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Casebook on

Torts
Twelfth Edition

Richard Kidner
MA, BCL
Emeritus Professor of Law, Aberystwyth University

1


3

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Richard Kidner 2012
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Ninth edition published 2006,
Tenth edition published 2008,
Eleventh edition published 2010
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the

address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0
( />open-government-licence.htm)
Crown Copyright material reproduced with the permission of the
Controller, HMSO (under the terms of the Click Use licence)
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Data available
ISBN 978–0–19–964481–0
Printed in Great Britain by
Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

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O U T L I N E C O N T E N TS

1 Introduction

1

2 Negligence: The Basic Principles of Duty of Care

10

3 Breach of Duty: The Standard of Care

35

4 Causation and Remoteness of Damage

57

5 Special Duty Problems: Omissions

85

6 Special Duty Problems: Liability of Public Bodies

89

7 Special Duty Problems: Psychiatric Injury

107

8 Special Duty Problems: Statements, Services and

Economic Loss

121

9 Special Duty Problems: Acts and Economic Loss

146

10 Special Duty Problems: Contract and Duty of Care

156

11 Special Duty Problems: Defective Structures

168

12 Special Duty Problems: Unborn Children, Wrongful

Life and Wrongful Birth

176

13 Defences to Negligence

183

14 Damages for Death and Personal Injuries

203

15 Vicarious Liability

216

16 Breach of Statutory Duty

237

17 Product Liability

243

18 Occupiers’ Liability

259

19 Nuisance

284

20 Trespass to the Person

323

21 Trespass to Land

339

22 Defamation

347

23 Privacy and the Intentional Infliction of Distress

398

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D E TA I L ED C O NT E N TS
Preface
New to this Edition
Acknowledgements
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Table of Statutory Instruments
Table of Foreign Legislation
Table of Treaties and Conventions
Table of European Secondary Legislation

xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xxviii
xxxi
xxxi
xxxii
xxxii

1

Introduction

1

SECTION 1:

Examples of Torts

1

SECTION 2:

The Aims of The Law of Torts

3

SECTION 3:

Studying Torts

8

2

Negligence: The Basic Principles of Duty of Care

SECTION 1:

Proximity

11

SECTION 2:

The Unforeseeable Claimant

19

SECTION 3:

Policy Factors—‘Fair and Reasonable’

24

3

Breach of Duty: The Standard of Care

SECTION 1:

The Reasonable Man—The Level of Reasonable Risk

36

SECTION 2:

The Skill of the Defendant

40

SECTION 3:

Other Relevant Factors in the Standard of Care Owed

50

SECTION 4:

A Statutory Version

56

4

Causation and Remoteness of Damage

57

SECTION 1:

Causation

57

SECTION 2:

Remoteness of Damage

71

5

Special Duty Problems: Omissions

10

35

85


viii Detailed Contents

6

Special Duty Problems: Liability of Public Bodies

SECTION 1:

The Common Law

SECTION 2:

The Effect of The Human Rights Act 1998

7

Special Duty Problems: Psychiatric Injury

SECTION 1:

The Primary Victim

107

SECTION 2:

The Secondary Victim

111

8

Special Duty Problems: Statements, Services and
Economic Loss

89
90
101

107

121

SECTION 1:

By Whom a Duty Is Owed

122

SECTION 2:

To Whom the Duty Is Owed

128

SECTION 3:

Liability to Third Parties

136

SECTION 4:

The Effect of a Clause Disclaiming Responsibility

143

9

Special Duty Problems: Acts and Economic Loss

146

10

Special Duty Problems: Contract and Duty of Care

156

SECTION 1:

Concurrent Liability

157

SECTION 2:

Liability to Third Parties

159

11

Special Duty Problems: Defective Structures

168

12

Special Duty Problems: Unborn Children,
Wrongful Life and Wrongful Birth

176

SECTION 1:

Injuries to Unborn Children

176

SECTION 2:

Wrongful Life

179

SECTION 3:

Wrongful Birth

180

13

Defences to Negligence

SECTION 1:

Contributory Negligence

183

SECTION 2:

Consent

191

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183

Detailed Contents ix
SECTION 3:

Exclusion Clauses and Notices

196

SECTION 4:

Participating in an Unlawful Act

198

14

Damages for Death and Personal Injuries

SECTION 1:

Types of Action for Damages

203

SECTION 2:

Calculation of Loss of Earnings

208

SECTION 3:

Intangible Losses

214

15

Vicarious Liability

216

SECTION 1:

Who Is an Employee?

217

SECTION 2:

Liability of the Employee

222

SECTION 3:

The Course of Employment

225

SECTION 4:

Liability for Independent Contractors

235

16

Breach of Statutory Duty

237

17

Product Liability

243

SECTION 1:

Liability for Negligence

243

SECTION 2:

Strict Liability

246

18

Occupiers’ Liability

SECTION 1:

Occupiers’ Liability and Negligence

261

SECTION 2:

Who Is an Occupier?

264

SECTION 3:

Who Is a Visitor?

267

SECTION 4:

The Duty Owed to Visitors

269

SECTION 5:

The Duty Owed to Trespassers and Other Non-Visitors

272

SECTION 6:

Exclusion of Liability

281

19

Nuisance

SECTION 1:

Public and Private Nuisance

SECTION 2:

Private Nuisance: The Interests Protected

287

SECTION 3:

Reasonable User

294

SECTION 4:

Who Is Liable?

295

SECTION 5:

Remoteness of Damage

300

203

259

284
284


x Detailed Contents
SECTION 6:

Statutory Authority and Planning Permission

302

SECTION 7:

The Effect of The Human Rights Act 1998

306

SECTION 8:

Strict Liability for the Escape of Dangerous Things

310

SECTION 9:

Remedies

317

20

Trespass to the Person

SECTION 1:

Trespass and Negligence

SECTION 2:

Battery and Assault

326

SECTION 3:

False Imprisonment

329

SECTION 4:

Selected Defences to Trespass to the Person

335

21

Trespass to Land

339

22

Defamation

347

SECTION 1:

Who Can Sue?

349

SECTION 2:

Who Can Be Liable?

351

SECTION 3:

The Meaning of ‘Defamatory’

358

SECTION 4:

What Do the Words Used Mean?

362

SECTION 5:

Do the Words Refer to the Claimant?

368

SECTION 6:

Justification

370

SECTION 7:

Honest Comment (or Fair Comment)

371

SECTION 8:

Qualified Privilege

376

SECTION 9:

Damages

389

23

Privacy and the Intentional Infliction of Distress

SECTION 1:

The Intentional Infliction of Distress

398

SECTION 2:

Privacy at Common Law

403

SECTION 3:

The Human Rights Act and the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy

406

SECTION 4:

Remedies

432

Index

439

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323
323

398


P R EF AC E
This book has been written mainly for use by undergraduates or those taking

professional courses in law, and is intentionally fairly traditional in character. The
object is to provide, within a small compass and at a relatively low cost, those cases
which students will commonly be referred to in their courses. It is not intended
that the book should constitute a complete course in itself, for it ought to be used
in conjunction with a textbook. Furthermore, it is not intended to supplant the
role of the lecturer or tutor, so while I have given a number of subsidiary examples
of the application of the principal cases, I have refrained from extensive comment,
believing that to be more the role of the teacher in conjunction with the student.
The law of tort is almost entirely based on case law, and a thorough knowledge of
the leading cases is essential to understanding it. In addition, it is useful to know
about other cases which apply those leading cases in order to understand their application, to illustrate the limits of liability and to appreciate distinctions. Also the
cases provide a useful peg upon which to hang one’s knowledge, and they can give
an instant insight into the proper analysis of a problem.
The selection has been based on what I regard as the standard cases, and the
extracts attempt to provide the essence of the reasoning and the decision. If the
extract is too short it is inadequate, but if it is too long it may not be read at all, and I
hope I have found the right balance. Statutory materials have been included where
they are necessary to understanding the subject.
Tort is an ever-expanding area of law and some subjects have changed considerably in recent years. This is especially true of defamation and privacy, coverage of
which has been expanded in this edition. Accordingly, for reasons of space, some
subjects that were included in previous editions have had to be omitted here. These
are the law relating to animals and also the chapter on wrongful interference with
goods. In addition, part of the chapter on the escape of dangerous things has been
omitted and part has been merged with the chapter on nuisance.
There are a number of new case extracts in this edition, together with numerous
other cases mentioned in the notes. In the chapter on the liability of public bodies
(Chapter 6), I have included the new case Desmond v The Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire. In Chapter 9 (on acts and economic loss), I have added the important
Court of Appeal case Conarken v Network Rail Infrastructure. In the chapter on defamation (Chapter 22), the new cases are Spiller v Joseph, a Supreme Court case on
fair comment, and Metropolitan International Schools v Designtechnica Corporation
on Internet libel. A Defamation Bill is in the offing and, if passed, this will make a

number of important changes to the law. In the chapter on privacy (Chapter 23), I
have added Mosley v News Group Newspapers, the decision of the European Court of
Human Rights in Mosley v UK and also JIH v News Group Newspapers on the issue of
injunctions in privacy cases.
This book contains materials available to me up to the beginning of January
2012.
Richard Kidner


N E W TO T H I S E D I T I O N
The twelfth edition of Casebook on Torts has been thoroughly revised to reflect all
recent developments in the law of torts since publication of the eleventh edition,
including:
• New case extracts:
– on liability of public bodies: Desmond v The Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire
– on economic loss: Conarken v Network Rail Infrastructure
– on defamation: Spiller v Joseph (a Supreme Court case on fair comment)
– on Internet libel: Metropolitan International Schools v Designtechnica Corporation
• Following significant and controversial developments in the area of privacy,
greater attention is paid to this increasingly important topic, including incorporation of the following key case extracts:
– Mosley v News Group Newspapers
– the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Mosley v UK
– JIH v News Group Newspapers (on the issue of injunctions in privacy cases)

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ACK N OW L ED G E M E N TS
The publishers and author would like to thank the following for permission to
reproduce extracts from the publications listed below:

The Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales—The Law
Reports, The Weekly Law Reports and the Industrial Cases Reports.
Butterworths—The All England Law Reports.
The Estates Gazette Ltd—The Estates Gazette Law Reports.
New Zealand Council of Law Reporting—New Zealand Law Reports.
Supreme Court of Canada—Canada Supreme Court Reports, reproduced with
the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services
Canada.
Keith Stanton, The Modern Law of Torts (Sweet and Maxwell, 1994) pp. 11–12,
reproduced by permission of Sweet and Maxwell.


TA B L E O F C AS E S
Where extracts from cases are reproduced, the cases and the relevant page numbers are shown in bold
A v B plc [2003] QB 195; [2002] 2 All ER 545;
[2002] 3 WLR 542; [2002] EWCA (Civ) 337,
CA . . . 409, 410, 411, 413, 422
A v Essex CC [2004] 1 WLR 1881 . . . 92
A v Hoare [2008] UKHL 6; [2006] 1 WLR 2320;
[2006] EWCA (Civ) 395 . . . 325, 403
A v National Blood Authority [2001] 3
All ER 289; [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Med 187,
QBD . . . 253–8
Abouzaid v Mothercare, The Times, 20 February
2001 . . . 258
Adam v Ward [1917] AC 309 . . . 377
Admiralty Commissioners v SS Volute [1922] 1
AC 129 . . . 55
Agar v Hyde (2000) 201 CLR 552 . . . 19
Al Saudi Banque v Clarke Pixley [1990] Ch

313 . . . 132
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire
[1992] 1 AC 310; [1991] 3 WLR 1057; [1991]
4 All ER 907, HL . . . 1, 29, 107, 108, 112–16,
118, 119
Aldred’s Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b . . . 291
Al-Fagih v HH Saudi Research and Marketing
Ltd [2002] EMLR 13 . . . 384, 387, 388
Aliakmon, The See Leigh and Sillavan Ltd v
Aliakmon Shipping
Al-Kandari v Brown [1988] QB 665 . . . 124
Allen v Gulf Oil Refi ning Ltd [1981] AC 1001;
[1981] 2 WLR 188; [1981] 1 All ER 353,
HL . . . 97, 303–4, 305
Allen v Mount Sinai Hospital (1980) 109 DLR
(3d) 634 . . . 75
Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons &
Simmons [1995] 1 WLR 1602 . . . 67
Al-Nakib Investments v Longcroft [1990] 3 All
ER 321 . . . 134
American Cyanamid v Ethicon [1975] AC
396 . . . 317
Ancell v McDermot [1993] 4 All ER 355 . . . 29

Ashdown v Samuel Williams & Sons Ltd [1957]
1 QB 409 . . . 282
Ashingdane, Application 8225/78, (1985) 7
EHRR 528 . . . 28
Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex [2008] 2
WLR 975 . . . 432

Askey v Golden Wine Co Ltd [1948] 2 All ER
35 . . . 199
Aswan Engineering v Lupdine Ltd [1987] 1
WLR 1 . . . 246
Atkinson v Newcastle Waterworks Co (1877) LR
2 Ex D 441 . . . 241
Attia v British Gas [1988] QB 304 . . . 119
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd
(No 2) (Spycatcher) [1990] 1 AC 109 . . . 409,
422
Attorney-General v Tod-Heatley [1897] 1 Ch
560 . . . 296
Australian Broadcasting Association v Lenah
Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) 185 ALR
1 . . . 418
Australian Safeway Stores v Zaluzna (1987) 162
CLR 479 . . . 259

B v Islington Health Authority [1992] 3 All ER
833 . . . 176
BBC v Newsweek [1979] RPC 441 . . . 368
Baker v TE Hopkins & Sons Ltd [1959] 1 WLR
966 . . . 22, 195
Baker v Quantum Clothing [2011] UKSC 17;
[2011] 4 All ER 273 . . . 52
Bamford v Turnley (1862) 3 B & S 62 . . . 312
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Slatford
[1953] 1 QB 248 . . . 219
Banque Keyser SA v Skandia (UK) Insurance
[1989] 3 WLR 25 . . . 124

Barings v Coopers and Lybrand [1997] 1 BCLC
427 . . . 135

Anchor Brewhouse v Berkley House [1987] 2
EGLR 172, Ch . . . 320, 339, 343–5

Barker v Corus [2006] 2 WLR 1027; [2006]
UKHL 20 . . . 64, 65

Andrews v Hopkinson [1957] 1 QB 229 . . . 245

Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital
[1969] 1 QB 428; [1968] 1 All ER 1068;
[1968] 2 WLR 422, QBD . . . 57–8

Andrews v Schooling [1991] 3 All ER
723 . . . 170
Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728; [1977] 2
All ER 492; [1977] 2 WLR 1024, HL . . . 13–14,
16, 17, 18, 24, 90, 97, 98, 154, 170, 171, 172,
173, 174, 175
Arenson v Arenson [1977] AC 405 . . . 29

Barrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550; [1999]
3 WLR 79; [1999] 3 All ER 193, HL . . . 26, 27,
28, 92–4, 96
Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 3 All ER
87 . . . 88

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Table of Cases xv
Basely v Clarkson (1682) 3 Lev 37; 83 ER 565,
Court of Common Pleas . . . 340

Bridlington Relay Ltd v Yorkshire Electricity
Board [1965] Ch 436 . . . 290, 291, 292

Baten’s Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 536 . . . 345

Britannic Merthyr Coal Co v David [1910] AC
74 . . . 238

Bazley v Curry (1999) 174 DLR (4th) 45 . . . 229,
230, 231, 233
Beach v Freeson [1971] 2 All ER 860 . . . 378
Beard v London General Omnibus Co [1900] 2
QB 530 . . . 235
Benham v Gambling [1941] AC 157 . . . 215
Benjamin v Storr (1874) LR 9 CP 400 . . . 240
Bennett v Tugwell [1971] QB 267 . . . 193
Benning v Wong (1969) 122 CLR 249 . . . 312
Berkoff v Burchill [1996] 4 All ER 1008,
CA . . . 358–62
Bernstein v Skyviews and General Ltd [1978]
QB 479; [1977] 3 WLR 136; [1977] 2 All ER
962, QBD . . . 341–3
Biffa Waste Services v Maschinenfabrik Ernst
Hese GmbH [2009] QB 725; [2008] EWCA

(Civ) 1257 . . . 236
Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742; 15 LJQB 82; 115
ER 668, Ct of Queen’s Bench . . . 2, 329–30
Blackshaw v Lord [1984] QB 1 . . . 381
Blake v Galloway [2004] 1 WLR 2844; [2004]
EWCA (Civ) 814 . . . 336
Blacker v Lake & Elliot (1912) Ld 106 LT
533 . . . 12
Blennerhasset v Novelty Sales Service (1933)
175 LTJo 393 . . . 369
Blyth v Proprietors of the Birmingham
Waterworks (1856) 11 Ex 781; 156 ER 1047,
Court of Exchequer . . . 39–40

British Celanese v Hunt Capacitors [1969] 2 All
ER 1253 . . . 148
British Railways Board v Herrington [1972]
AC 877; [1972] 2 WLR 537; [1972] 1 All ER
749, HL . . . 70, 274–6, 279, 283
Brooks v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis [2005] 1 WLR 1495 . . . 26
Broom v Morgan [1953] 1 QB 597 . . . 216
Bryan v Maloney (1994) 128 ALR 163, HC
(Australia) . . . 175
Bryant v Lefever (1879) 4 CPD 172 . . . 291
BT v Thomson [1999] 2 All ER 241 . . . 166, 167
Bucheleres v Chicago Park District (1996) 171
Ill 2d 435 . . . 280
Buckley v Smith Transport [1946] 4 DLR
721 . . . 50, 217

Bunt v Tilley [2006] 3 All ER 336; [2006] EWHC
407 . . . 355, 356, 357
Burnett v British Waterways Board [1973] 1
WLR 700 . . . 282
Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd
(1994) 179 CLR 520 . . . 315, 317
Burton v Winters [1993] 1 WLR 1077; [1993] 3
All ER 847, CA . . . 345–6
Butler (or Black) v Fife Coal Co Ltd [1912] AC
149, 165 . . . 240
Byrne v Deane [1937] 1 KB 818 . . . 361

Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd
[2010] UKSC 35; [2010] 3 All ER 975; [2010]
3 WLR 654 . . . 343

C v D [2006] EWHC 166 . . . 403

Bolam v Friern Hospital Management
Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582; [1957] 2 All
ER 118, QBD . . . 30, 44–5, 47, 48

Cal No 14 v Motor Accidents Insurance Board
[2010] ALJR 1; [2009] HCA 47 . . . 88

Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority
[1998] AC 232; [1997] 4 All ER 771 . . . 45, 67

Caltex Oil v The Dredge Willemstad (1976) 136
CLR 529 . . . 149, 152, 153, 155

Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850; [1951] 1 All ER
1078, HL . . . 37–9, 76, 77, 279

Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties
Leather plc [1994] AC 264; [1994] 1 All ER
53; [1994] 2 WLR 53, HL . . . 301–2, 313–14,
315, 317

Bonnick v Morris [2003] 1 AC 300; [2002]
UKPC 31 . . . 382
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC
613 . . . 58, 59, 60, 61, 63
Bookbinder v Tebbit [1989] 1 All ER 1169 . . . 371
Bottomley v Todmorden Cricket Club [2003]
EWCA (Civ) 1575 . . . 263
Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92; 1942 SC 78;
[1942] 2 All ER 396, HL . . . 19–21, 36, 75, 107,
111, 112, 113, 275
Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1
Ch 109 . . . 240
Brent Walker [1991] 2 QB 33 . . . 375
Brice v Brown [1984] 1 All ER 997 . . . 109, 119

Cain v Francis [2009] 2 All ER 579; [2008]
EWCA (Civ) 1451 . . . 325

Calgarth, The [1927] P 93 . . . 269

Campbell v MGN [2004] 2 AC 457; [2004]

2 WLR 1232; [2004] 2 All ER 995; [2004]
UKHL 22 . . . 403, 405, 409–14, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, 423, 424, 425
Campbell v MGN (No 2) [2005] 4 All ER 793;
[2005] UKHL 61 . . . 413
Canada Hill v Church of Scientology of
Toronto (1995) 126 DLR (4th) 129 . . . 382
Canadian National Railway (CNR) v Norsk
Pacific Hydro [1992] 1 SCR 1021; (1992) 91
DLR (4th) 289, Supreme Ct (Canada) . . . 151
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB
164 . . . 129


xvi Table of Cases
Candlewood Navigation v Mitsui OSK Lines
(The Mineral Transporter) [1986] AC 1;
[1985] 3 WLR 381; [1985] 2 All ER 935,
PC . . . 151–3

Compton v McClure [1975] ICR 378,
QBD . . . 3, 226–7

Canterbury v Spence (1972) 464 F 2d
772 . . . 46, 47

Conarken v Network Rail Infrastructure
[2011] EWCA (Civ) 644, CA . . . xi, xii, 149–51

Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC

605; [1990] 2 WLR 358; [1990] 1 All ER 568,
HL . . . 14–16, 17, 27, 91, 94, 96, 124, 125, 127,
131–6, 138, 139, 140, 142, 154, 300

Cook v Lewis [1952] 1 DLR 1 . . . 64, 65

Capital and Counties Bank Ltd v Henry & Sons
(1882) 7 App Cas 741 . . . 363
Capital and Counties v Hampshire CC [1997]
QB 1004; [1997] 3 WLR 331; [1997] 2 All ER
865, CA . . . 18, 19, 28–31
Car and General Insurance Co v Seymour and
Maloney (1956) 2 DLR (2d) 369 . . . 43
Carroll v Purcell (1927) 35 ALJR 384 . . . 210
Carstairs v Taylor (1871) LR 6 Ex 217 . . . 313,
314
Cassell v Broome [1972] AC 1027 . . . 390
Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB
343 . . . 221
Castells v Spain (1992) 14 EHRR 445 . . . 381
Cattanach v Melchior (2002) 199 ALR
131 . . . 182
Cattle v Stockton Waterworks (1875) LR 10
QBD 453; 44 LJQB 139; 133 LT 475, Ct of
Queen’s Bench . . . 146–7, 149, 152, 153
Central Trust Co v Rafuse (1986) 31 DLR (4th)
481 . . . 157

ER (EC) 481, ECJ . . . 252–3, 255, 256, 257,
258

Cooke v Midland Great Western Railway of
Ireland [1909] AC 229 . . . 267, 268
Cookson v Knowles [1979] AC 556 . . . 213
Cooper v Hobart [2001] 3 SCR 537 . . . 17
Co-operative Group (CWS) Ltd v Pritchard
[2011] EWCA (Civ) 329 . . . 184, 338
Corby Group Litigation v Corby Borough
Council [2009] 2 WLR 609; [2008] EWCA
(Civ) 463 . . . 292
Corr v IBC Vehicles [2008] 2 All ER 943;
[2006] EWCA (Civ) 331, HL . . . 82–4
Court of Exchequer Chamber (1866) LR 1 Ex
265 . . . 311–12
Crockfords Club (Fisher v CHT Ltd) [1965] 1
WLR 1093 . . . 265
Cross v Kirkby [2000] CA Transcript No
321 . . . 200
Crump v Lambert (1867) 3 Eq 409 . . . 285
Cullen v Chief Constable of the RUC [2003] NI
375 . . . 242
Cunard v Antifyre Ltd [1933] 1 KB 551 . . . 286
Customs and Excise v Barclays Bank [2007]
1 AC 181; [2006] 3 WLR 1; [2006] UKHL
28 . . . 16, 17, 126–8

Chadwick v British Railways Board [1967]
1WLR 912; [1967] 2 All ER 945 . . . 110, 116,
118

Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium [1949] AC
398 . . . 242

Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786 . . . 66

Czarnikow Ltd v Koufos [1969] 1 AC
350 . . . 181

Charleston v News Group Newspapers [1995]
2 AC 65; [1995] 2 WLR 450; [1995] 2 All ER
313, HL . . . 366–8
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] QB 432; [1980] 3
WLR 1003; [1981] 1 All ER 257, QBD . . . 2,
335–6
Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134 . . . 48, 432
Childs v Dersormeaux (2002) 217 DLR (4th)
217 . . . 88
Clunis v Camden and Islington Health
Authority [1998] QB 978 . . . 199, 200, 201

D & F Estates [1989] AC 177 . . . 172, 173, 174
Daborn v Bath Tramways Motor Co Ltd [1946]
2 All ER 333 . . . 54
Dacas v Brook Street Bureau [2004] IRLR 358,
CA . . . 220
Dalton v Angus (1881) 6 App Cas 740 . . . 291
Daniels v Whetstone Entertainments Ltd [1962]
2 Lloyd’s Rep 1 . . . 233
Dann v Hamilton [1939] 1 KB 509 . . . 43

Cole v Turner (1704) 87 ER 907 . . . 324, 326, 327,
328

Darby v National Trust [2001] PIQR 372 . . . 277,
278

Collier v Anglian Water Authority, The Times,
26 March 1983 . . . 264, 266

Das Leben v Austria (1988) 13 EHRR
204 . . . 421
Davies v Mann (1842) 152 ER 588 . . . 186

Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 . . . 327,
328
Colls v Home and Colonial Stores Limited
[1904] AC 179 . . . 318
Commission of the European Communities
v United Kingdom Case C–300/95 (29
May 1997); [1997] 3 CMLR 923; [1997] All

Davies v Powell Duffryn Collieries Ltd [1942]
AC 601 . . . 210
Davies v Swan Motor Co (Swansea) Ltd [1949] 2
KB 291 . . . 185, 186, 187
De Haes and Gijsels v Belgium (1998) 25 EHRR
1 . . . 350, 381

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Table of Cases
Deatons PTY Ltd v Flew [1949] 79 CLR
370 . . . 233, 234
Delaney v Pickett [2011] EWCA (Civ)
1532 . . . 202
Dennis v Ministry of Defence [2003] EWHC
198 . . . 309, 321
Department of Environment v T Bates Ltd
[1990] 3 WLR 457 . . . 174

xvii

Earl Spencer v United Kingdom (1998) 25 EHRR
CD 105 . . . 409
East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent
[1941] AC 74 . . . 29, 95, 97, 98, 100
Edwards v Railway Executive [1952] AC
737; [1952] 2 All ER 430; [1952] 2 TLR 237,
HL . . . 267–9

Doe v Bennett [2004] 1 SCR 436 . . . 219

Electrochrome v Welsh Plastics [1968] 2 All ER
205 . . . 148
Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police [1995]
1 All ER 833 . . . 25, 33
Emeh v Kensington Area Health Authority
[1985] QB 1012 . . . 181
Environment Agency (formerly National Rivers

Authority) v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd
[1999] 2 AC 22 . . . 313
Esso Petroleum v Southport Corporation [1956]
AC 218 . . . 339

Doe d. Murray v Bridges (1831) 1 B & Ad
847 . . . 240

Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] QB
801 . . . 124, 157

Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd [2003] 2
WLR 1138 . . . 276, 279

Exel Logistics v Curran [2004] EWCA (Civ)
1249 . . . 238

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562; 1932
SC 31; 147 LJ 281, HL . . . 11–13, 14, 17, 18, 20,
21, 85, 113, 123, 127, 133, 154, 166, 171, 172,
243–6, 261, 275

F, Re [1990] 2 AC 1 . . . 328

Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers [1992]
QB 770; [1992] 3 WLR 28; [1992] 3 All ER
65, CA . . . 349–51, 381
Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 . . . 123
Desmond v Chief Constable of
Nottinghamshire [2011] EWCA (Civ) 3,

CA . . . xi, xii, 94–6
Dixon v King [1975] 2 NZLR 357 . . . 189, 193

Dooley v Cammell Laird [1951] 1 Lloyd’s Rep
271 . . . 110
Dorset Yacht v Home Office [1970] AC
1004 . . . 13, 14, 16, 18, 86, 90, 91, 97, 154–5,
173
Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Co [1964]
1 QB 518; [1964] 1 All ER 98; [1964] 2 WLR
248, CA . . . 82
Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2005] 4 All ER 128; [2005]
EWCA (Civ) 595 . . . 412, 413, 434
Douglas v Hello! (No 3) [2006] QB 125; [2003] 3
All ER 996 . . . 412, 413, 421, 422, 424
Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2001] QB 967 . . . 410, 413,
425
Drummond-Jackson v British Medical
Association [1970] 1 All ER 1094; [1970] 1
WLR 688 . . . 359
Dubai Aluminium v Salaam [2003] 2 AC
366 . . . 232, 234
Dudgeon v UK (1981) 4 EHRR 149 . . . 425, 426
Dulieu v White & Sons [1901] 2 KB 669 . . . 20,
107
Dunne v North Western Gas Board [1964] 2 QB
806 . . . 313
Dunster v Abbott [1954] 1 WLR 58; [1953] 2 All
ER 1572 . . . 262, 263
Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council

[1972] 1 QB 373 . . . 172, 173

Fagan v Metropolitan Police [1969] 1 QB
439 . . . 328
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services
[2003] 1 AC 32; [2002] 3 WLR 89; [2002] 3
All ER 305; [2002] UKHL 22 . . . 62–5, 65, 66,
67, 68, 263
Falkenham v Zwicker (1979) 90 DLR (3d)
289 . . . 77
Fardon v Harcourt-Rivington (1932) 146 LT
391 . . . 76
Ferguson v British Gas Trading [2009] 3 All ER
304; [2009] EWCA (Civ) 36 . . . 400
Ferguson v Welsh [1987] 1 WLR 1553 . . . 266
Fiddes v Channel 4 [2010] EWCA (Civ)
730 . . . 395
Finley v Murtagh [1979] IR 249 . . . 157
Fitzgerald v Lane and Patel [1989] AC 328;
[1988] 2 All ER 961; [1988] 3 WLR 365,
HL . . . 190–1
Fletcher v Rylands (1866) LR 1 Ex 265 . . . 147
Flood v Times Newspapers [2012] UKSC 11;
[2010] EWCA (Civ) 804 . . . 386
Fontin v Katapodis [1962] 108 CLR 177 . . . 233,
337
Fowler v Lanning [1959] 1 QB 426 . . . 325
Fraser v Evans [1969] 1 QB 349 . . . 425
Fressoz and Roire v France (2001) 31 EHRR
2 . . . 412

Dyer v Munday [1895] 1 QB 742 . . . 233

Froom v Butcher [1976] QB 286; [1975] 3 WLR
379; [1975] 3 All ER 520 . . . 2, 186–8
Frost v Chief Constable of Yorkshire [1999] 2
AC 455 . . . 63, 110, 116

EETPU v The Times [1980] QB 585 . . . 351

Furness, Withy & Co Ltd see Polemis, Re

Duval v Seguin (1972) 26 DLR (3d) 418 . . . 176


xviii Table of Cases
Galoo v Bright Grahame Murray [1995] 1 All ER
16 . . . 135
Gardiner v Fairfax (1942) 42 SR (NSW)
171 . . . 63, 372
Geddis v Proprietors of Bann Reservoir (1878) 3
App Cas 430 . . . 303, 313
General Engineering Ltd v Kingston
Corporation [1989] ICR 88 . . . 231

Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176; [2005] 2 WLR
268; [2005] 4 All ER 812; [2005] UKHL
2 . . . 65–8
Gregory v Piper (1820) 9 B & C 591; 109 ER
220, Court of King’s Bench . . . 339

Griggs v Southside Hotel Co [1947] 4 DLR
49 . . . 233, 234

George v Skivington (1869) LR 5 Ex 1 . . . 12

Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers [2001] 2
All ER 437 . . . 383

Gillick v BBC, The Times, 20 October
1995 . . . 365

Groves v Lord Wimborne [1898] 2 QB
402 . . . 238, 239

Gillingham Borough Council v Medway
(Chatham) Dock Co Ltd [1993]
QB 343 . . . 305

Grubb v Bristol United Press Ltd [1963] 1 QB
309 . . . 365

GKR Karate (UK) Limited v Yorkshire Post
Limited [2000] 1 WLR 2571 . . . 383

Hackshaw v Shaw (1984) 155 CLR 614 . . . 259

Glasgow Corporation v Muir [1943] AC 448;
[1943] 2 All ER 44; 169 LT 53,
HL . . . 36–7, 42

Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC
778 . . . 53

Glasgow Corporation v Taylor [1922] 1 AC
44 . . . 269, 271
Gleaner, The v Abrahams [2003] 3 WLR 1038,
PC . . . 395
Godfrey v Demon Internet [2001] QB 201;
[2000] 3 WLR 1020; [1999] 4 All ER 342,
QBD . . . 352–4, 355, 356
Goldman v Hargrave [1967] 1 AC 645 . . . 71, 86,
297, 298, 299, 300, 301
Goldsmith v Bhoyrul [1998] 2 WLR 435 . . . 351
Goodger v Knapman [1924] SASR 347 . . . 210
Goodwill v Pregnancy Advisory Service [1996]
2 All ER 161 . . . 181
Goodwin v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR
123 . . . 350, 380, 381
Gorham v BT [2000] 4 All ER 867 . . . 143
Gorringe v Calderdale MBC [2004] 2 All ER
326; [2004] UKHL 15 . . . 95, 96, 100
Gorris v Scott (1874) LR 9 Ex 125, Ct of
Exchequer . . . 238, 241–2
Gough v Thorne [1966] 1 WLR 1387 . . . 49
Governors of Peabody Donation Fund v Sir
Lindsay Parkinson & Co Ltd [1985] AC
210 . . . 14
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936] AC
85 . . . 123, 133, 245
Gray v Thames Trains [2009] 1 AC 1391;

[2009] 3 WLR 167; [2009] UKHL
33 . . . 199–202
Greater Nottingham Co-operative Society v
Cementation Piling and Foundations Ltd
[1989] QB 71 . . . 165
Greatorex v Greatorex [2000] 4 All ER
769 . . . 116
Green v Chelsea Waterworks Co (1894) 70 LT
547 . . . 313
Greene’s case [1954] 2 QB 127 . . . 265
Gregg v Ashbrae [2006] NI 300 . . . 110

Hale v Jennings Bros [1938] 1 All ER 579 . . . 314

Hall v Brooklands [1933] 1 KB 205 . . . 55
Halsey v Esso Petroleum [1961] 1 WLR 683;
[1961] 2 All ER 145, QBD . . . 284–7, 295
Hambrook v Stokes [1925] 1 KB 141 . . . 107, 112,
114
Hamilton v Farmers’ Ltd [1953] 3 DLR 382,
NSSC . . . 223
Hammersmith and City Railway Co v Brand
(1869) LR 4 HL 171 . . . 303, 312, 313
Hargrave v Goldman (1963) 110 CLR 40, HC
(Australia) . . . 85, 86
Harris v Birkenhead Corporation [1976] 1 All
ER 279 . . . 264, 266
Harrison v Michelin Tyre Co [1985] ICR
696 . . . 232
Harriton v Stephens (2006) 80 ALJR 791 . . . 180

Hartwell v Grayson, Rollo and Clover Docks
Ltd [1947] KB 901 . . . 265
Harvey 1960 SC 155 . . . 81
Harvey v Plymouth City Council [2010] EWCA
(Civ) 860 . . . 268
Haseldine v C. A. Daw & Son Ltd [1941] 2 KB
343 . . . 40, 245
Hatton v UK Application 36022/97, (2003) 37
EHRR 28 . . . 307, 308, 309
Hawkins v Clayton (1988) 164 CLR 539 . . . 158
Hawley v Luminar Leisure [2006] EWCA (Civ)
18 . . . 220
Haynes v Harwood [1935] 1 KB 146 . . . 20, 22,
23, 70, 71
Heasmans v Clarity Cleaning Co [1987] ICR
949 . . . 231
Heaven v Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503 . . . 12
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners
Ltd [1964] AC 465; [1963] 3 WLR 100;
[1963] 2 All ER 575, HL . . . 14, 17, 121, 122–4,
125, 126–7, 128, 129, 131, 133, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 154,
155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 173, 174

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Table of Cases
Hegarty v Shine (1878) 14 Cox CC 145 . . . 336
Henderson v Henry E Jenkins & Sons [1970] AC

282 . . . 42
Henderson v Merrett Syndicates [1995] 2
AC 145; [1994] 3 WLR 761; [1994] 3 All ER
506; [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 468, HL . . . 91, 124,
125–6, 127, 128, 156, 157–9
Herbert v Lando (1979) 441 US 153 . . . 380
Hercules Managements v Ernst Young [1997] 2
SCR 165 . . . 134
Herd v Weardale Steel, Coal and Coke Co
[1915] AC 67; 30 TLR 620; 84 LJKB 121,
HL . . . 331–2

xix

Hunt v Star Newspaper Co Ltd [1908] 2 KB
309 . . . 374
Hunt v Sutton Group (2001) 196 DLR (4th)
738 . . . 88
Hunter v British Coal [1998] 2 All ER 97 . . . 110
Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997] AC 655;
[1997] 2 WLR 684; [1997] 2 All ER 426,
HL . . . 2, 287–93, 292, 314, 402, 405
Hunter v Hanley 1955 SLT 213 . . . 44
Hunter Area Health Service v Presland (2005)
63 NSWLR 22 . . . 201
Hussain v Lancaster City Council [1999] 4 All
ER 125 . . . 300

Herring v Boyle (1834) 1 Cr M & R 377 . . . 333
Herrington v British Rlys Board [1972] AC

877 . . . 70, 269, 272
Hicks v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire
Police [1992] 2 All ER 65 . . . 290
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire
[1989] AC 53; [1988] 2 All ER 238; [1988]
2 WLR 1049, HL . . . 14, 15, 24–6, 29, 30, 31,
32–3, 91
Hill v Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police
(2007) 285 DLR (4th) 620; 2007 SCC
41 . . . 25
Hinz v Berry [1970] 1 All ER 1084 . . . 111

Ilkiw v Samuels [1983] 1 WLR 991 . . . 229
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Shatwell
[1965] AC 656 . . . 193
Insurance Commissioner v Joyce (1948) 77 CLR
39 . . . 42, 188
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin [1994] 3
NZLR 513 . . . 99, 175
Iqbal v Dean Manson Solicitors [2011] EWCA
(Civ) 123 . . . 399
Iqbal v Prison Officers Association [2009]
EWCA (Civ) 1312 . . . 332, 334

Hobson v AG [2007] 1 NZLR 375 . . . 26
Holbeck Hall Hotel v Scarborough BC [2000]
QB 836; [2000] 2 WLR 1396; [2000] 2 All ER
705, CA . . . 297–300

JD v East Berkshire Community Health Trust,

[2005] 2 AC 373; [2005] UKHL 23 . . . 92, 96

Hollywood Silver Fox Farm v Emmett [1936] 2
KB 468 . . . 294

Jacobs v Griffiths [1999] 2 SCR 570 . . . 231

Holomis v Dubuc (1975) 56 DLR (3d)
351 . . . 190

Jacobi v Griffiths (1999) 174 DLR (4th) 71 . . . 229
Jaensch v Coffey (1984) 155 CLR 549 . . . 112,
113
Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 2 All ER 189, CA . . . 344

Holt v Payne Shillington, The Times, 22
December 1995 . . . 159

Jain v Trent SHA [2009] 1 AC 853; [2009] UKHL
4 . . . 96, 100

Honeywill & Stein Ltd v Larkin Bros (London’s
Commercial Photographers) Ltd [1934] 1 KB
191 . . . 311

Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe [2006]
2 AC 465; [2006] UKHL 44; [2006] 4 All ER
1279 . . . 351, 382, 383, 387, 425

Horrocks v Lowe [1975] AC 135 . . . 139

James v Woodall Duckham Construction Co
Ltd [1969] 1 WLR 903 . . . 117

Horsley v MacLaren (The Ogopogo) [1971] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 410 . . . 88
Hosking v Runting [2003] 3 NZLR
385 . . . 411
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority
[1987] AC 750 . . . 66, 67, 68
Hough v London Express Newspaper [1940] 2
KB 507 . . . 366

James Archdale & Co Ltd v Comservices Ltd
[1954] 1 WLR 459 . . . 165
Janvier v Sweeney [1919] 2 KB 316 . . . 290, 402
Jayes v IMI (Kynoch) [1985] ICR 155 . . . 184
Jefferson v Derbyshire Farmers Ltd [1921] 2
KB 281; 90 LJKB 1361; 124 LJ 775, CA . . . 3,
232

Howitt v Heads [1973] 1 QB 64; [1972] 2 WLR
183; [1972] 1 All ER 491, QBD . . . 208, 209,
210–11

Jersild v Denmark (1994) 19 EHRR 1 . . . 412

Hubbard v Pitt [1975] ICR 308 . . . 317

JIH v News Group Newspapers [2011] 1WLR

1645; [2011] EWCA (Civ) 42 . . . xi, xii, 435–7

Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837;
[1963] 2 WLR 779; [1963] 1 All ER 705,
HL . . . 75, 78, 80–1, 82, 83
Hulton & Co v Jones [1910] AC 20 . . . 368, 370
Hunt v Severs [1994] AC 350 . . . 395

JGE v The English Province of Our Lady of
Charity [2011] EWHC 2871 . . . 218

Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982] AC
794 . . . 200
John v MGN Ltd [1997] QB 586; [1996] 3 WLR
593; [1996] 2 All ER 35, CA . . . 390–5, 433


xx Table of Cases
Johnston v NEI International Combustion Ltd
sub nom Rothwell v Chemical and Insulating
Co [2007] UKHL 39; [2007] 3 WLR 876 . . . 110,
111
Jolley v Sutton London BC [2000] 3 All ER
409 . . . 81
Jones v Boyce (1816) 1 Stark 492; 171 ER 540,
Nisi Prius . . . 189–90

Laferrière v Lawson (1991) 78 DLR (4th)
609 . . . 67
Lagan Navigation Co v Lambeg Bleaching,

Dyeing and Finishing Co Ltd [1927] AC
226 . . . 346
Lamb v Camden Borough Council [1981] QB
625 . . . 71
Lane v Capsey [1891] 3 Ch 411 . . . 346

Jones v Department of Employment [1988] 1
All ER 725 . . . 26

Lane v Holloway [1968] 1 QB 379; [1967] 3
WLR 1003; [1967] 3 All ER 129, CA . . . 337–8

Jones v Hulton & Co [1909] 2 KB 444 . . . 369,
370

Lange v Atkinson [2000] 3 NZLR 385 . . . 382

Jones v Livox Quarries Ltd [1952] 2 QB 608;
[1952] 1 TLR 1377, CA . . . 184–6
Jordan House Ltd v Menow (1974) 38 DLR (3d)
105 . . . 88
Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] 1 AC
520 . . . 133, 146, 155
K v Ritchie Motors Ltd [1972] 34 DLR (3rd)
141 . . . 233
Kapfunde v Abbey National [1998] IRLR
583 . . . 140

Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation
(1997) 145 ALR 96 . . . 382

Latimer v AEC Ltd [1952] 2 QB 701; [1952] 1
TLR 1349; [1952] 1 All ER 1302, CA . . . 52–3
Latter v Braddell (1880) 50 LJQB 166 . . . 336
Law Society, The v KPMG [2000] 4 All ER
540 . . . 135
Laws v Florinplace [1981] 1 All ER 659 . . . 294,
317
Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 . . . 12

Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62 . . . 403, 405

League Against Cruel Sports v Scott [1986] 1
QB 240; [1985] 3 WLR 400; [1985] 2 All ER
489, QBD . . . 340–1

Keenan v UK, Application 27229/95, (2001) 33
EHRR 38 . . . 102, 103, 104

Leakey v National Trust [1980] QB 485 . . . 297,
298, 299, 300

Kelly v Metropolitan Rly [1895] 1 QB 944 . . . 85

Leempoel v Belgium, Application 64772/01, 9
November 2006 . . . 426

Kemsley v Foot [1952] AC 345 . . . 374
Kennaway v Thompson [1981] QB 88; [1980]
3 WLR 311; [1980] 3 All ER 329,
CA . . . 320–2, 344

Kent v Griffiths [2000] 2 All ER 474 . . . 28, 31
Keown v Coventry Healthcare Trust [2006] 1
WLR 953; [2006] EWCA (Civ) 39 . . . 280
Kepple Bus Co v Ahmad [1974] 1 WLR
1082 . . . 233
Khorasandjian v Bush [1993] QB 727 . . . 289,
290, 405
Kiam v MGN (No 1) [2002] 2 All ER 219 . . . 394

Leigh and Sillavan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping
(The Aliakmon) [1986] AC 785; [1986] 2
WLR 902; [1986] 2 All ER 145, HL; [1985] 1
QB 350; [1985] 2 All ER 44; [1985] 2 WLR
289, CA . . . 153, 160, 160–2, 163, 164
Letang v Cooper [1965] 1 QB 232;
[1964] 2 All ER 929; [1964] 3 WLR 573,
CA . . . 324–5
Lewis v Daily Telegraph [1964] AC 234;
[1963] 2 WLR 1063; [1963] 2 All ER 151,
HL . . . 362–6, 386, 387

King v Phillips [1953] 1 QB 429 . . . 75

Limpus v London General Omnibus Company
(1862) 1 H & C 526 . . . 234

Kirby v National Coal Board 1958 SC
514 . . . 230

Lincoln Hunt Australia v Willesee (1986) 4

NSWLR 457 . . . 345

Kirkham v Chief Constable of Manchester
[1990] 2 QB 283 . . . 193

Lingens v Austria (1986) 8 EHRR 407 . . . 349,
350, 381

Kleine v Canadian Propane (1967) 64 DLR (2d)
338 . . . 124

Lippiatt v South Gloucestershire Council [1999]
4 All ER 149 . . . 300

Knightley v Johns [1982] 1 WLR 349 . . . 29, 71

Lister v Hesley Hall [2002] 1 AQC 215; [2001]
2WLR 1311; [2001] 2 All ER 769; [2001]
UKHL 22 . . . 3, 225, 227–31, 232, 234

Kooragang Investments Pty Ltd v Richardson &
Wrench Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 65, PC . . . 223
KU v Finland, 2 December 2008 . . . 429
LJP Investments v Howard Chia Investments
(1991) 24 NSWLR 499 . . . 344

Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd
[1957] AC 555 . . . 31, 222
Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC
716 . . . 228

LPTB v Upson [1949] AC 155 . . . 186

London Artists Ltd v Littler [1969] 2 QB
375 . . . 372

Lady Archer v Williams [2003] EWHC
1670 . . . 434

London Drugs v Kuehne & Nagel
International [1992] 3 SCR 299;

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Table of Cases
(1993) 97 DLR (4th) 261, Supreme Ct
(Canada) . . . 222–5
London Fire Brigade case (1997) . . . 18, 28, 29, 31
Lonrho v Shell Petroleum (No. 2) [1982] AC
173; [1981] 3 WLR 33; [1981] 2 All ER 456,
HL . . . 239–41
Losinjska Plovidba v Transco Overseas Ltd (The
Orjula) [1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 395 . . . 175

xxi

Mainguard Packaging v Hilton Haulage [1990]
1 NZLR 360 . . . 149
Majrowski v Guy’s and St Thomas’s NHS

Trust [2007] AC 24; [2006] UKHL 34 . . . 216,
217, 400
Malcolm v Broadhurst [1970] 3 All ER
508 . . . 108, 109
Malone v Laskey [1907] 2 KB 141 . . . 287, 289

Loughans v Odhams Press Ltd [1963] 1 QB
299 . . . 365

Malone v Metropolitan Police Comr [1979] Ch
344 . . . 405

Loutchansky v The Times Newspapers (No.
2) [2002] QB 783; [2002] 2WLR 640; [2002]
1 All ER 652; [2001] EWCA (Civ) 1805,
CA . . . 357, 383–6

Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR
14 . . . 405

Lowe v Associated Newspapers [2006] EWHC
320 (QB), [2007] QB 580 . . . 373
Lowery v Walker [1911] AC 10 . . . 267, 268
Lumley v Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216 . . . 147
McCauley v Bristol City Council [1991] 1 All ER
749 . . . 267
McFarlane v EE Caledonia Ltd [1994] 2 All ER
1 . . . 108, 116
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [1999] 4 All
ER 961 . . . 181, 182

McGeown v Northern Ireland Housing
Executive [1994] 3 All ER 53 . . . 272
McGhee v National Coal Board [1973] 1 WLR
1 . . . 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
McGinlay (or Titchener) v British Railways
Board [1983] 1WLR 1427; [1983] 3 All ER
770, HL . . . 192, 194–5

Mansfield v Weetabix [1998] 1 WLR 1263 . . . 50
Manson v Associated Newspapers [1965] 2 All
ER 954 . . . 394
Marc Rich & Co AG v Bishop Rock Marine
(The Nicholas H) [1996] AC 211; [1995]
3 WLR 227; [1995] 3 All ER 307; [1995] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 299, HL . . . 9, 24, 29, 30, 31–4,
300
March v Stramare (1991) ALR 423 . . . 75
Marcic v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2004] 2
AC 42; [2003] 3 WLR 1603; [2004] 1 All ER
135; [2003] UKHL 66 . . . 307–10
Marckx v Belgium (1979) 2 EHRR 330 . . . 421
Market Investigations Ltd v Ministry of
Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173; [1969] 1
WLR 1; [1968] 3 All ER 732, QBD . . . 219–20
Marshall v Osmond [1983] QB 1034 . . . 29, 56
Martinez v MGN Case C-161/10 (25 October
2011) . . . 354

McHale v Watson (1966) 115 CLR 199 . . . 49

Marx v Attorney General [1974] 1 NZLR
164 . . . 22

McKay v Essex Health Authority [1982] QB
1166; [1982] 2 All ER 771; [1982] 2 WLR
890, CA . . . 179–80

Mattis v Pollock [2003] 1 WLR 2158; [2003]
ICR 1335; [2004] 4 All ER 85; [2003] EWCA
(Civ) 887, CA . . . 232–5

McKenna v British Aluminium [2002] Env LR
30 . . . 307, 309

Mayfair v Pears [1987] 1 NZLR 459 . . . 75

McKennitt v Ash [2007] 2 WLR 194; [2006]
EWCA (Civ) 1714, CA . . . 412, 418, 419, 421–4,
426, 434

Mayor of Bradford v Pickles [1885] AC
587 . . . 294
Meah v McCreamer (No. 2) [1986] 1 All ER
943 . . . 22

McKew v Holland & Hannen & Cubitts
(Scotland) Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1621 . . . 113

Meering v Grahame-White Aviation Co Ltd
(1920) 122 LT 44 . . . 333

McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410 . . . 113,
114, 118

Mehta v Union of India 1987 AIR (SC)
1086 . . . 317

McNaughton Papers Group v Hicks Anderson
[1991] 2 QB 113 . . . 135

Mercer v South Eastern and Chatham Rly
[1922] 2 KB 549; 92 LJKB 25; 127 LT 723,
QBD . . . 87

McTear v Imperial Tobacco [2005] ScotCS
CSOH 69 . . . 195
McWilliams v Sir William Arrol & Co [1962] 1
WLR 295 . . . 67
Maga v Birmingham Archdiocese of the Roman
Catholic Church [2010] EWCA (Civ) 256;
[2010] 1 WLR 1441 . . . 231
Maguire v Harland and Wolff [2005] EWCA
(Civ) 1 . . . 22
Mahkutai, The [1996] AC 650 . . . 225

Merchant Prince, The [1982] P 179 . . . 42
Merivale v Carson (1888) 20 QBD 275 . . . 372
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v Coggins
and Griffith Ltd [1947] AC 1; [1946] 2 All
ER 345; 175 LJ 270, HL . . . 220–1

Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Trustees v
Gibbs (1866) LR 1 HL 93 . . . 97
Metropolitan Asylum District v Hill (1881) 6
App Cas 193 . . . 303


xxii Table of Cases
Metropolitan International Schools v
Designtechnica Corporation [2009] EWHC
1765; [2011] 1 WLR 1743 . . . xi, xii, 354–7

Myerson v Smith’s Weekly (1923) 24 SR (NSW)
20 . . . 372, 373
Myroft v Sleight (1921) 37 TLR 646 . . . 362

M’Glone case 1966 SC (HL) 1 . . . 194, 195
Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd v Hett, Stubbs &
Kemp [1979] Ch 384 . . . 125, 157
Miller v Jackson [1977] QB 966 . . . 321, 322

Nail v News Group Newspapers [2005] 1 All ER
1040 . . . 397

Milne v Express Newspapers [2005] 1 All ER
1021 . . . 397

Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691; [1971]
3 All ER 581; [1971] RTR 425, CA . . . 42–3,
50, 192

Mineral Transporter, The see Candlewood
Navigation v Mitsui OSK Lines

Network Rail Infrastructure v Morris [2004]
Env LR 41; [2004] EWCA (Civ) 172 . . . 292

Ministry of Housing and Local Government v
Sharp [1970] 2 QB 223 . . . 16, 18, 127, 128, 154

Nevill v Fine Art & General Insurance Co Ltd
[1897] AC 68 . . . 363

Mitchell v Glasgow City Council [2009] 1 AC
874; [2009] UKHL 11 . . . 106

New York Times v Sullivan (1964) 376 US
254 . . . 380, 382

Moffett v Brewer (1848) Iowa 1 Greene
348 . . . 346

New Zealand Forest Products v A-G [1986] 1
NZLR 14 . . . 149

Monk v Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75 . . . 242

New Zealand Insurance Co v Prudential
Assurance Ltd [1976] NZLR 84, CA (New
Zealand) . . . 261–4

Monsanto v Tilly [2000] Env LR 313 . . . 339
Montgomery v Johnson Underwood [2001]
IRLR 269 . . . 220
Montreal v Montreal Locomotive Works Ltd
[1947] 1 DLR 161 . . . 219

Newstead v London Express Newspapers
[1940] 1 KB 377; [1939] 4 All ER 319; 1621
LT 17, CA . . . 368–70

Moore Stephens v Stone & Rolls Ltd [2009] 1 AC
1391; [2009] UKHL 39 . . . 135

Nicholas H, The See Marc Rich & Co AG v
Bishop Rock Marine

Morgan Crucible Co plc v Hill Samuel & Co Ltd
[1991] Ch 295 . . . 127, 134, 135

Nichols v Marsland (1876) 2 Ex D 1 . . . 313

Morris v CW Martin & Sons Ltd [1966] 1 QB
716 . . . 228

Nicholson v Atlas Steel Foundry and
Engineering Co Ltd [1957] 1 WLR 613 . . . 60,
61, 63

Morris v Ford Motor Co [1973] 1 QB 792,
CA . . . 223

Nitrigin Eireann Teoranta v Inco Alloys [1992]
1 All ER 854 . . . 174

Morris v Marsden [1952] 1 All ER 925 . . . 50

Nocton v Lord Ashburton [1914] AC 932 . . . 122,
123, 140, 141

Morris v Murray [1991] 2 QB 6; [1991] 2
WLR 195; [1990] 3 All ER 801, CA . . . 189,
192–3
Morris v West Hartlepool Steam Navigation Co
Ltd [1956] AC 552 . . . 52
Morrison Steamship Co Ltd v Greystoke Castle
(Cargo Owners) [1947] AC 265 . . . 17, 154
Mosley v News Group Newspapers [2008]
EWHC 1777 . . . xi, xii, 406, 424–6, 432–4
Mosley v UK, Case 48009/08 (10 May 2011),
ECHR . . . xi, xii, 427–31
Mullin v Richards [1998] 1 WLR 1304; [1998]
1 All ER 920, CA . . . 48–50
Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991]
1 AC 398; [1990] 3 WLR 414; [1990] 2 All ER
908, HL . . . 14, 17–18, 128, 153–5, 158, 168,
171–5
Murray v Big Pictures (UK) Ltd sub nom
Murray v Express Newspapers [2008]
3 WLR 1360; [2008] EWCA (Civ) 446,
CA . . . 417–20, 425

Nor-Video Services v Ontario Hydro (1978) 84
DLR (3d) 221 . . . 292
Norwich City Council v Harvey [1989]
1 WLR 828; [1989] 1 All ER 1180,
CA . . . 165–7
Nottingham v Aldridge [1971] 2 QB 739 . . . 226
Nova Mink v Trans Canada Airlines [1951] 2
DLR 241 . . . 11
Officer L, Re [2007] UKHL 36; [2007] 1 WLR
2135 . . . 104
OLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport
[1997] 3 All ER 897 . . . 18
O’Kelly v Trust House Forte [1983] ICR
728 . . . 220
O’Reilly v National Rail and Tramway
Appliances [1966] 1 All ER 499 . . . 192
O’Rourke v Camden LBC [1998] AC 188 . . . 241
O’Shea v MGN [2001] EMLR 40 . . . 368, 370

Murray v Ministry of Defence [1988] 1 WLR
692; [1988] 2 All ER 521, HL . . . 332–5

Oberschlick v Austria (1991) 19 EHRR
389 . . . 350

Mutual Life Citizens Assurance Co v Evatt
[1971] . . . 124, 143

Ogopogo, The See Horsley v MacLaren

Ogwo v Taylor [1988] AC 431 . . . 119

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Table of Cases

xxiii

Orjula, The See Losinjska Plovidba v Transco
Overseas Ltd (The Orjula)

Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent) [1966] 1
WLR 1234 . . . 213

Osman v Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344 . . . 26, 29

Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers [2007]
2 WLR 222, CA . . . 424

Osman v UK [2000] 29 EHRR 245 . . . 26, 27, 104,
105, 106
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and
Engineering Co Ltd See Wagon Mound, The
(No. 1), and Wagon Mound, The (No 2)
Owens v Brimmell [1977] QB 859; [1977] 2
WLR 943; [1976] 3 All ER 765, QBD . . . 188–9
Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155; [1995] 2 WLR
655; [1995] 2 All ER 736, HL . . . 107–11, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119

Page v Smith (No. 2) [1996] 1 WLR 855 . . . 111
Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad Co (1928) 248
NY 339 . . . 21, 22

Pullman v Hill & Co [1891] 1 QB 524 . . . 377
Queen, The v Saskatchewan Wheat Pool [1983]
1 SCR 205 . . . 239
Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 . . . 184
R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex parte
International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1998] 3 WLR
1260 . . . 93
R v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison, ex
parte Hague [1992] 1 AC 58; [1991] 3 WLR
341 . . . 98, 239
R v Dica [2004] QB 1257 . . . 336

Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC
367 . . . 53

R v Instan [1893] 1 QB 450, Court for Crown
Cases Reserved . . . 87–8

Parkinson v St James Hospital [2001] 3 All ER
97 . . . 182

R v Ireland [1996] 3 WLR 650 . . . 329

Parmiter v Coupland (1840) 6 M & W 105; 151
ER 340 . . . 358, 359
Pasley v Freeman (1789) 100 ER 450 . . . 123

Performing Right Society v Mitchell and
Booker (Palais De Danse) Ltd [1924]
1 KB 762; 93 LJKB 306; 131 LT 243,
KBD . . . 217–19
Perl (Exporters) Ltd v Camden London Borough
Council [1984] QB 342 . . . 16

R v Sutton (Terrence) [1977] 1 WLR 182, CA
(Crim Div) . . . 326
R (Binyam Mohamed) v Secretary of State for
Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2010]
EWCA (Civ) 65 . . . 435
R (Wood) v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis [2010] 1 WLR 123, [2009] EWCA
(Civ) 414 . . . 417
Racz v Home Office [1994] 2 AC 45, HL . . . 228

Perre v Apand (1999) 164 ALR 606 . . . 17

Rantzen v Mirror Group Newspapers (1986) Ltd
[1993] 4 All ER 975; [1994] QB 670 . . . 391, 395

Perrett v Collins [1998] Lloyd’s Rep 255 . . . 34

Ratcliff v McConnell [1999] 1 WLR 670 . . . 277

Petterson v Royal Oak Hotel [1948] NZLR
136 . . . 234

Read v Coker (1853) 138 ER 1437 . . . 329

Phelps v Hillingdon London Borough Council
[2000] 3 WLR 776 . . . 95, 96, 127

Read v J Lyons & Co Ltd [1947] AC 156 . . . 285,
289, 314

Philips v Whiteley Ltd [1938] 1 All ER 566 . . . 43

Reader v Molesworths [2007] 3 All ER
108 . . . 203

Phillips v Britannia Hygienic Laundry [1923]
2 KB 832, CA . . . 237–9

Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS
Trust [2003] 4 All ER 987 . . . 181, 182

Phillips v London and South Western Railway
Co (1879) 4 QBD 406 . . . 215

Reeves v Commissioner of Police [2000] 1 AC
360; [1998] 2 All ER 381 . . . 184, 279

Phillips Products Ltd v Hyland (Note) [1987] 1
WLR 659 . . . 145

Regan v Paul Properties [2007] Ch 135;
[2006] 3 WLR 1131; [2006] EWCA (Civ)
1319 . . . 318–20

Philp v Ryan [2004] 1 IESC 105 . . . 68
Phipps v Rochester Corporation [1955] 1 QB
450; [1955] 2 WLR 23; [1955] 1 All ER 129,
QBD . . . 271–2

Reibl v Hughes (1980) 114 DLR (3d) 1 . . . 47, 48

Pitts v Hunt [1991] 1 QB 24; [1990] 3 WLR 542;
[1990] 3 All ER 344, CA . . . 184, 189, 198, 201

Rex v Horne (1777) 2 Cowp 672 . . . 364

Polemis, Re [1921] 3 KB 560; 90 LJKB 1353;
126 LJ 154, CA . . . 2, 57, 72–3, 74, 79, 185

Revill v Newbery [1996] 1 All ER 291 . . . 201,
263
Reynolds v Clarke (1725) 93 ER 747 . . . 324, 325

Port Swettenham Authority v T. W. Wu & Co
(M) Sdn Bhd [1979] AC 580, PC . . . 228

Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd [2001] 2
AC 127; [1999] 3 WLR 1010; [1999] 4 All ER
609, HL . . . 376, 378–83, 384, 385, 386, 387,
388

Possfund Custodian Trustee v Diamond [1996]
2 All ER 774 . . . 135

Richardson v LRC Products [2000] Lloyd’s Rep
Med 280 . . . 258

Powell v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR CD
362 . . . 102, 103, 104

Riches v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1985] 2
All ER 845 . . . 393


xxiv Table of Cases
Richley (Henderson) v Faull, Richley, Third
Party [1965] 1 WLR 1454 . . . 42

Saunders v Edwards [1987] 1 WLR 1116 . . . 201

Rickards v Lothian [1913] AC 263 . . . 313, 314,
316

Savage v South Essex NHS Foundation Trust
[2009] 2 WLR 115; [2008] UKHL 74 . . . 28,
101–4, 105

Rickless v United Artists [1988] QB 40 . . . 241

Schneider v Eisovitch [1960] QB 430 . . . 109

Rigby v Chief Constable of Northamptonshire
[1985] 1 WLR 1242 . . . 29

SCM v Whittall 1 QB 337 . . . 150

Roberts v Gable [2007] EWCA (Civ) 721;
[2008] 2WLR 129, CA . . . 365, 386–8
Robertson v Forth Road Bridge Joint Board 1995
SCLR 466 . . . 118
Robinson v Balmain New Ferry [1910] AC
295; 79 LJPC 84; 84 TLR 143, PC . . . 330–1,
332
Robinson v Kilvert (1889) 41 Ch D 88 . . . 292
Robinson v P E Jones (Contractors) [2011] 3
WLR 815; [2011] EWCA (Civ) 9 . . . 159, 174
Robinson v Post Office [1974] 1 WLR 1176;
[1974] 2 All ER 737; 16 KIR 12, CA . . . 78–9,
116,
Roe v Minister of Health [1954] 2 QB 66 . . . 75
Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479 . . . 48
Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117; [1963] 2
All ER 908, CA . . . 263, 269–71, 282
Rondel v Worsley [1969] 1 AC 191 . . . 15, 24, 25
Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129 . . . 337
Rose v Ford [1937] AC 826 . . . 215
Rose v Plenty [1976] 1 WLR 141 . . . 229
Ross v Caunters [1980] Ch 297 . . . 16, 17, 154
Rowley v Secretary of State for Work and
Pensions [2007] 1 WLR 2861 . . . 26

Scott v Sampson (1882) 8 QBD 491; [1881–5] All
ER Rep 628 . . . 358

Scottish Special Housing Association v
Wimpey Construction UK Ltd [1986] 1 WLR
995 . . . 165
Scullion v Bank of Scotland [2011] EWCA (Civ)
693 . . . 130
Sedleigh-Denfield v O’Callaghan [1940]
AC 880; [1940] 3 All ER 349; 164 LT 72,
HL . . . 286, 293, 295, 296–7, 298, 301
Shakoor v Situ [2000] 4 All ER 181 . . . 43
Shelfer v City of London Lighting [1895] 1 Ch
287 . . . 318, 319, 320, 321, 344
Shell UK v Total UK [2010] EWCA (Civ) 180;
[2010] 3 All ER 793 . . . 151
Sheppard v Glossop Corporation [1921] 3 KB
132 . . . 97, 98, 99
Shiffman v St John of Jerusalem (Grand Priory
in the British Realm of the Venerable Order
of the Hospital) [1936] 1 All ER 557 . . . 314
Sidaway v Governors of the Bethlem Royal
Hospital [1985] AC 871; [1985] 2 WLR 480;
[1985] 1 All ER 643, HL . . . 45–8, 336
Sim v Stretch [1936] 2 All ER 123; 52 TLR
669 . . . 359, 360, 365

Rowling v Takaro Properties Ltd [1988] AC 473,
PC . . . 14, 91

Simaan v Pilkington Ltd [1988] 1 QB 758;
[1988] 1 All ER 791; [1988] 2 WLR 761,
CA . . . 155, 160, 163–5

Rufo v Hosking (1 November 2004) [2004]
NSWCA 391 . . . 68

Simkiss v Rhondda BC (1983) 81 LGR
460 . . . 272

Ryan v Hickson (1974) 55 DLR (3d) 196 . . . 50

Simmons v British Steel [2004] ICR 585; [2004]
UKHL 20 . . . 116

Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330;
37 LJH Ex 161; 19 LT 22, HL . . . 301, 308,
310–11, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317

Simpson & Co v Thomson (1877) 3 App Cas
279 . . . 153
Skelton v Collins (1966) 39 AJLR 480 . . . 215

S (a child) (identification: restrictions on
publication), Re [2003] EWCA (Civ) 963;
[2003] 3 WLR 1425 . . . 410, 412

Slater v Clay Cross Co Ltd [1956] 2 QB
264 . . . 43, 195, 265

S (a child), Re [2005] 1 AC 593 . . . 424, 425

Smith v Blackburn (Note) [1974] RTR

533 . . . 187
Smith v Eric S Bush [1990] 1 AC 831; [1989]
2 WLR 790; [1989] 2 All ER 514, HL . . . 125,
126, 127, 129–31, 134, 142, 143, 144–5, 155

S v Distillers Co Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1412 . . . 176
S v Gloucestershire CC [2000] 3 All ER 346 . . . 94
Sadler v Henlock, 119 ER 209 . . . 218
St Albans DC v ICL [1996] 4 All ER 481 . . . 251
St George v Home Office, The [2009] 1 WLR
1670; [2008] EWCA (Civ) 1068 . . . 186

Slim v Telegraph Ltd [1968] 2 QB 157 . . . 367

Smith v Leech Brain & Co Ltd [1962] 2 QB
405 . . . 78

St Helen’s Smelting Co v Tipping (1865) 11
ER 1483, HL; 11 HL Cas 642 . . . 289, 290, 295

Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987]
AC 241; [1987] 1 All ER 710; [1987] 2 WLR
480, HL . . . 16, 68–71, 86

Salsbury v Woodland [1970] 1 QB 324; [1969]
3 All ER 863; [1969] 3 WLR 29, CA . . . 235–6

Smith v London South Western Rly (1870) LR 6
CP 14 . . . 72

Saskatchewan Wheat Pool case See Queen, The
v Saskatchewan Wheat Pool

Société Anonyme de Remorquage á Hélice v
Bennetts [1911] 1 KB 243 . . . 153

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