Ebook Orthodontics - Prep manual for undergraduates (3/E): Part 1

Orthodontics
Prep Manual for Undergraduates
THIRD EDITION

Sridhar Premkumar, BDS MDS
Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Head, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Tamil Nadu
Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, INDIA


Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the first edition
Acknowledgements

1. Development of a Concept
1. Introduction to orthodontics
Definition and divisions of orthodontics
Need for orthodontic treatment and unfavourable sequelae of malocclusion
Aims, objectives and/or goals of orthodontics
Edward hartley angle


2. Epidemiology of malocclusion
Brief epidemiology of malocclusion
Ideal requirements of malocclusion indices

Various indices used in orthodontics
Index of orthodontic treatment need
Treatment priority index by grainger

2. Growth and Development
3. Concepts of growth and development
Growth and development: Definition and differentiation
Nature of skeletal growth/hyperplasia/hypertrophy/extracellular matrix
secretion
Osteogenesis/methods of bone formation
Remodelling
Growth site versus growth centre
Growth movements: Drift versus displacement
Expanding V principle
Pattern of growth
Variability of growth
Safety valve mechanism
Differences between primary and secondary cartilages
Controlling factors in craniofacial growth
Age assessment: Chronological, dental and skeletal age
Role of synchondroses in cranial base growth


Various methods of measuring growth
Craniometry and anthropometry
Vital staining
Implant radiography
Clinical implications of growth and development
Nasal septum
Meckel’s cartilage

4. Theories of growth
Various theories of growth

5. Growth of facial structures
Prenatal growth of maxilla
Prenatal growth of palate
Prenatal growth of mandible
Postnatal growth of maxilla
Postnatal growth of palate
Postnatal growth of mandible
Condylar growth
Development of tongue

6. Child psychology
Need to study child psychology
Theories of developmental psychology


Correlation of various theories of psychology: Refer table 6.2
Behaviour learning theories
Types of child behaviour
Motivation of a child
Child behaviour management techniques used in orthodontics
Behaviour modification techniques useful in orthodontics

7. Development of occlusion and normal occlusion
Eruption of teeth
Stages of tooth development
Chronology of human dentition

Development of occlusion from birth till 12 years and adolescence
Terminal plane relationship and transition of molar–occlusal relationship from
mixed dentition to permanent dentition
Self-correcting malocclusions/transitional or transient malocclusions
Keys of occlusion

8. Stomatognathics in orthodontics
Stomatognathics: Definition and its various components
Trajectorial theory of bone formation/julius wolff’s law
Trajectories of force/benninghoff’s lines
Buccinator mechanism
Various functions of stomatognathic system
Mastication


Infantile swallow/retained infantile swallow
Deglutition/adult or mature swallow
Speech and malocclusion

3. Development of Problems
9. Classification of malocclusion
Malocclusion definition
Definition of classification in orthodontics
Methods of recording and measuring malocclusion/various methods of
classification of malocclusion
Angle’s classification of malocclusion
Merits and demerits of angle’s classification/validity of angle’s classification
Modifications of angle’s classification
Simon’s classification
Incisor classification/british standard classification of incisor relationship

Ackerman–proffit classification
Quantitative methods of classification of malocclusion

10. Aetiology of malocclusion
Classification of aetiologic factors
Prenatal causes of malocclusion
Role of genetics in malocclusion
Butler’s field theory
Postnatal causes of malocclusion


General causes of malocclusion

4. Diagnosis
11. Case history and clinical examination in orthodontics
Classification of diagnostic aids and various diagnostic methods employed in
orthodontics
Importance of case history in orthodontic diagnosis
Clinical evaluation of orthodontic patient

12. Radiographs and related diagnostic aids
Radiographs used in orthodontics
Role of intraoral radiographs in orthodontics
Panoramic radiography
Facial photograph as a diagnostic tool
Hand–wrist radiographs
Electromyography
Digital radiography

13. Model analysis

Study models/study casts
Classification of model analyses/various methods of model analyses used in
orthodontics
Bolton’s analysis/bolton’s ratio
Ashley howe’s analysis
Pont’s index/pont’s analysis


Linderhearth’s analysis
Kesling’s diagnostic set-up
Moyer’s mixed dentition analysis
Tanaka–johnston analysis
Radiographic method of mixed dentition model analysis
Carey’s analysis

14. Cephalometrics
Definition of cephalometrics
Cephalometric radiography
Cephalometric landmarks
Reference planes used in cephalometry
Classification of cephalometric analyses
Steiner’s analysis
Y-axis/growth axis
Tweed’s analysis/tweed’s diagnostic triangle
Wits appraisal/analysis
Ricketts analysis
Mcnamara’s analysis
Role of cephalometry in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
Visualized treatment objective

5. Biology, Mechanics and Orthodontic Materials
15. Biology of tooth movement


Physiologic tooth movement
Structure of periodontal ligament and its response to physiological force
Theories of tooth movement
Biological tissue reaction to the application of orthodontic force
Stages of tooth movement
Different types of orthodontic force
Orthopaedic force

16. Biomechanics of orthodontic tooth movement
Newton’s laws of motion and its relevance to tooth movement
Terminologies in biomechanics of tooth movement
Types of tooth movement
Definition and classification of anchorage
Sources of anchorage/anchorage sites
Factors affecting anchorage
Anchorage loss
Various types of anchorage with suitable examples
Implant as anchorage units/absolute anchorage/temporary anchorage devices

17. Materials used in orthodontics
Classification of materials used in orthodontics
Wrought alloys/orthodontic metallic materials
Annealing/heat treatment of orthodontic alloys
Archwires used in orthodontics

Desirable properties of orthodontic wires/ideal requirements of orthodontic
wire
18–8 stainless steel
Elgiloy wire/cobalt–chromium–nickel wire
Nitinol wires/superelastic wires/space age wires/shape memory alloys/niti alloy
TMA wires/titanium–molybdenum alloy wire/β-ti wires
Composition and properties of orthodontic wires
Soldering/brazing
Welding in orthodontics
Ceramic brackets in orthodontics
Cements used in orthodontics
Irreversible hydrocolloids/alginate
Orthodontic bonding adhesives

6. Orthodontic Appliances
18. Removable appliances
Definition and classification of orthodontic appliances
Ideal requirements of orthodontic appliances
Advantages and limitations of removable orthodontic appliances
Mechanical principles involved in designing of orthodontic appliances
Components/various parts of removable appliances
Designing of clasps used in orthodontics
Classification of clasps used in orthodontic practice
Free-ended clasps


Continuous clasps
Various active components of removable appliance
Springs used in removable appliance
Canine retractors

Labial bows
Screws
Elastics
Orthodontic pliers
Base plate
Hawley appliance and retainer
Insertion of removable appliance
Failures of removable appliance/unsuccessful removable appliance therapy
Labial and buccal movements
Lingual movement
Mesiodistal movement
Fabrication of removable appliance
Treatment of various malocclusions by removable mechanical appliances

19. Functional appliances
Definition and classification of functional appliances
History of maxillofacial orthopaedics
Principles of functional appliance therapy
Mechanism of action of functional appliances
Craniofacial response or effects produced by functional appliances


Ideal requirements of functional appliances
Clinical visualized treatment objective
Guidelines for case selection for functional appliances
Advantages and limitations of functional appliances
Bite planes used in orthodontics
Vestibular screens/oral screens
Lip bumper
Activator

Modifications of activator
Bionator
Functional regulators and their types
Indications of functional regulator
Mechanism of action of frankel appliance
Functional regulator (FR) I
Functional regulator III
Clinical management of functional regulators
Differences between activator and functional regulator
Twin block

20. Orthopaedic appliances
Headgears strap/anchorage source
Reverse-pull headgears or facemask
Chin cup


21. Expansion appliances
Types of expansion
Classification of expansion appliances
Rapid maxillary expansion (RME)/rapid palatal expansion (RPE)
Classification of slow expansion appliances
Removable slow expansion appliances
Fixed slow expansion appliances
Differences between RME and slow expansion

22. Fixed appliances
Various components of fixed appliances
Evolution of various fixed appliance techniques
Bonding techniques in orthodontics

Latex elastics
Management of dental problems during orthodontic treatment
Advantages and limitations of fixed appliances

7. Treatment Planning In Orthodontics
23. General considerations in treatment planning
Treatment planning in orthodontics
Analyses and treatment approach of arch length discrepancy
Principles of growth modification

24. Methods of gaining space


Classification of various methods of gaining space in orthodontics
Proximal slicing
Expansion
Advancement or labial proclination of anterior teeth
Distalization of molars
Contraindications and complications of molar distalization
Derotation of posterior teeth
Uprighting of tipped tooth
Extractions in orthodontics

8. Early Orthodontic Treatment
25. Preventive orthodontics
Preventive orthodontics: Definition and various preventive orthodontic
procedures
Rationale and principles of preventive orthodontics
Non-appliance preventive orthodontic procedures
Classification of space maintainers

Planning for space maintenance and factors for consideration
Ideal requirements, indications and contraindications of space maintainers
Removable space maintainers
Fixed space maintainers
Mouth protectors or guards

26. Interceptive orthodontics


Various interceptive orthodontic procedures
Occlusal grinding/occlusal equilibration
Management of developing anterior crossbite/tongue blade therapy
Incipient malocclusions
Classification of deleterious dentofacial habits
Thumb sucking
Tongue thrusting
Management of lip biting and lip sucking
Bruxism
Mouth breathing and its management
Space regainers/active space maintainers
Serial extraction/guidance of eruption

9. Surgical Considerations in Orthodontics
27. Surgical orthodontics
Various surgical orthodontic procedures
Minor oral surgical procedures in relation to orthodontics
Surgical exposure of impacted canine
Pericision
Corticotomy
Transpositioning of teeth/autotranspositioning/surgical repositioning of teeth

Dentofacial deformities and their management by orthognathic surgery
Diagnosis and treatment planning in surgical orthodontics


Presurgical and postsurgical orthodontics
Model surgery
Surgical procedures for mandibular prognathism and maxillary
retrusion/skeletal class III correction
Surgical correction of receding chin/deficient chin
Surgical correction of class II malocclusion
Surgical procedures for vertical malocclusion
Timing of orthognathic surgery
Therapeutic aids in surgical care

28. Cleft lip and palate
Classification of cleft lip and palate
Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and dental management of cleft lip
and palate
Orthodontic management of cleft palate

10. Corrective Orthodontics
29. Management of intra-arch problems
Aetiology, clinical features and management of class I malocclusion with
crowding
Aetiology and management of class I malocclusion with spacing
Median diastema

30. Management of transverse malocclusions
Definition and types of crossbites

Aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of anterior crossbite
Aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of posterior crossbite

31. Management of vertical malocclusions
Aetiology, clinical features and management of deep bite
Aetiology, clinical features and management of open bite

32. Management of sagittal malocclusions
Aetiology, clinical features, and diagnostic features of class II division 1
malocclusion
Management of class II division 1 in a growing child (mixed dentition period)
Management of class II division 1 malocclusion in an adult
Incisor edge–centroid relationship/edge–centroid relationship
Class II division 2 malocclusion
Class III malocclusion
Differences between true class III and pseudo-class III
Bimaxillary protrusion

33. Management of problems in adult patients
Adult orthodontics

11. Miscellaneous
34. Retention, relapse and complications
Definition of retention and relapse
Causes for relapse in orthodontics/need for retention after orthodontic


treatment
Various schools of thought pertaining to retention in orthodontics

Theorems on retention
Classification and planning of retention in orthodontics
Mechanical aids to retention/retention appliances/retainers
Adjunctive procedures to aid retention and to prevent relapse
Retention with regards to different types of malocclusion
Active retention

35. Digital orthodontics
Digital orthodontics
Digital panoramic images
Digital cephalometrics
Digital study models
Digital photography

Index


Copyright

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Orthodontics: Prep Manual for Undergraduates, 3e, Sridhar
Premkumar
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Dedication

This book is dedicated to the loving memory of my teacher,


mentor, guide, friend and philosopher
Dr. M R Balasubramaniam


Preface to the third edition
Sridhar Premkumar

When the first edition was released, the magnanimous response from
the students was highly motivating to me. It all started with the
thought of bridging the gap between latitudinous concepts and data
in orthodontics’ reference books and the practical difficulties of
nascent dentists in comprehending and reflecting in evaluation exams.
I am glad this manual had struck the right chord with the students
and had become the first choice for students in India who appear for
theory exams, viva voce and post-graduate entrance examination
preparations.
This red carpet welcome from the readers and forthright interest by
the publisher had resulted in this latest edition with more vibrant
presentation. This edition is not just a face-lift for previous editions,
but the entire manual had undergone willing adaptation based on the
international learning strategies. This book manual, from this edition,
will also be known to meet the demands of different styles of learning
popular among students.
The transmission of knowledge had been refreshed and made
seamless even without question and answer format. Apart from
enhanced understanding, the point style format encourages active

learning to retain information. The “Advanced Learning” portion at the
end of each chapter favours exploration for independent learning. The
simplified coloured illustrations, flowcharts are imperative for visual
learning. The tables, figures and numerical data used here solely
conforms to the international reference books for analytical learning.
The “Accessory Points” given in every chapter can be concretely