5 steps to a 5 AP world history

McGRAW-HILL

5 Steps to a 5

AP World History


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McGRAW-HILL

5 Steps to a 5

AP World History
Peggy J. Martin

M C G RAW-H ILL
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Contents
Preface / ix
Acknowledgments / xi
Credits / xiii

PART I

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK / 1
Strategies / 3
Introduction to the Five-Step Program / 3
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP World History Exam / 4
Calendars for Preparing for Each of the Plans / 6
Graphics Used in This Book / 10

PART II

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
AP WORLD HISTORY EXAMINATION / 13
Background Information / 15
Reasons for Taking the Advanced Placement Examination / 16

What You Need to Know About the AP World History Examination / 16
World History Diagnostic Test Section I / 21
Answers and Explanations / 31
Section II/Document-Based Question (DBQ) / 39
Change-over-Time Question / 43
Comparative Question / 44
Comments on Possible Solutions to the Free Response Questions / 45

PART III

REVIEW OF WORLD HISTORY / 49

Unit I

Foundations (8000 B.C.E.–600 C.E.) / 51

Chapter 1

The World History Environment and
Periodization / 51

Chapter 2

Development of Agriculture and Technology / 59

Chapter 3

Structure of Early Civilizations / 64

Chapter 4

Rise of Classical Civilizations / 71
v


vi • Contents

Chapter 5

Origins of World Belief Systems / 83

Chapter 6

Interactions in the Late Classical Period / 91
Unit 1 Summary: Foundations (8000 B.C.E.–
600 C.E.) / 98
Timeline / 98
Key Comparisons / 99
Change/Continuity Chart / 99

Unit 2

Period Two (600–1450) / 102

Chapter 7

The Rise and Spread of Islam / 102

Chapter 8

The Expansion of China / 113

Chapter 9

Changes in European Institutions / 122

Chapter 10

Interregional Trade and Exchange / 130

Chapter 11

Empires in the Americas / 141
Unit 2 Summary: Period Two (600–1450) / 148
Timeline / 148
Key Comparisons / 148
Change/Continuity Chart / 149

Unit 3

Period Three (1450–1750) / 151

Chapter 12

Empires and Other Political Systems / 151

Chapter 13

Hemispheric Exchange / 164

Chapter 14

Systems of Slavery / 170

Chapter 15

Cultural and Intellectual Changes / 175
Unit 3 Summary: Period Three (1450–1750) / 181
Timeline / 181
Key Comparisons / 181
Change/Continuity Chart / 181


Contents •

vii

Unit 4

Period Four (1750–1914) / 183

Chapter 16

The Industrial Revolution and Social Changes / 183

Chapter 17

Demographic and Environmental Developments / 190

Chapter 18

World Trade / 195

Chapter 19

Political Revolutions / 201

Chapter 20

Western Imperialism / 211
Unit 4 Summary: Period Four (1750–1914) / 219
Timeline / 219
Key Comparisons / 220
Change/Continuity Chart / 220

Unit 5

Period Five (1914–Present) / 222

Chapter 21

World Wars and Depression / 222

Chapter 22

The Cold War and the Postwar Balance of Power / 231

Chapter 23

End of the Cold War and Nationalist Movements / 241

Chapter 24

Global Trade / 245

Chapter 25

Technological Developments / 250

Chapter 26

Social Changes / 254

Chapter 27

Demographic and Environmental Developments / 260
Unit 5 Summary: Period Five (1914–Present) / 266
Timeline / 266
Key Comparisons / 267
Change/Continuity Chart / 267

PART IV

TEST STRATEGIES / 269


viii • Contents

Chapter 1

The Multiple-Choice Question / 271

Chapter 2

The Document-Based Question / 273

Chapter 3

The Change-over-Time Question / 276

Chapter 4

The Comparative Question / 278

PART V

PRACTICE TESTS / 281
Practice Test One / 285
Answers and Explanations / 296

Practice Test Two / 317
Answers and Explanations / 327

APPENDIXES / 347
Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms / 349
Appendix 2: Bibliography / 357
Appendix 3: Web sites / 359
About the Author / 361

Preface
Welcome to the adventure of Advanced Placement (AP) World History!
Enjoy the challenges of your studies. During the course of the year, you
should be prepared to read widely in both your text and readers. Expect
to analyze all sorts of primary documents, from texts to political cartoons,
photographs, paintings, maps, and charts; analytical skills are essential to
success on both the multiple-choice questions and the document-based
question. You will write essay after essay as you not only analyze primary
documents but also compare issues and describe changes over periods of
time. Along the way, enjoy the fascinating story of humankind and find a
little of yourself among the peoples of other societies.
This study guide will ease your passage through the challenges of AP
World History to success on the AP examination. The world history review
chapters contain not only summaries of key events and concepts but also
vocabulary lists and review questions. They are organized according to the
time periods in the AP World History course.
Each unit is followed by a list of key comparisons and a change/
continuity chart. The chart will show you at a glance key events and issues
in the major world regions. It also will refresh your memory of changes
and continuities within each region during the time period covered by
the unit.
The world history review chapters are followed by a discussion of
strategies for success on the multiple-choice section and the essays you will
be required to write on the exam. Included are some commonly asked
questions as well as advice taken from my experience as a reader of the
AP World History exam. The test strategies section is followed by two
full-length practice exams modeled after the actual examination. Each test
is followed by a discussion of the answers. The Appendix contains not
only a Glossary of Terms but also additional books and Web sites that
will be of help in preparing for the exam.

The first two chapters provide some background information on
preparing for the AP examination. Included is a chart to help you pace
your study throughout the year. At first sight, the amount of material in
the AP World History course can appear a bit overwhelming. The goal of
this manual is to present the content material and test-taking skills so that
you can approach the AP exam with confidence. As a first step, turn now
to Parts I and II to get an overview of the manual and the AP World
History exam. I wish you success at achieving a 5 on the AP examination,
and, in the meantime, I hope you enjoy your journey!

ix
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my husband, Gary, and our children Sarah, Keren,
Abigail, and Jonathan and their families for their loving encouragement
throughout the course of this project. Also, I would like to express my
appreciation to my editor, Donald Reis, for his guidance during the preparation of the manuscript.
Special thanks go to the following family members for their contributions:
Carmen Rebekah Ramos

Crescent and star drawing

Keren M. Martin

Panama Canal photograph

Altar photograph

Willy and Irmgard Marick

Translation of “The German Fatherland”

xi
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Credits
Paresh Nath,

China 2008
West Asia
Road Map
AIDS Cartoon

CIA Factbook 2003

Map of Bosnia

xiii
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McGRAW-HILL

5 Steps to a 5

AP World History


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PART I
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

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How to Use This Book •

3

In this section of the guide you will find three possible plans of study with
strategies to assist you as you prepare for the examination.

Strategies:
• Look at plans A, B, and C to see which plan will best suit your particular learning style and time line.

• Choose a plan and stick with it.
• Find a study pal, or form a small study group, and set a time when
you can get together to review.

• For the document-based, comparative, and change-over-time essays,
have another student read and critique your essays.

• Try the strategies provided. Take the time not only to check whether
or not your answers are correct but also to read the explanation for
the correct answer. By doing this, you will review a broad body of
concepts in a shorter period of time.

INTRODUCTION TO THE FIVE-STEP PROGRAM
The Five-Step Program is a powerful tool designed to provide you with
the best-possible skills, strategies, and practice to help lead you to the
perfect 5 on the AP World History examination. Each of these five steps
provides you with the opportunity to get closer and closer to the 5, which
every AP student strives to achieve.
1

STEP ONE leads you through a brief process to help determine which
type of exam preparation is most comfortable for you:
1. Month-by-month: September through May
2. The calendar year: January through May
3. Basic training: the 4–6 weeks before the exam

2

STEP TWO helps develop the knowledge you need to do well on the

exam:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A comprehensive review of the exam
A thorough review of the type of questions asked on the exam
Explanation of multiple-choice answers
A comprehensive review of the three types of essays asked for on
the exam
5. A review of the major periods and themes of world history
6. A glossary of important terms in world history


4 • How to Use This Book
3

STEP THREE helps develop the skills necessary to take the exam and
do well:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Practice activities in multiple-choice questions
Practice document-based essay questions
Practice change-over-time questions
Practice comparative questions
STEP FOUR helps you develop strategies for taking the exam:

4

1. Learning about the test itself
2. Learning to read multiple-choice questions
3. Learning how to answer multiple-choice questions, and the value of
guessing
4. Learning what to look for in the essay question
5. Learning how to plan the essay
5

STEP FIVE helps you develop the confidence in using the skills
demanded on the AP World History exam:
1.
2.
3.
4.

1

The opportunity to evaluate yourself with many practice questions
Time management techniques and skills
Three practice exams that test how well-honed your skills are
The opportunity to show you that you know more than you think you
do about world history

THREE APPROACHES TO PREPARING FOR THE
AP WORLD HISTORY EXAM
You are the only person who knows which schedule is right for you. If
you were to ask me, I would strongly suggest using Approach A, but I

know that not everyone can or will. This manual is designed to help you,
no matter which of the schedules you decide to adopt.
You are a full-year prep student (Approach A) if
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

You have a definite love of world history.
You are certain that history will be your major in college.
You are not a procrastinator; you like to get things done.
You like detailed planning and everything in its place.
You feel you must be thoroughly prepared.
You have been successful with this approach in the past.


How to Use This Book •

5

You are a one-semester prep student (Approach B) if
1. You are pretty interested in world history.
2. You usually plan ahead but sometimes skip some of the little details.
3. You feel more comfortable when you know what to expect, but a
surprise or two does not floor you.
4. You are always on time for appointments.
5. You have been successful with this approach in the past.
You are a 4- to 6-week prep student (Approach C) if

1. World history is somewhat interesting to you.
2. You work best under pressure and close deadlines.
3. You think the work you have done in your world history class has
prepared you fairly well for the AP test.
4. You decided late in the year to take the exam.
5. You like surprises.
6. You have been successful with this approach in the past.
“To review for the World History AP test, I went over the major concepts and periods in my notes. I also found it helpful to read outside
world history books and sources. Also, practice, practice, practice on
multiple choice world history questions, because they are half the AP
test. As far as the AP essay section, DBQ practice all year was great
preparation.”—AP student


6 • How to Use This Book

CALENDARS FOR PREPARING FOR EACH OF THE PLANS
Calendar for Approach A:
Year-long Preparation for the AP World
History Examination
September–October (Check off the activities
as you complete them.)
Determine into which student mode
you would place yourself.
Read Parts I and II of this manual.
Take a look at the Diagnostic Test
in Part II to get an idea of the
expectations of the AP exam.
Become acquainted with the
College Board AP Web site.

Read and study the Period I:
Foundations section of this manual.
Begin to do outside reading on
world history topics.
Begin to use this book as a
resource.
November
Read Chapter 3 of Part IV on
strategies for the change-overtime essay.
Take the change-over-time section
of the Diagnostic Test.
Read and study the world history
review sections that correspond
with the period(s) you are studying
in class.
December
Study the world history review
sections in the manual for the areas
you have already studied in class.
Note the connections of trade,
exchange, and migration among
world societies.

Read additional sources to
supplement the material in your
textbook. Consult the bibliography
of this manual for suggested
titles.
January
Form a study group to prepare for

the AP exams.
Continue critical reading of
material to supplement your
textbook.
Study the world history review
sections for material you are
currently covering in class.
February–March
Read Chapter 4 of Part IV of this
manual on the comparative
essay.
Write the comparative essay from
the Diagnostic Test.
Read Chapter 2 of Part IV of the
manual on the document-based
essay.
Write the DBQ (documentbased essay) from the Diagnostic
Test.
Continue reviewing content from
the world history review
chapters.
Read Chapter 1 of Part IV on the
multiple-choice section.
Take the multiple-choice section in
the Diagnostic Test.


How to Use This Book •

7

May—First Two Weeks (You’re almost
there!)

April
Take Practice Test 1 in the first
week of April.
Evaluate your strengths and
weaknesses.
Study appropriate chapters to
correct weaknesses.
Study the Unit Summary for each
unit in this manual to review key
comparisons and changes and
continuities.
Within your study group, construct
your own comparative and changeover-time charts for each unit.

Make a list of materials that you
are unsure of, and ask your teacher
or study group to explain them.
Take Practice Exam 2.
Evaluate your performance.
On the day before the test, put
away your books, do something
fun, and get a good night’s rest.
Walk into the examination room
with confidence. You’re ready!

“Get more in-depth with your readings. If you can spark a stronger interest in the subject,

it is much less difficult to retain the information.”—AP student