally are resistant to changes that
affect their lives, especially if these changes are
initiated by others.
– Group decision making and “people
involvement” can be powerful assets in
increasing satisfaction and overcoming
resistance to change.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Solutions to Problems
• Acceptance of Solutions (continued)
– There are several factors to remember in
overcoming resistance to change.
• People will accept changes that they have a part in
planning.
• Changes will be accepted if they do not threaten our
security.
• Changes will be more readily accepted when people
are involved in gathering the facts that indicate the
need for change.
• Greater acceptance and commitment will result when
the changes are kept open to further revision based
on the success or failure of the new procedures.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Solutions to Problems
• Acceptance of Solutions (continued)
– For longterm success, teams must function in a
responsible manner, and management must
possess a high degree of trust and confidence in
the system.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Changes in Interpersonal Relations
• Meetings designed to share perceptions of
one another to inform each other of
particular problems can potentially clear up
and reduce areas of misperception and
misunderstanding.
• Cohesion is a result of group interaction, but
it in turn influences other things
• Small group interaction has the potential of
increasing interpersonal relations and
cohesiveness.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Changes in Interpersonal Relations
• Team Building
– Larson and LaFasto (1989) identified eight
dimensions of team excellence:
1. Clear, evaluating goal
2. Resultsdriven structure
3. Competent team members
4. Unified commitment
5. Collaborative climate
6. Standards of excellence
7. External support and recognition
8. Principled leadership
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Changes in Interpersonal Relations
• Team Building
– A group’s performance is a function of its
collective abilities, motivations, and
opportunities.
• Group members will have an understanding of the
group’s role in the organization and learn to
recognize threats from the larger system and the
opportunities it affords.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Improved Information Flow
• Communication in small groups can result
in an increased knowledge level and
increased coordination among group
members based on the sharing of
information.
• Rogers (1995) finds that some people by
nature are earlier adopters of new ideas
whereas others are more resistant to change.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Improved Information Flow
• Another factor is the tendency for subgroups
to form so that information that passes
between groups is restricted.
– Lawrence and Lorsch (1969) have referred to
problems of this nature as differentiation
integration problems.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Improved Information Flow
• Adopter Categorization on the Basis of
Innovativeness
McGrawHill
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Slide 17
Organizational Change
• The Ten Commandments of Implementing
Changes:
1. Analyze the organization and its need for
change.
2. Create a shared vision and common direction.
3. Separate from the past.
4. Create a sense of urgency.
5. Support a strong leader role.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Organizational Change
• The Ten Commandments . . . (continued)
6. Line up political sponsorship.
7. Craft an implementation plan.
8. Develop enabling structures.
9. Communicate, involve people, and be honest.
10. Reinforce and institutionalize change.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Source: Jick, 1993, p. 195.
Slide 19
Organizational Change
• Peter Drucker (1999) has offered the
following advice for leaders on managing
change:
1. Introduce change on a small scale.
2. Budget for change.
3. Balance change and continuity.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Organizational Change
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Organizational Change
• The Strategic Doom Cycle
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Organizational Change—
Practical Tips
Hitchcock and Willard (1995) offer the following
practical tips for using teams to help create
organizational change.
– The business concept must be viable.
– Recognize that the right to make a decision is separate
from the competency to implement it.
– Clarify what decisions should be made at certain levels,
and establish a mechanism to move decisions among
these levels.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Organizational Change—
Practical Tips
• Hitchcock and Willard . . . (continued)
– Codify the principles that will guide you, and establish a
mechanism to hold everyone accountable for carrying
out those principles.
– Devise a system for resolving conflicts and differences.
– Establish an equitable way for distributing profits or
rewards that is consistent with the egalitarian nature of
democracy.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Organizational Change
• Rogers (1995) and his colleagues found that
people accept change along a distribution
that is a bellshaped curve.
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McGrawHill
Innovators
Early adopters
Early majority
Late majority
Laggards
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
The Systems Approach
• Four potential consequences of group
interaction are: (1) solutions to problems,
(2) changes in interpersonal relations,
(3) improved information flow, and
(4) organizational change.
• Small group interaction must be viewed as a
system of interrelated variables in which a
change in any one variable creates changes
in the other variables in the system.
McGrawHill
© 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.