Doctoral thesis summary: Analysis of the structure of the natural synthesis of Thai Nguyen province for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable development

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MINISTRY
OFTRAINING
EDUCATION AND
AND
TRAINING

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF
VIETNAM
ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE
SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
AND TECHNOLOGY

Graduate
UniversityofofScience
Scienceand
and
Technology
Graduate University
Technology

-------------------------------

LE
THINGUYET
NGUYET
LE THI

ANALYZING

THE STRUCTURE
THE NATURAL
ANALYZING
THE STRUCTURE
OF THEOF
NATURAL
SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIS
OF
THAI
NGUYEN
PROVINCE
WITH
PURPOSES
OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE WITH PURPOSES
OF
OF
REASONABLE
USE
NATURAL
RESOURCES
AND
REASONABLE
USE
OFOF
NATURAL
RESOURCES
AND
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE
Speciality
Speciality

Natural
geography
: : Natural
geography

Code
Code

: : 6262
4444
02 02
17

17

SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY DOCTOR THESIS

SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY DOCTOR THESIS

HA NOI - 2015

HA NOI - 2015


Thesis was completed at the :
Thesis

was completed at the :
Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and

Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of
Technology

Science and Technology
Advisors:
1. Dr. Nguyen Lap Dan

Advisors:

2. Ass.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Van Cam

1. Dr. Nguyen Lap Dan
2. Ass.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Cam Van
Critic 1: Prof.Dr.Sc. Pham Hoang Hai
Critic 2: Ass.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Thuc Nhu
Critic 3: Ass.Prof.Dr. Tran Viet Khanh

Critic 1: Prof.Dr.Sc. Pham Hoang Hai
Critic 2: Ass.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Thuc Nhu
Critic 3: Ass.Prof.Dr. Tran Viet Khanh

The thesis is protected before thesis assess Council of the Graduate
University level, meeting at:
at……… hour,……………….……, 2015

The thesis is protected before thesis assess Council of the Graduate
University level, meeting at:

at……… hour,……………….……, 2015

This thesis can be found from the National Library and Graduate University of Science and
Technology,s Library.

This thesis can be found from the National Library and Graduate University
of Science and Technology,s Library.


1

OPENING
1. THE URGENCY OF THIS THESIS.

Thai Nguyen province is considered the cultural and economic central
of Northern midlands and mountainous region. This province has strategic
position, natural conditions and resources that favor the development.
However, till this day, the province’s economic development is generally not
up to its potential, the living of its ethnic minorities is still poor and hard.
Moreover, under the pressure from population growth and with out-dated
technology, the province’s economic, which is heavily depended on natural
resources, will easily be lagging behind. Thai Nguyen needs to have a change
in pace and reform to be worthy of its tradition and to make use of its
potential.
From Thai Nguyên’s navigation of development to 2020, the economic
structure will be Industry - Services – Agriculture. As a midlands and
mountainous province with majority of the people work in agriculture and
forestry, these fields can contribute greatly to province’s development.
Under this navigation, province’s agriculture and forestry will be changed
into the way of intensive farming, high productivity. There are already

researches and projects every year which continuously help boosting the
province’s and forestry. However, they only stay in their objectives of
serving restricted purpose, not have the intention of analyzing and planning
the whole territory.
To solve this realistic problem and help improve the economic and
social development of the province, I present the thesis:
“Analysis of the structure of the natural synthesis of Thai Nguyen
province for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable
development".
2. RESEARCH’S MISSION

Creat geographical basis by analyzing and assessing the structure of the
natural synthesis to guide and organize the the sustainable development of
Thai province’s agriculture and forestry.
3. RESEARCH’S COVERAGE

- To establish the rationale and methodology.
- Analyzing the structure of the natural synthesis to find the rule
differentiation and specificity..
- Use ecological suitability assessment methods to assess Thai Nguyen
province’s structure of the natural synthesis for the purpose of developing
agriculture and forestry
- Propose the direction and solutions for the organization of the
territorial space for the purpose of rational using the natural resources and
sustainable development.


2
4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF THE THESIS

4.1. Territorial scope
The researched territory includes the whole Thai Nguyen province,
from the coordinates 21019'N to 22003'B and 105029'E to 106015'E, with 9
administrative units: Thái Nguyên City, Sông Công commune, Định Hóa
district, Võ Nhai district, Đại Từ district, Phú Lương district, Đồng Hỷ
district, Phú Bình district, Phổ Yên district.
4.2. Scientific scope
- Analysis of structural diversity of synthesis natural of Thai Nguyen
province. The studied synthesis are similar with the inner landscape,
theoretically there are many landscape concept, in practice, Thai Nguyen
province territorial has been exploited for a long time, virtually there is no
longer pristine landscape of the so-called synthesis natural position.
Landscape structure including spatial structure, function structure and
landscape dynamic .
- Use ecological suitability assessment methods to assess Thai Nguyen
province’s structure of the natural synthesis for the purpose of developing
agriculture and forestry.
- Assessed Subjects: The author assess the suitability for forestry
development (3 forest types by functions: protective forests, special-use
forests, productive forest); agricultural development (tea, soybean, rice and
evaluate the development of pastures).
5. ARGRUMENTS

- 1st Agrument: Natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province
shows the diversity of distribution and complexity, is both deeply influenced
by azonal rule, and also follows the rules of zonal and is strongly influenced
by the human’s activities; formed a system of landscape units include: 1
system of landscape, 1 sub-system of landscape, 3 landscape classes, 6
landscape sub-classes, two types of landscape and 85 landscapes.
- 2nd Argument: Use ecological suitability assessment methods to

assess 85 landscapes of Thai Nguyen province for economic and
environmental protection purposes. This is an important basis for the
proposed organizing the using of territory for sustainable development of
Thai province’s agriculture and forestry.
6. NEW POINTS OF THE THESIS

- Analysis the diversity of natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen
province. Establish classification system for the natural synthesis structure
and build the Landscape map of Thai Nguyen in 1 /100,000 scale.
- Assessing the degree of adaptation of the natural synthesis structure
of Thai Nguyen province for forestry development (development of
protective forests, special-use forests, productive forest), for agricultural
development (tea, soybean, rice and evaluate the development of pastures).
Build the Assessment of the adaptation degree Map of Thai Nguyen in 1
/100,000 scale.


3
- Propose the direction and solutions for the organization of the
territorial space for forestry and agricultural sustainable development. Build
the Forestry and agricultural development orientation map 1 /100,000 scale.
7. THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANT OF THESIS

7.1. Scientific significant
The thesis contributes to improve ecological suitability assessment
methods natural synthesis structure for the rational use of natural resources
and sustainable development.
The results of the thesis will be useful resources to serve the research
mapping the landscape, landscape assessment maps, orientation map for
development of agriculture and forestry for the territorials with similar

conditions.
7.2. Practical significant
The research results of the thesis will be the scientific basis for spatial
territorial planning of agriculture and forestry of Thai Nguyen to 2020, with
vision to 2030.
8. THESIS STRUCTURE
The thesis has 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Rationale of analyzing the natural synthesis structure for the
purpose of rational using the natural resources and sustainable development.
Chapter 2: Analysis the diversity of natural synthesis structure of Thai
Nguyen.
Chapter 3: Assessing the natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen
province for forestry and agricultural sustainable development.
Chapter 4: Orientate the agriculture and forestry territorial of Thai
Nguyen province.
Chapter 1
RATIONALE OF ANALYZING THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS
STRUCTURE FOR THE PURPOSE OF RATIONAL USING THE
NATURAL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1.1. THE SIMILARITY OF MEANING BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF
NATURAL SYNTHESIS STRUCTURE AND LANDSCAPE IN THIS THESIS

Modern natural geographical modern views on relationships and
interdependencies among the components that make up the natural synthesis
natural position at different levels, be it at the level of small to supply the
planet's largest.
Landscape study is part of the natural geography, the study of synthesis
natural scale and the local area as part of the shell structure of geography
(Ixatrenko, 1991). According to the research there are three concepts about

landscape scenery (depending on the contents of the study wants to express):
Landscape as a general concept, synonymous with the overall site and place
system ( F.N. Minkov, D.L.Armand ...); Landscape is the classification of
units (B.B.Polunov, N.A. Gvozdetxki, ...); Landscape as individual units
(N.A.Xolsev, A.G.Ixatxenko, Vũ Tự Lập...).


4
According to authors Nguyen Cao Huan, Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen
Thanh Long ... no matter what the perspective from which the landscape is
viewed the landscape is still seen as a natural synthesis, while the difference
of the on the notion that the landscape is considered units of any level units,
the landscape is defined and shown on any map in a way, manner or
inductive interpretation.
For Thai Nguyen, the body naturally synthesized by the author of the
thesis research has similarities with the inner landscape, because so many
concepts as landscape analysis, in fact, the provincial territory Taiyuan to be
exploited for a long time, virtually no primary features of the landscape socalled synthesis natural position as Vu Tu Lap was later called the
geographical system without known as the landscape or individual scenes as
previous studies. The author also inherited the research to go ahead, as is the
integrated landscape natural nature type, is associated with the ecological
criteria and the extent of human impact.
1.2. RESEARCHED PROJECTS OVERVIEW

1.2.1. The study of landscape structure and landscape assessment for the
purpose of rational use of the territory
1.2.1.1. Researchs around the world
a. The study of the structure, function, dynamics of landscape
The concept of landscape structure is currently ununified, there are
many definitions of landscape structure. In general, the author refers to the

spatial structure (including vertical structure and the horizontal structure) and
the dynamics of the landscape (the change of landscape structure over time
...) . The study of landscape structure catch attention of authors such as V.X.
Preobrajenxki, N.A. Xoltsev (1947.1971), X.V. Kalexnik (1978), Bastian and
Steinhardt (2002), ...
As researching on the role of components of the landscape structure,
there are also some different concepts. Some authors suggested that these
components have equal roles in the forming the landscape as reflected in
their levels of conservative or advance.
Some authors suggested that the functional role of each component in
the formation of landscapes is different, an example of this second group is
N.I. Xoltxev. According to him, each component of the landscape has
different impact levels, in which the temperature - humidity and organisms
are components of the transformation of geographic system, these
components have the highest fluctuation .
According Ixatrenko (1969), the distinction of key components as
dominant or dependent are only relatively, only makes sense in a time rather
than the historical development of the landscape.
Research of the function is also mentioned in many works: AG
Ixatrenko (1961), Forman (1981), De Groot (1992) ... Just as structural
studies, research landscape features many different concepts. According A.G.
Ixatrenko (1961), functional landscape is "general exchange, physical
transformation of material and energy in the landscape", and Forman (1981)


5
re-define "the energy flow, nutrient and biological material between
landscape elements. " Besides, the function of the landscape is also
understood as the benefits that people obtain from the properties and
processes of landscape acccording to Niemann (1977), De Groot (1992) ... In

landscape planning there is also a common term multifunctional landscapes
(especially in Europe).
b. The study of the landscape classification system
Along with the system partition of the author: Xoltxev (1958.1960); M.I.
Mikhainov (1962); V.I. Prokaev (1967), is the classification system
landscape of the author A.G. Ixatrenko (1961), N.A. Gvozdexki (1961), V.A.
Nhicolaev (1966), P.W. Mitchell and I.A. Howard (FAO- 1978) ... Between
the landscape classification system where the number of criteria, hierarchical
classification levels are not the same because different authors based on the
characteristics of their studied territory and the scale of the maps they
established.
c. Research on the landscape assessment
Landscape assessment was reviewed from the 70s of XX century in
many different aspects, such as the study of LI Mukhina (1973), Kunhixki
(1973).
Following the previous landscape assessment methods, many technic
landscape assessment technics are given such as: evaluating the economic
efficiency by means of analyzing the cost - benefit (Alfred Mashall and
Zvoruvkin KB 1968). Research and evaluate in a more integrated
comprehensive way from nature to economic – social and environmental is
mentioned in the work of FAO in land evaluating since the 1980s
(particularly since the 1990s) so far (FAO, 1993).
1.2.1.2. Vietnamese’s Researchs
a. Researchs of the landscape structure, function, dynamics
First mention the study of landscape structure in Vietnam was in Vu Tu
Lap’s researches. In the "Geographical landscape of northern Vietnam", he
has researched the vertical structure of the landscape in northern Vietnam,
specified the involvement of the natural elements in the creation,
development of the landscape. The horizontal structure of the landscape
across North Vietnam was the studied by the author from the bottom up,

from levels and types of geographic.
The research of Pham Quang Anh has introduced the concept of
ecological landscape structure, which is an "ecological economic model"
with three modules: natural module, module of human society and
production module which take the territory landscape as the basis.
The researches of authors Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thuong Hung,
Nguyen Ngoc Khanh in the "The landscape basis of the rational using of
natural resources, environmental protecting Vietnam", have studied
characteristics of natural elements of Vietnam - one of the basic factors to
create vertical structure of the landscape; research of classification units, the
classification criteria applied to the landscape map of Vietnam ratio of 1 /


6
1,000,000; at the same time, study characteristics functional structure,
dynamics features of the tropical monsoon landscape of Vietnam.
Also, we need to mention the research of the author Nguyen Cao Huan
"Analysis of the functional structure of the tropical geography for the
purpose of rational using and protection of the nature"; authors Truong
Quang Hai, Thinh Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang “landscape assessment
for the purpose of development of agriculture, forestry and tourism in karst
areas in Ninh Binh Province ", ...
b. Researchs of Landscape Classification System
Foremost to mention is the works of Vu Tu Lap (1976) which gave a
classification system for geographic landscape of northern Vietnam with 8
levels.
The landscape classification system of Pham Quang Anh developed in
map scale of 1: 2,000,000 (1983) based on the classification system of
Nhicolaiev, including 7 levels.
The landscape classification system by Nguyen Thanh Long et al 10

levels.
The classification system of the authors Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen
Thuong Hung, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh includes 7 levels.
c. Researchs on the landscape assessment
Since 1980 , studies about assessment of the landscape have developed.
The research of Vu Tu Lap (1982) "Methodology and research, evaluation
methods of synthesis natural conditions and territorial planning" and
especially the research of Nguyen Cao Huan (2005 ) "Assessing the
landscape according to ecological economics approach," research of Pham
Hoang Hai " Adaptive evaluation method for geographic subjects" (2004) ...
1.2.2. Research on rational use of natural resource sand sustainable
development of agriculture
The notables includes the "Strategic Orientation for sustainable
development in Vietnam” (21st Agenda of Vietnam) which was approved by
the Prime Minister in 2004, a number of research projects for sustainable
development of agriculture includes:Franck Jesus’ research "Sustainability of
agricultural development in northern Vietnam," the study of Dang Van Phan
Vu Nhu Van, Le Trong Cuc, Ha Van Hanh, Hoang Duc Triem ...
1.2.3. Researches on the territory of Thai Nguyen
1.2.3.1. Researches on the components of the landscape
- In geology, topography - geomorphology and minerals: The works of
authors Vu Tu Lap, Le Duc An, Vuong Dinh Khanh, studies of authors Tran
Viet Khanh, Nguyen Thi May ...
- In climate: the works of Pham Ngoc Toan Phan Nguyen Tat Dac and
Nguyen Duc Ngu on climate in Vietnam in general and the work of the
authors Nguyen Thi Hien, Mai Trong Thong also mentioned the area Thai
Nguyen Province.
- In Soils: in 2000, the Department of Natural Resources and
Environment has planned projects for Thai Nguyen province’s land using in

7
the period from 1999 to 2010, the People's Committee of Thai Nguyen;
Government (2006), "Resolutions on the adjustment of planning the using of
land in 2010 and plans to use the land for 5 years (2006-2010) in Thai
Nguyen".
- In hydrological: There is work by Nguyen Lap Dan, Nguyen Thi
Thanh Bang in project EU, STD3 - CT94 - 0310. Recently, work by the
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Thai Nguyen province.
- In biological: Since 1993, the Institute of Forest Inventory and
Planning Institute has built a List of Bac Thai plants, notably, in 2006 with
the study of Le Xuan Canh, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources.
1.2.3.2. General geographic studies
Research in this direction includes the works of authors Mai Trong Thong,
Nguyen Khanh Van and their colleagues. They have established climate map
of Thai Nguyen province. The studies by Nguyen Cam Van, Nguyen Thi
Hong, ...
1.3. RATIONALE AND
SYNTHESIS STUDIES.

METHODS

IN

NATURAL

STRUCTURAL

1.3.1. Landscape structure
1.3.1.1. The spatial structure of the landscape

- Vertical structure of the landscape is made up of related traits and
relationship interactions between the constituent parts of the landscape.
Regarding the role of the components constituting the landscape there
are many different concepts. According V.X. Preobrajenxki, the components
have equal roles in forming the landscape reflected in the level of
conservatism and advance. Because the components of the landscape have
the same role in the process of forming the landscape so vertical structure of
landscape is in singular form.
Author Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (2010) has grouped the landscape
components into three groups, including Inorganic material foundation
(geology, topography), heat foundation (climate and hydrological), organic
matter foundation (soil, biological). In addition, he also found an important
role the human in the structure of landscape so he added one more
component, which is the culture.
Some authors suggest that the functional role of each component in the
formation of landscapes is different, typical of this second group is N.I.
Xolntxev. According to him lava foundation is the dominant factor of the
landscape, while biological factor depends on all other components.
According to Ixatrenko (1969) the division of constituents as nominant
or dependant is only relatively, only makes sense in a time rather than the
historical development of the landscape.
- Horizontal structure of the landscape: The components of the
landscape also demonstrate the systematical system called horizontal
structure or hierarchy. Horizontal structure shows the heterogeneity of the
geographic, higher the level, more complex the structure.


8
Researching horizontal structure of the landscape is very complex
because it represents the intrinsic differentiation in relation to the overall

composition of the landscape.
1.3.1.2. Functional structure of the landscape
According to authors Vu Tu Lap (1976), Truong Quang Hai (2008), the
landscape has two basic functions : natural function and socio-economic
functions.
The natural function is to receive the material flow, energy for the
existence and development of the landscape. Socio-economic functions is the
ability to use the landscape for the purposes of socio-economic development.
1.3.1.3. Dynamics of landscape
The landscape is always affected during the formation, development
following natural laws. Motivation of development of the landscape depends
on natural elements and the territory exploitation of human. Rhythm and
trends of the transformation depends on effect of alternative seasons on the
territory.
However, territorial systems are also composed of society subsystems, so
it is also affected by the laws of social development. These elements form the
mechanism motivation is critical to transform the modern landscape, which is
the exploitation of human territory, balancing effect on the material, the energy
of the system between two modules natural - social.
1.3.2. The relationship between natural conditions, natural resources
and the natural structural synthesis
The relationship between natural conditions, natural resources with the
components that make up the structure of natural synthesis (landscape
architecture) shown in the similarities between them through the economicsocial development activities. Each lanscape unit contains the characteristics
natural potential and correspondes with them is the exploitation of human
beings. This is also the basis for organizational management and exploitation
of territorial system.
1.3.3. The relationship between the structure of synthesis natural and
agricultural production and forestry
Between landscape and agricultural production, forestry intimate

relationship with each other. Activities agriculture, forestry is formed and
developed based on the structural components of the landscape. Through this
activity, the human impact on the landscape has changed the structure and its
components in the direction of positive and negative.
1.3.4. Sustainable development of agriculture and forestry
Development of agriculture and forestry is sustainable when it is
ensured on all three areas of economic, social and environmental.
1.3.5. Landscape assessment and evaluation for the rational use of
natural resources and sustainable development
There are many methods of assessment such as: Assessing ecological
adaptation (assessment of advantages), environmental assessment, landscape


9
economic evaluation , ...), which, in evaluating ecological adaptation location
is very important and commonly used in recent works.
1.3.6. The views and research methods
1.3.6.1. Research viewpoints
When conducting the research, the author uses the following main
points: synthesis view , system views, territory views , historical perspective,
the view from sustainable development, ecological economics perspective.
1.3.6.2. Research methodology
The author uses the following methods: Method of collecting and
processing materials, systems analysis methods, methods of mapping and
geographic information systems (GIS), assessment methods ecological
adaptation, the field methods, methods of sociological investigation.
Chapter 2
ANALYSIS THE DIVERSITY OF NATURAL SYNTHESIS
STRUCTURE OF THAI NGUYEN
2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF FACTORS COULD CREATE SUMMARY OF

NATURAL RESOURCES OF THAI NGUYEN

2.1.1. Features of natural conditions, natural resources of Thai Nguyen
province
Thai Nguyen is a province in the Midlands and northern mountainous
area is 3534.72 km2 (2012). On the map the structure of the whole territory,
Thai Nguyen in northern folding domain, the junction is being transformed
Caledonit Hoa Nam folded in Mezozoi of North Vietnam.
Greatest peculiarities of terrain Thai Nguyen domain is transition from
mountain terrain to hilly and plains, mountains and hills but still
predominate. The terrain is hilly in majority of Thai Nguyen, low mountains
which run north - south, lower from north to south.
Important feature of the climate regime Thai Nguyen is the transition
between the plains and mountains, this transition expressed primarily in heat
mode. Fluctuation in the day and night temperatures is greater than North
Delta, an average difference of about 0.5 - 1 ° C. In Thai Nguyen it’s quite
cold in winter, frost is likely to occur, especially in the north, where the
terrain and altitude terrain are advantageous for the formation of frost.
Thai Nguyen has a network of rivers, quite thick, the average density
from 0.9 to 1.2 km / km2. River systems in the province of Thai Nguyen
mainly located in Cau River Basin, about 90% of the province. The rest in
the east of Rong River basin, which flows into the Thuong River System.
Water flow in the river Thai Nguyen is average.
Synthesis on ThaiNguyen soil map scale of 1: 100 000 of the Planning
and Design Institute of Agriculture shows that the province's land is mostly
hilly land (accounting for 85.8% of total natural area). Due to the dominance
of the terrain and climate, hills and mountains of the province weathered fast,
strong and also very susceptible to degradation, leaching, erosion strongly
once the ecological is imbalance.

10
Thus was formed and developed in diverse natural conditions, along
with long-term historical development of flora vegetation Thai Nguyen
fertilizer rich and diverse. However, due to phenomenon of deforestation and
forest fires the evergreen forest floor are very rare.
The natural ingredients of Thai Nguyen has an important role in
creating the landscape, which is inconsistent and incomplete. The natural
ingredients only exist in relative independence between them always close
relationships, interactions and interdependencies, penetrate each other to
form a unity.
2.1.2. Characteristics of economic – social activities of Thai Nguyen
province
Province population in 2012 was 1,150,230 people. The average
population density of the province is 325 people / km2. The rate of natural
increase is 1.34%. On the Thai Nguyen territory has 8 different ethnic groups
live, in which Kinh accounted for approximately 75.5%, 10.7% Tay, Nung
5.1%, 2.1% Dao, San Diu 2.4% . The structure shows that the ethnic
diversity of customs, habits, lifestyles and experiences in agricultural
production, but also the difference in the level of economic development,
education and training.
In 2012, employment in agriculture - forestry - fishery accounted for
the highest proportion in the labor structure in Thai Nguyen (62.86). The
labor in agriculture, forestry are abundant, however, labor in agriculture,
forestry training has limited qualifications, this is also a great influence on
the productivity of agriculture and forestry in Thai Nguyen.
The recent period of economic Thai Nguyen province has made rapid
development, gradually improves life for people. That one side reflects the
industrialization and modernization of the provincial economy, but on the
other hand also shows that, although workers in agriculture, forestry and

fisheries accounted for the highest density and potential large industries, yet
Thai Nguyen province has not yet fully exploit the advantages..
2.2. VARIETY OF SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF NATURAL SYNTHESIS
STRUCTURE OF THAI NGUYEN

2.2.1. Vertical natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province
When studying the structure of the landscape stand Thai Nguyen
province to analyze two issues: the role of the components in landscape
architecture and landscape fragmentation vertically.
2.2.1.1. The role of the structural components of vertical natural synthesis
of Thai Nguyen
The thesis analyzes the role of natural ingredients to create synthesis
natural territory (landscapes), based on the opinion of A.G Ixatrenko and
A.A Krauklis.
a. Geological, tectonic and topographic solid foundation of the
formation and distribution of synthesis natural Thai Nguyen territory
- The role of geology, tectonics for the formation and distribution of
synthesis natural territory


11
The process of geology, tectonics is the basis of the formation and
development of terrain territory. Each type of terrain morphology is
characterized by a certain set of bedrock. In particular, geological fault
system has defined the direction of the terrain to Thai Nguyen province. The
lava background combined with topographical features, climate, biological
have stipulated the formation and characteristics of different types of soil in
the area.
- The role of the topography for the formation and distribution of
synthesis natural territory

Topography is the solid foundation of the landscape, the aggregate
results of the impact of internal resources and external resources through a
process of historical development of long, complex.
Topography is one of the factors that make up the climate division of
Thai Nguyen. With its geographical location situated in the Midlands and
Northern Mountains, Thai Nguyen influenced by the northeast monsoon,
there is a cold winter in years. However, due to the characteristics and
differentiation terrain areas in Thai Nguyen province is characterized by
different climate.
Topography has an impact on the hydrological characteristics of Thai
Nguyen influence the flows directly to the northwest - southeast of the rivers
and the transporting material.
Topography also affects soil characteristics, biological of Thai Nguyen
through forest vegetation type and soil cover incurred. Corresponding to
altitudes greater than 700 m vegetation appeared some tropical species and
below them is red loam soils characteristic yellow. Below 700 m, soil and
vegetation Thai Nguyen demonstrates the clear zonal soil is typical yellowred soil and vegetation type monsoon rainforest.
So, in association with geological features, tectonic terrain Thai
Nguyen province is divided into the base layer, sub-class landscape
b. The climate is part of the dynamics of the formation and
distribution of synthesis natural territory
Climate is the first factors affecting the process of weathering soil
formation, the distribution and hydrology, to the growth and development of
the biological and create differentiation varied scenes in the territory.
With its geographic location in northern climates, Thai Nguyen in the
system landscape monsoon. Differentiation of Paternity landscape due to
monsoon circulation and distribution of topography creates differentiation
heat, moisture. Area is influenced strongly by the northeast monsoon, so Thai
Nguyen systems in sub-tropical monsoon landscape with a cold winter and a
part type landscape evergreen rainforest rainy season .

The role of climate on the generation and distribution of landscape
reflected in the impact directly or indirectly to all other natural components
in the system.
c. Hydrology is a key component in the exchange and transporting
naturalsynthesis material inside the territory


12
The regular flow with activities are mainly erosion and deposition has
formed the plain terrain along the river valley, forming layer plain landscape
in Thai Nguyen.
Thanks to ingress water into the soil creating moisture in the soil, is
one of the conditions of formation of soil fertility. The impact of soil
hydrology to Thai Nguyen also shown in shaping the kind of alluvial soils
sour, beck alluvial soils, alluvial soils Glay ... create diversity soil, is a basis
of the formation of different landscape types.
d. Pedology is the active components in the creation and distribution
of natural synthesis territory
With the diversity of the lavabase, differentiation of topography,
climate, has created a rich diversity of soil types in Thai Nguyen, such as
alluvial soil, the land of gray, black soil, red soil gold on the rocks, humus ...
In the division of the unit of thenatural synthesis Thai Nguyen besides these
landscapes based on differentiation of vegetation, also based on the
differentiation of specific types of land of the province.
e. Organisms has an important role in the adjustment, recovery and
energy metabolism of natural synthesis territory
The vegetation is the most important criteria in split level style
landscape. Under conditions incurred, landscapes Thai Nguyen province is
evergreen rainforest rainy season in many different soil types.
In the division of the unit natural synthesis structure type Thai Nguyen

the landscape level but to rely on the differentiation of soils is also based on
the division of the province of vegetation. Therefore, Thai Nguyen province
vegetation plays an important role in the distribution of the great landscape
type of Thai Nguyen province.
g. The role of human activities
Humans both are factors forming the landscape both is impact factors
alter the landscape. Today, most of the natural landscape on Thai Nguyen
territory has the intervention of the hand of man in these extents, in both
positive and negative.
2.2.1.2. The vertical divergence of the landscape in Thai Nguyen
If considered as a homogeneous horizontal, the vertical structure of the
Thai landscape as follows: the bottom is the kind of sedimentary,
metamorphic, sedimentary limestone alternating, basic magma, volcanic and
intrusive acid under complex anticlinal Thai tropical north and west tip
deflection husband Chau; followed feralit soils on the different types of
stone; followed by hydrological most rivers in the Pacific river systems,
including two major river basins and river River Bridge Company, Taiyuan
groundwater aquifers have deep mining prospects small to medium;
topography typical of Thai Nguyen is a hilly and mountainous terrain
running north - south; vegetation above prior to the impact of human
characteristics is evergreen rainforest, tropical jungles, and now has more
vegetation work as plantation workers, agricultural vegetation ; surrounded


13
on the entire territory of Taiyuan is the type of humid tropical climate
monsoon, there is a cold winter.
2.2.2. Horizontal natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen province
Horizontal natural synthesis structure of Thai Nguyen shows the
distribution of diverse, complex, deeply influenced by azonal rule, both

follow the rules of zonal and influenced by these works human effects. The
structure shows the distribution of horizontal space of these landscape unit,
said the relationship between these landscape unit level (system landscape,
landscape patriarchy, class landscape, landscape extra class, type landscape)
to low (the landscape).
2.2.2.1. The classification system the of landscape of Thai Nguyen province
- The principle of mapping the landscape of Thai Nguyen province:
Need to show the creation of ecological in vertical structure , Show the
structural units in horizontal and reflect nutritional state succession.
- The method of mapping the landscape of Thai Nguyen province in the
scale of 1 / 100,000
The author uses GIS software such as MapInfo, ArcGIS handle
information in the target class, the task was determined to create these map
composition (scale of 1 / 100,000), intermediate map (model some terrain
elevation (DEM)), then overlay these thematic maps at 1 / 100,000 for
mapping the landscape. In addition, the authors have carried out surveys in
several locations in two routes in the direction east - west and north - south to
examine and document the results was carried out in the office.
- The classification system the landscape of Thai Nguyen province for
the map in scale of 1 / 100,000
Author inherited the landscape classification VA Nhicolaev and
research of the author Pham Hoang Hai and his colleagues, built landscape
classification system applies to the territory of the study include these
ordered level as follows:
Landscape
system

Landscape
sub-system

Landscape
Class

Landscape
Sub-class

Landscape
types

Landscape

Figure 2.1. Level classification system applied to the landscape
territorial research
Thai Nguyen are a midland and mountainous provinces, although
majority of the terrain are low hilly but naturally different under the rule of
elevations. This rule has dominated the formation of two types of
landscape,these are dense evergreen tropical forest landscape and dense
tropical evergreen in rain season landscape.
in landscape classification system classification landscape including 3
classes ò landscape - 6 sub-class of landscape - 2 types of landscape - 85
kinds of landscape.


14
2.3. DIVERSITY IN FUNCTIONAL OF STRUCTURE OF THE NATURAL
SYNTHESIS IN THAI NGUYEN

2.3.1. Functional diversity of the natural synthesis of Thai Nguyen
province
2.3.1.1. The natural function

a. Land protection
The landscape is distributed on average terrain, low mountain, hill has
a deep separation and split large cross section. The landscape is receiving
material from the atmosphere and transport to of the sub-layers of material
below. Due to the steep slope, so the exogenous and related complications
gravity are fast (landslide, collapse) and landslides, erosion and groundwater
(limestone area), erosion, soil runoff. The intensity of erosion, runoff, soil
erosion will be stronger for those areas with slope, heavy rainfall and
vegetation cover is destroyed. Therefore, it should be planned in of the
landscape planting in areas with high slopes, high rainfall and especially loss
of forest vegetation cover.
b. Watershed protection functions and environmental protection
The landscape is distributed on average terrain, low mountain
headwater tributary of the Cau River, Cong River, around Nui Coc Lake ...
have an important role in regulating flow rivers should have the role of
importance of watershed protection. The mountain scenery on average, lower
montane can both ensure the protection function protects land resources, both
functional watershed protection, environmental protection.
2.3.1.2. Economic - social functions
a. Function in forestry production and agriculture - forestry
Group of functional landscapes in forestry production (production
forest) and agroforestry are distributed over high hilly, in addition to
distribution in lowland areas, low hill slope 15-250, on different types of
land, with the current state of the vegetation are planted forests, secondary
forest or scrub, grass secondary (landscape number 18, 19, 30, 32, 40, 41,44,
45, 48 ...). The development of forest production and increase the production
of agriculture - forestry help improve the livelihoods of mountain people,
causing them to actively grow and protect special-use forests, forest
protection, and ensuring the protection function of the the landscape.
b. Functions in agricultural production and settlement

An important function of the the majority of of these landscapes in the
foothills and plains (slope 0-80). Fertile alluvial soil, relatively flat terrain,
abundant water resources, advantageous both for human residence, both
easily arable crops production, the production of food crops, industrial
production - services services, infrastructure construction, the permanent
buildings (landscape number 58,59,60,61,63,70,71,72,73 ...).
c. Function manufacturing, industrial development and service
e landscape keeps this function contains many elements quite special, or
mines, minerals, or have the potential to develop tourism (landscape number
60,68,69,76,80,81... )


15
2.3.2. Driving force of synthesis natural of Thai Nguyen province
As of seasonal rhythm Thai Nguyen landscapes clearly shown in the
nature of tropical humid monsoon, have a cold winter. For a midland and
mountainous province subject to the the law of elevation, the influence
monsoon regime to heat, moisture is obvious.
Rainy season: Coincides with the hot season, starting from April to
October, accounting for 85-90% of the annual rainfall. Highest rainfall in
July or January 8. Thermal Gradient - abundant moisture advantageous for
the development of the plant, but of the phenomenon of floods, disasters also
cause difficulties for local people. In this period r> 2t.
Dry season: Coincides with the period of the cold season, from
November to March, with little rainfall, only accounted for 10-15% of the
annual rainfall. The dry season can be divided into two periods: the early
winter, because cold air mass, dry so little rain; Last winter, cold air and
moisture due to the drizzle. This period r <2t (dry).
n recent years, due to climate change, the rainfall in Thai Nguyen
abnormal changes. This unusual situation climate poses many difficulties in

in agricultural production.
It should be noticed that the speed of change and development are not
too fast without human influence. Therefore, today the territory exploitation
of human is the largest, most critical to change the landscape. The impact
humans on the landscape Thai Nguyen both positive direction - better
landscape renovation, both negative direction - degrade the landscape.
2.4.LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICATION OF THAI NGUYEN
n addition to considering the role of synthesis natural ingredients, the
authors considered the terrain are dominant factor in the distribution landscape
Thai Nguyen territory. From 100m of altitude on the mountain and hill
landscape (located in the northern Thai Nguyen), 100m altitude landscape of
low hills and plains centers (located in the center and south of Thai Nguyen).
Corresponding to the two landscapes, the authors split the territory into 8 subregions Thai Nguyen landscape as follows:
- Regional landscape hilly and mountainous north of Thai Nguyen:
(1) Regional sub-landscape Tam Dao medium mountains (A1)
(2) Regional sub-landscape Đinh Hoa medium-low mountains (A2)
(3) Regional sub-landscape Vo Nhai medium-low mountains (A3)
(4) Regional sub-landscape Đinh Hoa, Phu Luong high hills (A4)
(5) Regional sub-landscape Đong Hy - Vo Nhai high hills (A5)
(6) Regional sub-landscape Tam Dao high hills (A6)
- Regional landscape low hills,central plains and the south of Thai
Nguyen:
(7) Regional sub-landscape Thai Nguyen City’s low hills (B1)
(8) Regional sub- landscape Phu Binh - Pho Yen plains(B2)


16
Chapter 3
ASSESSING THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS STRUCTURE OF THAI
NGUYEN PROVINCE FOR FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
3.1. ASSESSING THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS STRUCTURE OF THAI
NGUYEN PROVINCE FOR FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT

3.1.1. Subjects and procedures, evaluation methods
Assessment method landscape PhD student selected in the thesis is to
assess the ecological adaptation. Assess 85 types of landscape from the
Landscape map of Thai Nguyen province scale of 1 / 100,000.
3.1.2. Select the types of agriculture, forestry for assessment
3.1.2.1. Principles for selected the type of agricultural
- Selecting the type of crop
PhD student has selected to represent three plants of two types of Thai
Nguyen agricultural including rice and soybean represents for the type of of
annual crops; Tea represents the type perennials service for assessment.
- Selecting the type of livestock
PhD student has selected to assess suitability the landscapes to
develop grazing cattle, because Thai Nguyen is in midland and
mountainous regions - regions with ecological conditions for the
development of animal husbandry.
3.1.2.3. Principles for selected the type of of forestry
PhD student assesses the adaptability of the landscape units for the
purposes of forest development: special-use forest,protective forest
,production forest ..
3.2. ASSESSING THE ADVANTAGES OF THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS FOR
FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT

3.2.1. Assessment for the purpose of developing protective forests
- The assessment criteria:
PhD student selected criteria such as protective position, topography,

soil, climate and vegetation. protective position are the most important factor,
the direct impact to the purpose, the protection capacity of the landscape; the
slope of the terrain has a strong impact on the process of erosion, runoff, soil
erosion should have the weighted 3; criteria terrain types are characterized
criteria for the purpose of developing protective forest weighted 2; The
remaining criteria of soil and climate are of the general criteria for forest
development 1. Total ratio of these landscapes are not included in the
assessment of 38 types of landscape.
- Assessment results
The thesis has assessed 45 types of landscapes development for the purpose
protective forest in Thai Nguyen. Assessment results with 37 types of
landscape of Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 184,279.4 hectares,
accounting for 52.1% of the total area of the province's natural to be included
for purposes of development protective forest.


17
3.2.2. Assessment for development purposes special-use forest
- The assessment criteria
In addition to the assessment criteria for the purpose of forest
development in general, for special use forests specific criteria for
assessment for the purpose of preserving are status quo forest vegetation, ie
unchanged extents cover existing plants compared with native vegetation and
landscape of rare and unique. The total number of these landscapes are not
included in the assessment of 62 types of landscape.
The weighting of the evaluation factors shall be determined as follows:
As vegetation intact weighted 3; other indicators such as temperature,
precipitation, dry season length weighted 1.
- Assessment results
he thesis has assessed 23 types of landscapes development for the purpose

protective forest in Thai Nguyen. Assessment results with 15 types of
landscape of Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 65,256.72 hectares,
accounting for 18.5% of total natural area the province should be put into
development purposes special use forests.
3.2.3. Assessment for the purpose of developing productive forest
- The assessment criteria
For productive forest assessment criteria include indicators topography,
soil, climate and vegetation. In the above criteria, criteria specific impact on
production and business purposes forest: Existing vegetation weighted 3;
topographic criteria weighted 2; The remaining other criteria include: soil,
climate weighted 1 (are criteria for forest development in general). The total
number of these landscapes not rated are 51 types of landscape.
- Assessment results
PhD student assessed 34 types of landscapes capable of for the purpose
of development productive forest Assessment results have 30 kinds of
landscape of Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 150,672.7 hectares,
accounting for 42.6% of total natural area province to adapt to the
development productive forest.
3.3. ASSESSING THE ADVANTAGES OF THE NATURAL SYNTHESIS
FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

3.3.1. Rice
- The assessment criteria
PhD student selected assessment criteria include indicators of soil (soil
type, soil layer thickness, mechanical composition), slope of the terrain, the
targets on water and climate regimes. A total of 55 of these landscapes is
rated unsuitable for rice development.
On the weight number the following criteria: type of soil are soil
characteristic criteria for the purpose of weight 3 rice, water mode,
mechanical composition and slope is weighted 2, while the other criteria as

thick soil layer, the annual average temperature, average rainfall years, the
length of the cold season, dry season length weighted 1.
- Assessment results


18
PhD student assessed 30 types of landscapes capable of for the purpose
of developing rice plants. Assessment results with 25 types of landscape of
Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 95,812.4 hectares, accounting for
27.1% of the total area of the province's natural adaptation to developing
countries rice.
3.3.2. Assessment for soybean
- The assessment criteria
PhD student selected assessment criteria include indicators of soil (soil
type, soil layer thickness, mechanical composition), indicators of terrain slope,
drainage capabilities and climate targets. A total of 38 types of landscape
assessment for the development of soybean plants.
On the weight number the following criteria: type of soil are soil
characteristic criteria for the purpose of soybean is weighted 3, drainage
capacity, mechanical composition and slope is weighted 2 and the rest of the
consumption other press weight 1.
- Assessment results
PhD student assessed 47 types of landscapes capable of for the purpose
of developing soybean plants. Assessment results with 34 types of landscape
of Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 144,754.1 hectares, accounting
for 41.0% of the total area of the province's natural adaptation to developing
water soybean.
3.3.3. Assessment for tea
- The assessment criteria
hD student selected assessment criteria include indicators of soil (soil

type, soil layer thickness, mechanical composition), indicators of terrain
(elevation, slope of terrain), the targets on water mode and climate. Total 46
kinds of landscapes is rated unsuitable for the development of the tea plant.
On the weight number the following criteria: type of soil are soil
characteristic criteria for tea cultivation purposes is weighted 3, water mode,
mechanical composition and slope is weighted 2, while the other criteria is
weighted 1.
- Assessment results
PhD student assessed 39 types of landscapes capable of for
development purposes tea tree Midlands. Assessment results with 26 types of
landscape of Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 117.538,9ha,
accounting for 33.2% of the total area of the province's natural adaptation to
the tea plant development.
3.3.4. Assessment the development of pastures
- The assessment criteria
PhD student selected assessment criteria include indicators of soil (soil
type, soil layer thickness, mechanical composition), indicators of terrain
slope, indicators of ability drainage and climate targets . A total of 45 types
of landscapes are not included in the assessment.


19
On the weight number the following criteria: is weighted soil type 3,
drainage capacity, mechanical composition and slope is weighted 2, while
the other criteria is weighted 1.
- Assessment results
PhD student assessed 40 types of landscapes capable of for the purpose
of development of pastures. Assessment results with 39 types of landscape of
Thai Nguyen province with a total area of 142,992.2 hectares, accounting for
40.4% of the total area of the province's natural adaptation to the

development of pastures.
Chapter 4
ORIENTATE THE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
TERRITORIAL OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE
4.1. BASIS TO ORIENTATE THE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
TERRITORIAL OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

- Approachs and viewpoints to oriente the rational use of natural
resources, sustainable development of mountain agriculture
- Current use of natural resources and the environment of Thai Nguyen
province
- Planning the overall development of agriculture, rural of Thai Nguyen
province 2020 and orientations to 2030
- Assessment results of the landscape adapted to other types of of
agricultural and of forestry
4.2.
SPATIAL
ORIENTATION
FOR
AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT AND FORESTRY THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

4.2.1. The landscapes of forestry development priorities
The landscape orientations used for forestry purposes are of the landscape
has aggregated results of conformity assessment for of the purpose of
developing protection forests and special use forests or forest production and
business. According to the evaluation results, there are 41 kinds of landscapes
suitable for forestry development with of the following main functions:
Table 4.1. The landscapes prioritied for forestry development of Thai
Nguyen province

Protection/Res
erved forests

Landspace
types

1,2,3,4,6,9,10,
11,15,16,22,28,
34,35

Protection,
Environment
protection
forrests
5,7,8,17,23,29,42

Protective,
Productive
forrest

Productive
forrest

12,14,18,19,30
,32,33,37,39,
47

20,36,40,41,44,45,48,
53,56,60

4.2.2. The landscapes of agricultural development priorities
Through the evaluation results showed that most adaptive landscape for
growing rice are also adapted for the development of soybean plants. To
ensure food security for the province, while ensuring planned 4,800 hectares
of soybean plants by 2020, the landscape has adapted to the level of the rice
plant more soybeans planted will be given priority rice; the landscape level is
adapted to soybean and adapted to rice will grow rice and soybean rotations


20
to improve the coefficient of land use. The priority landscape landscape of
tea plantations are grown tea is the status quo, or vegetation is scrub, grass
secondary ecological conditions but adapted for the cultivation of tea, it is
planned to expand area.
Table 4.2. The landscapes of agricultural development priorities of Thai
Nguyen province
Rice
Landscape
types

24,27,62,64,
67,72,73,76,
82,84

Rice/soybean
rotation

Tea

Pasture

25,26,51,52,65,68,6 13,21,31,38,43,
9,71,74,78,79,80,81, 46,50,58,59,63,
83
70,75,77

49,57,61,66

4.2.3. The landscape prioritize the development of agriculture - forestry
The landscape is rated suitable for the purpose of developing protection
forests, production, the landscape is also suitable for planting tea, soybean,
rice, developed grazing cattle.
Table 4.3. The landscape prioritize the development of agriculture - forestry
Model
Landscapes
Size (ha)

agriculture - forestry
49,55,57,61,66

forestry - agriculture
12,14,18,19,30,32,33,37,39,47,54

6.312,4

75.108,0

4.2.4. The development orientation of agriculture, forestry, in Thai
Nguyen province according to sub landscapes
4.2.4.1. Regional sub-landscape Tam Dao medium mountains (A1)

Need to prioritize the protection and development of forests for forest
conservation, protection and environmental protection. Thus, for subregional landscape planning should be preserved, strict protection. Buffer
zones of protected areas and forestry production - agriculture combined,
agriculture, forestry.
4.2.4.2. Regional sub-landscape Dinh Hoa medium-low mountains (A2),
Regional sub-landscape Vo Nhai medium-low mountains (A3)
Priority should be given space protection and development of forests for
conservation, protection and environmental protection (part of the area north of
Chew Vo district, Dong Hy and part of the western edge of the area, north Dinh
Hoa district) ; moreover can develop forestry model - combining agriculture,
agro - forestry, development of perennial crops (tea) in the sub-region.
4.2.4.3. Regional sub-landscape Dinh Hoa , Phu Luong high hills (A4),
Regional sub-landscape Dong Hy - Vo Nhai high hills (A5)
Besides protective forests that people can develop agro - forestry and
forest - agriculture combined, perennial crops (mainly grown tea), raising
cattle.
4.2.4.4. Regional sub-landscape Tam Dao high hills (A6)
Besides protective forests that people can develop agro - forestry and
forest - agriculture combined, perennial crops (mainly grown tea), raising
cattle ... In this sub-region have an area with high adaptability to the
development of the tea plant (La Bang commune, Hung Son (Dai Tu), Tan


21
Cuong (City. Thai Nguyen)) should be planned in the specialty tea with a high
level of intensive development of linked economic model.
4.2.4.5. Regional sub-landscape Thai Nguyen City’s low hills (B1)
Production function is distincted: hills are often the focus of rural
populations point to operate industrial crops (tea), the annual crops
(soybeans), food crops (rice) crops and raising livestock. n addition, in the

elementary landscapes can also develop agro - forestry.
4.2.4.6. Regional sub- landscape Phu Binh - Pho Yen plains(B2)
It should focus on the development of food crops (rice), vegetables,
annual crops (soybeans) and aquaculture. In this sub-region has an area very
fertile alluvial soil in the Kha Son Commune (Phu Binh district) should focus
on the development of rice intensification, linked economic model.
Table 4.4. Some ecological economic model developed under sub landscapes
in Thai Nguyen province
No.

1

2

Model

Forest-Garden
(Forest-tea),
(Forest-medicinal
plants)

Forest-GardenShed
(Forest - tea - cattle)

3

Garden-Forest
(Forest-tea-rice),
(Forest-tea-fruit)

4

Garden-ForestTourism

Structure
The highest part of the terrain
retain natural vegetation.
Slope 15-250 forest planting.
Good soil can choose
cinnamon, pines, Acacia
plantations where soil is
poor.
Forest understory planting
some medicinal plants like
ginger, cardamom.
Tea plantation in slopes
(mixed with soybean in early
stages).
The highest part of the terrain
planting some crops and
forestry:
Tea plantation slopes (mixed
soybean in early stages).
Foothills grass intensive
livestock production, making
grazing.
The highest part of the terrain
forest planting
Tea cultivation in slopes
(intercropped soybean in

early stages).
Foothills rice, crops, fruit
trees.
The highest part of the terrain
forest planting

Scale

Prioritized
sub
landscapes

Family: T,N,D, M.
Farm: T,N, D
Economic
cooperation: T,N,D
Economic
association: T

A2,A3,
A6,A5

Family: T,N,D, M.
Farm: T,N,
Economic
cooperation: T,N,
Economic
association: T

A4,A5,A3,

A2,A6

Family: K,T,N,D.
Farm: K,T,N
Economic
cooperation: K,T,N
Economic
association: K,T

A4,A5,A3,
A6,A2

Family: K,T,N,D.
Farm: K,T,N

A6,A4,A3


22
Tea cultivation in slopes
(intercropped soybean early
stages).
Develop
the
tourism,
advertise tea trademark,
promote cultural identity and
history

Economic

cooperation: K,T,N
Economic
association: K,T

Family: K,T,N,D.
Tea cultivation (intercropped Farm : K,T,N
soybean or corn in early Economic
5
Tea
A6,B1
stages).
cooperation: K,T
Economic
association: K,T
Family: K,T.
Farm: K,T
6
Rice
Rice cultivation
B2,A4
Economic
association: K,T
(In which corresponds to the ethnic: (K): Kinh; (N) : Nung; (M): Mong; (D): Dao; (T):
Tay)

4.2.4.7. Analysis of ecological space - inter-regional economic
a. Relationship with the neighboring territory
- Ecological Relationship: Landscape in Thai Nguyen tightly relates with the
landscape of Bac Kan, Bac Giang. In particular, the sustainability of the proposed
plan to use the landscape to be expressed in the function effectively promote

watershed protection of in Thai Nguyen territory to the territory of neighboring
downstream (Bac Giang).
- Economic Relationship: Thai nguyen favorable in providing materials
and import of agricultural and forest processing plants and factories in the
province in the the northeastern province of urine as Tuyen Quang, Bac
Giang, Phu Tho, Vinh Phuc .. .. in addition, the market of agricultural and
forestry products can also access conditions in markets and Midlands
provinces in the northern mountainous region and the Red River Delta. In
particular, the distance is only 75 km from Hanoi, the combined development
of tourist routes from Hanoi - the heart of the tourist area to the northern in
Thai Nguyen is great. (Hanoi – Tan Cuong - Nui Coc Lake, Hanoi - ATK
Dinh Hoa, ...).
b. Local links
Thai Nguyen city is the center of the province, it emanates from the
regional economic axis as:
- Thái NguyênCity - Đại Từ axis: Priorities conservation; development
of protective forests and environmental protection; forestry development agriculture combined, tea plantations intensive materials with high level,
large-scale.


23
- Thái Nguyên City - Phú Lương - Định Hóa axis: Prioritize the
development of protective forests and conservation; agro - forestry and forest
- agriculture combined, planting material tea, rice specialties.
- Thái Nguyên City - Đồng Hỷ axis: Prioritize the development of
protective forests and conservation; agro - forestry and forest - agriculture
combined, tea planting material with a high level of intensive, large-scale.
- Thái Nguyên City - Võ Nhai axis: For conservation Priority;
development of protective forests; forestry development - agriculture
combined, agriculture - forestry.

- Thái Nguyên City - Phú Bình - Phổ Yên axis: Prioritize the
development of rice and short-term intensive farming industries plants with
high-level, large-scale.
4.3. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT S
IN AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

From now to 2020 and 2030, agriculture and forestry will remain an
important role for the development of Thai nguyen to ensure food security,
improve people's lives, keeping the ecological balance . To fully exploit the
potential of natural, economic, socio - in Thai Nguyen province for the
development of agricultureand forestry, the author proposes some solutions :
- Solutions for sustainable development of the economy (include
solutions of land using and planning for agriculture and forestry, of science
and technonogy, of fund investment, for service development of agriculture
and forestry, solutions about markets)
- Solutions for sustainable development of the society (include
solutions of developing labor resources for agriculture and forestry, the
handing over of land and forest)
- Solutions for sustainable development of the Environment (include
solutions for development of a clean and environment-friendly agriculture,
for preserving the biological diversity, for improving the forest area)

CONCLUSIONS
A - CONCLUSIONS

Through study the thesis, PhD student draws some conclusions follow:
1. The study of vertical landscape architecture is studying the role of
natural elements in the landscape as background geology, topography,
climate, hydrology, soil, animals and human activities. The forming elements
of the landscape have a certain role in the structure of synthesis and natural

manner in Thai Nguyen province. The study of landscape architecture stand
in Thai Nguyen province also need to study the differentiation of vertical
landscape.
Differentiation diversity and complexity of the factors forming the
landscape of Thai Nguyen province defined the complexity, diversity of
structure, function, dynamics and differentiation dominant in the landscape,