Project management a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling ed 11

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Overview
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Understanding Project Management
1.2 Defining Project Success
1.3 Success, Trade-Offs, and Competing Constraints
1.4 The Project Manager–Line Manager Interface
1.5 Defining the Project Manager’s Role
1.6 Defining the Functional Manager’s Role
1.7 Defining the Functional Employee’s Role
1.8 Defining the Executive’s Role
1.9 Working with Executives
1.10 Committee Sponsorship/Governance
1.11 The Project Manager as the Planning Agent
1.12 Project Champions
1.13 The Downside of Project Management
1.14 Project-Driven versus Non–Project-Driven Organizations
1.15 Marketing in the Project-Driven Organization
1.16 Classification of Projects
1.17 Location of the Project Manager
1.18 Differing Views of Project Management
1.19 Public-Sector Project Management
1.20 International Project Management
1.21 Concurrent Engineering: A Project Management Approach
1.22 Added Value
1.23 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 2: Project Management Growth: Concepts and Definitions
2.0 Introduction
2.1 General Systems Management
2.2 Project Management: 1945–1960
2.3 Project Management: 1960–1985
2.4 Project Management: 1985–2012
2.5 Resistance to Change
2.6 Systems, Programs, and Projects: A Definition
2.7 Product versus Project Management: A Definition
2.8 Maturity and Excellence: A Definition
2.9 Informal Project Management: A Definition
2.10 The Many Faces of Success

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2.11 The Many Faces of Failure
2.12 The Stage-Gate Process
2.13 Project Life Cycles
2.14 Gate Review Meetings (Project Closure)
2.15 Engagement Project Management
2.16 Project Management Methodologies: A Definition
2.17 Enterprise Project Management Methodologies
2.18 Methodologies Can Fail
2.19 Organizational Change Management and Corporate Cultures
2.20 Project Management Intellectual Property
2.21 Systems Thinking
2.22 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 3: Organizational Structures
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Organizational Work Flow
3.2 Traditional (Classical) Organization
3.3 Developing Work Integration Positions
3.4 Line-Staff Organization (Project Coordinator)
3.5 Pure Product (Projectized) Organization
3.6 Matrix Organizational Form
3.7 Modification of Matrix Structures
3.8 The Strong, Weak, or Balanced Matrix
3.9 Center for Project Management Expertise
3.10 Matrix Layering
3.11 Selecting the Organizational Form
3.12 Structuring the Small Company
3.13 Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Project Management
3.14 Transitional Management
3.15 Barriers to Implementing Project Management in Emerging Markets
3.16 Seven Fallacies that Delay Project Management Maturity
3.17 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 4: Organizing and Staffing The Project Office and Team
4.0 Introduction
4.1 The Staffing Environment
4.2 Selecting the Project Manager: An Executive Decision
4.3 Skill Requirements for Project and Program Managers
4.4 Special Cases in Project Manager Selection
4.5 Selecting the Wrong Project Manager

4.6 Next Generation Project Managers

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4.7 Duties and Job Descriptions
4.8 The Organizational Staffing Process
4.9 The Project Office
4.10 The Functional Team
4.11 The Project Organizational Chart
4.12 Special Problems
4.13 Selecting the Project Management Implementation Team
4.14 Mistakes Made by Inexperienced Project Managers
4.15 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 5: Management Functions
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Controlling
5.2 Directing
5.3 Project Authority
5.4 Interpersonal Influences
5.5 Barriers to Project Team Development
5.6 Suggestions for Handling the Newly Formed Team
5.7 Team Building as an Ongoing Process
5.8 Dysfunctions of a Team
5.9 Leadership in a Project Environment
5.10 Life-Cycle Leadership
5.11 Value-Based Project Leadership

5.12 Organizational Impact
5.13 Employee–Manager Problems
5.14 Management Pitfalls
5.15 Communications
5.16 Project Review Meetings
5.17 Project Management Bottlenecks
5.18 Cross-Cutting Skills
5.19 Active Listening
5.20 Project Problem-Solving
5.21 Brainstorming
5.22 Project Decision-Making
5.23 Predicting the Outcome of a Decision
5.24 Facilitation
5.25 Handling Negative Team Dynamics
5.26 Communication Traps
5.27 Proverbs and Laws
5.28 Human Behavior Education
5.29 Management Policies and Procedures
5.30 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers

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Problems

Chapter 6: Management Of your time and Stress
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Understanding Time Management
6.2 Time Robbers

6.3 Time Management Forms
6.4 Effective Time Management
6.5 Stress and Burnout
6.6 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 7: Conflicts
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Objectives
7.2 The Conflict Environment
7.3 Types of Conflicts
7.4 Conflict Resolution
7.5 Understanding Superior, Subordinate, and Functional Conflicts
7.6 The Management of Conflicts
7.7 Conflict Resolution Modes
7.8 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 8: Special Topics
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Performance Measurement
8.2 Financial Compensation and Rewards
8.3 Critical Issues with Rewarding Project Teams
8.4 Effective Project Management in the Small Business Organization
8.5 Mega Projects
8.6 Morality, Ethics, and the Corporate Culture
8.7 Professional Responsibilities
8.8 Internal Partnerships

8.9 External Partnerships
8.10 Training and Education
8.11 Integrated Product/Project Teams
8.12 Virtual Project Teams
8.13 Breakthrough Projects
8.14 Managing Innovation Projects
8.15 Agile Project Management
8.16 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers

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Problems

Chapter 9: The Variables for Success
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Predicting Project Success
9.2 Project Management Effectiveness
9.3 Expectations
9.4 Lessons Learned
9.5 Understanding Best Practices
9.6 Best Practices versus Proven Practices
9.7 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 10: Working with Executives
10.0 Introduction
10.1 The Project Sponsor

10.2 Handling Disagreements with the Sponsor
10.3 The Collective Belief
10.4 The Exit Champion
10.5 The In-House Representatives
10.6 Stakeholder Relations Management
10.7 Politics
10.8 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 11: Planning
11.0 Introduction
11.1 Validating the Assumptions
11.2 Validating the Objectives
11.3 General Planning
11.4 Life-Cycle Phases
11.5 Proposal Preparation
11.6 Kickoff Meetings
11.7 Understanding Participants’ Roles
11.8 Project Planning
11.9 The Statement of Work
11.10 Project Specifications
11.11 Milestone Schedules
11.12 Work Breakdown Structure
11.13 WBS Decomposition Problems
11.14 Work Breakdown Structure Dictionary
11.15 Role of the Executive in Project Selection
11.16 Role of the Executive in Planning

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11.17 The Planning Cycle
11.18 Work Planning Authorization
11.19 Why Do Plans Fail?
11.20 Stopping Projects
11.21 Handling Project Phaseouts and Transfers
11.22 Detailed Schedules and Charts
11.23 Master Production Scheduling
11.24 Project Plan
11.25 Total Project Planning
11.26 The Project Charter
11.27 Project Baselines
11.28 Verification and Validation
11.29 Requirements Traceability Matrix
11.30 Management Control
11.31 The Project Manager–Line Manager Interface
11.32 Fast-Tracking
11.33 Configuration Management
11.34 Enterprise Project Management Methodologies
11.35 Project Audits
11.36 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 12: Network Scheduling Techniques
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Network Fundamentals
12.2 Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT)
12.3 Dependencies

12.4 Slack Time
12.5 Network Replanning
12.6 Estimating Activity Time
12.7 Estimating Total Project Time
12.8 Total PERT/CPM Planning
12.9 Crash Times
12.10 PERT/CPM Problem Areas
12.11 Alternative PERT/CPM Models
12.12 Precedence Networks
12.13 Lag
12.14 Scheduling Problems
12.15 The Myths of Schedule Compression
12.16 Understanding Project Management Software
12.17 Software Features Offered
12.18 Software Classification
12.19 Implementation Problems
12.20 Critical Chain

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12.21 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 13: Project Graphics
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Customer Reporting
13.2 Bar (Gantt) Chart
13.3 Other Conventional Presentation Techniques

13.4 Logic Diagrams/Networks
13.5 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 14: Pricing and Estimating
14.0 Introduction
14.1 Global Pricing Strategies
14.2 Types of Estimates
14.3 Pricing Process
14.4 Organizational Input Requirements
14.5 Labor Distributions
14.6 Overhead Rates
14.7 Materials/Support Costs
14.8 Pricing Out the Work
14.9 Smoothing Out Department Man-Hours
14.10 The Pricing Review Procedure
14.11 Systems Pricing
14.12 Developing the Supporting/Backup Costs
14.13 The Low-Bidder Dilemma
14.14 Special Problems
14.15 Estimating Pitfalls
14.16 Estimating High-Risk Projects
14.17 Project Risks
14.18 The Disaster of Applying the 10 Percent Solution to Project Estimates
14.19 Life-Cycle Costing (LCC)
14.20 Logistics Support
14.21 Economic Project Selection Criteria: Capital Budgeting
14.22 Payback Period
14.23 The Time Value of Money

14.24 Net Present Value (NPV)
14.25 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
14.26 Comparing IRR, NPV, and Payback
14.27 Risk Analysis
14.28 Capital Rationing
14.29 Project Financing

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14.30 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 15: Cost Control
15.0 Introduction
15.1 Understanding Control
15.2 The Operating Cycle
15.3 Cost Account Codes
15.4 Budgets
15.5 The Earned Value Measurement System (EVMS)
15.6 Variance and Earned Value
15.7 The Cost Baseline
15.8 Justifying the Costs
15.9 The Cost Overrun Dilemma
15.10 Recording Material Costs Using Earned Value Measurement
15.11 The Material Accounting Criterion
15.12 Material Variances: Price and Usage
15.13 Summary Variances
15.14 Status Reporting

15.15 Cost Control Problems
15.16 Project Management Information Systems
15.17 Enterprise Resource Planning
15.18 Project Metrics
15.19 Key Performance Indicators
15.20 Value-Based Metrics
15.21 Dashboards and Scorecards
15.22 Business Intelligence
15.23 Infographics
15.24 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 16: Trade-Off Analysis in a Project Environment
16.0 Introduction
16.1 Methodology for Trade-Off Analysis
16.2 Contracts: Their Influence on Projects
16.3 Industry Trade-Off Preferences
16.4 Conclusion
16.5 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers

Chapter 17: Risk Management
17.0 Introduction
17.1 Definition of Risk

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17.2 Tolerance for Risk

17.3 Definition of Risk Management
17.4 Certainty, Risk, and Uncertainty
17.5 Risk Management Process
17.6 Plan Risk Management (11.1)
17.7 Risk Identification (11.2)
17.8 Risk Analysis (11.3, 11.4)
17.9 Qualitative Risk Analysis (11.3)
17.10 Quantitative Risk Analysis (11.4)
17.11 Probability Distributions and the Monte Carlo Process
17.12 Plan Risk Response (11.5)
17.13 Monitor and Control Risks (11.6)
17.14 Some Implementation Considerations
17.15 The Use of Lessons Learned
17.16 Dependencies Between Risks
17.17 The Impact of Risk Handling Measures
17.18 Risk and Concurrent Engineering
17.19 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 18: Learning Curves
18.0 Introduction
18.1 General Theory
18.2 The Learning Curve Concept
18.3 Graphic Representation
18.4 Key Words Associated with Learning Curves
18.5 The Cumulative Average Curve
18.6 Sources of Experience
18.7 Developing Slope Measures
18.8 Unit Costs and Use of Midpoints

18.9 Selection of Learning Curves
18.10 Follow-On Orders
18.11 Manufacturing Breaks
18.12 Learning Curve Limitations
18.13 Prices and Experience
18.14 Competitive Weapon
18.15 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers
Problems

Chapter 19: Contract Management
19.0 Introduction
19.1 Procurement
19.2 Plan Procurements

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19.3 Conducting the Procurements
19.4 Conduct Procurements: Request Seller Responses
19.5 Conduct Procurements: Select Sellers
19.6 Types of Contracts
19.7 Incentive Contracts
19.8 Contract Type versus Risk
19.9 Contract Administration
19.10 Contract Closure
19.11 Using a Checklist
19.12 Proposal-Contractual Interaction
19.13 Summary
19.14 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam

Answers

Chapter 20: Quality Management
20.0 Introduction
20.1 Definition of Quality
20.2 The Quality Movement
20.3 Comparison of the Quality Pioneers
20.4 The Taguchi Approach
20.5 The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
20.6 ISO 9000
20.7 Quality Management Concepts
20.8 The Cost of Quality
20.9 The Seven Quality Control Tools
20.10 Process Capability (C P)
20.11 Acceptance Sampling
20.12 Implementing Six Sigma
20.13 Lean Six Sigma and DMAIC
20.14 Quality Leadership
20.15 Responsibility for Quality
20.16 Quality Circles
20.17 Just-In-Time Manufacturing (JIT)
20.18 Total Quality Management (TQM)
20.19 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam
Answers

Chapter 21: Modern Developments in Project Management
21.0 Introduction
21.1 The Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM)
21.2 Developing Effective Procedural Documentation
21.3 Project Management Methodologies

21.4 Continuous Improvement
21.5 Capacity Planning
21.6 Competency Models

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21.7 Managing Multiple Projects
21.8 End-of-Phase Review Meetings

Chapter 22: The Business of Scope Changes
22.0 Introduction
22.1 Need for Business Knowledge
22.2 Timing of Scope Changes
22.3 Business Need for a Scope Change
22.4 Rationale for Not Approving a Scope Change

Chapter 23: The Project Office
23.0 Introduction
23.1 Present-Day Project Office
23.2 Implementation Risks
23.3 Types of Project Offices
23.4 Networking Project Management Offices
23.5 Project Management Information Systems
23.6 Dissemination of Information
23.7 Mentoring
23.8 Development of Standards and Templates
23.9 Project Management Benchmarking
23.10 Business Case Development
23.11 Customized Training (Related to Project Management)

23.12 Managing Stakeholder Relations
23.13 Continuous Improvement
23.14 Capacity Planning
23.15 Risks of Using a Project Office
23.16 Project Portfolio Management

Chapter 24: Managing Crisis Projects
24.0 Introduction
24.1 Understanding Crisis Management
24.2 Ford versus Firestone
24.3 The Air France Concorde Crash
24.4 Intel and the Pentium Chip
24.5 The Russian Submarine Kursk
24.6 The Tylenol Poisonings
24.7 Nestlé’s Marketing of Infant Formula
24.8 The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
24.9 The Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster
24.10 Victims Versus Villains
24.11 Life-Cycle Phases
24.12 Project Management Implications

Chapter 25: Future of Project Management
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25.0 Changing Times
25.1 Complex Projects
25.2 Complexity Theory
25.3 Scope Creep
25.4 Project Health Checks

25.5 Managing Troubled Projects

Chapter 26: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of Iridium: A Project Management
Perspective
26.0 Introduction
26.1 Naming the Project “Iridium”
26.2 Obtaining Executive Support
26.3 Launching the Venture
26.4 The Iridium System
26.5 The Terrestrial and Space-Based Network
26.6 Project Initiation: Developing the Business Case
26.7 The “Hidden” Business Case
26.8 Risk Management
26.9 The Collective Belief
26.10 The Exit Champion
26.11 Iridium’s Infancy Years
26.12 Debt Financing
26.13 The M-Star Project
26.14 A New CEO
26.15 Satellite Launches
26.16 An Initial Public Offering (IPO)
26.17 Signing Up Customers
26.18 Iridium’s Rapid Ascent
26.19 Iridium’s Rapid Descent
26.20 The Iridium “Flu”
26.21 Searching for a White Knight
26.22 The Definition of Failure (October, 1999)
26.23 The Satellite Deorbiting Plan
26.24 Iridium is Rescued for $25 Million
26.25 Iridium Begins to Grow

26.26 Shareholder Lawsuits
26.27 The Bankruptcy Court Ruling
26.28 Autopsy
26.29 Financial Impact of the Bankruptcy
26.30 What Really Went Wrong?
26.31 Lessons Learned
26.32 Conclusion
Epilogue (2011)

Appendix A. Solutions to the Project Management Conflict Exercise
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Appendix B. Solution to Leadership Exercise
Appendix C. Dorale Products Case Studies
Appendix D. Solutions to the Dorale Products Case Studies
Appendix E. Alignment of the PMBOK® Guide to the Text
Author Index
Subject Index

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Dr. Kerzner’s 16 Points to Project Management Maturity
1. Adopt a project management methodology and use it consistently.
2. Implement a philosophy that drives the company toward project management maturity and communicate it to
everyone.
3. Commit to developing effective plans at the beginning of each project.
4. Minimize scope changes by committing to realistic objectives.
5. Recognize that cost and schedule management are inseparable.

6. Select the right person as the project manager.
7. Provide executives with project sponsor information, not project management information.
8. Strengthen involvement and support of line management.
9. Focus on deliverables rather than resources.
10. Cultivate effective communication, cooperation, and trust to achieve rapid project management maturity.
11. Share recognition for project success with the entire project team and line management.
12. Eliminate nonproductive meetings.
13. Focus on identifying and solving problems early, quickly, and cost effectively.
14. Measure progress periodically.
15. Use project management software as a tool—not as a substitute for effective planning or interpersonal skills.
16. Institute an all-employee training program with periodic updates based upon documented lessons learned.

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Cover illustration: xiaoke ma/iStockphoto
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Kerzner, Harold.
Project management : a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling / Harold Kerzner, Ph. D. Senior
Executive Director for Project Management, the International Institute for Learning, New York, New York. — Eleventh
edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-02227-6 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-118-41585-6 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-41855-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-11843357-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-48322-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-48323-7 (ebk) 1. Project management. 2. Project
management—Case studies. I. Title.
HD69.P75K47 2013
658.4’04—dc23
2012026239

17


To
Dr. Herman Krier,
my Friend and Guru,

who taught me well the
meaning of the word “persistence”

18


Preface
Project management has evolved from a management philosophy restricted to a few functional areas and regarded as
something nice to have to an enterprise project management system affecting every functional unit of the company.
Simply stated, project management has evolved into a business process rather than merely a project management
process. More and more companies are now regarding project management as being mandatory for the survival of the
firm. Organizations that were opponents of project management are now advocates. Management educators of the past,
who preached that project management could not work and would be just another fad, are now staunch supporters.
Project management is here to stay. Colleges and universities are now offering graduate degrees in project management.
The text discusses the principles of project management. Students who are interested in advanced topics, such as
some of the material in Chapters 21 to 25 of this text, may wish to read one of my other texts, Advanced Project
Management: Best Practices in Implementation (New York: Wiley, 2004) and Project Management Best Practices:
Achieving Global Excellence, 2nd edition (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and IIL Publishers, 2010). John Wiley & Sons and the
International Institute for Learning also introduced a four-book series on project management best practices, authored
by Frank Saladis, Carl Belack, and Harold Kerzner.
This book is addressed not only to those undergraduate and graduate students who wish to improve upon their project
management skills but also to those functional managers and upper-level executives who serve as project sponsors and
must provide continuous support for projects. During the past several years, management’s knowledge and understanding
of project management has matured to the point where almost every company is using project management in one form
or another. These companies have come to the realization that project management and productivity are related and that
we are now managing our business as though it is a series of projects. Project management coursework is now
consuming more of training budgets than ever before.
General reference is provided in the text to engineers. However, the reader should not consider project management
as strictly engineering-related. The engineering examples are the result of the fact that project management first appeared
in the engineering disciplines, and we should be willing to learn from their mistakes. Project management now resides in

every profession, including information systems, health care, consulting, pharmaceutical, banks, and government
agencies.
The text can be used for both undergraduate and graduate courses in business, information systems, and engineering.
The structure of the text is based upon my belief that project management is much more behavioral than quantitative
since projects are managed by people rather than tools. The first five chapters are part of the basic core of knowledge
necessary to understand project management. Chapters 6 through 8 deal with the support functions of managing your
time effectively, conflicts, and other special topics. Chapters 9 and 10 describe factors for predicting success and
management support. It may seem strange that ten chapters on organizational behavior and structuring are needed prior
to the “hard-core” chapters of planning, scheduling, and controlling. These first ten chapters are needed to understand
the cultural environment for all projects and systems. These chapters are necessary for the reader to understand the
difficulties in achieving cross-functional cooperation on projects where team members are working on multiple projects
concurrently and why the people involved, all of whom may have different backgrounds, cannot simply be forged into a
cohesive work unit without friction. Chapters 11 through 20 are more of the quantitative chapters on planning,
scheduling, cost control, estimating, contracting (and procurement), and quality. The next five chapters are advanced
topics and future trends. Chapter 26 is a capstone case study that can be related to almost all of the chapters in the text.
The changes that were made in the eleventh edition include:
A new section on success, trade-offs, and competing constraints
A new section on added value
A new section on business intelligence
A new section on project governance
An updated section on processes supporting project management
An updated section on the types of project closure
A new section on engagement project management
A new section on barriers to implementing project management in emerging markets
A new section on fallacies in implementing project management
A new section on enterprise project management systems
A new section on How Project Management Methodologies Can Fail
A new section on the future of project management

19

A new section on managing complex projects
A new section on managing scope creep
A new section on project health checks
A new section on how to recover a troubled project
A new section on managing public projects
A new section on managing international projects
A new section on project politics
A new section on twenty common mistakes in project management
A new section on managing innovation projects
A new section on the differences between best practices and proven practices
An updated section on project sponsorship
An updated section on culture, teamwork, and trust
A New Section on stakeholder relations management
A new section on value-based leadership
An updated section on validating project assumptions
A new section on validating project objectives
A new section on the WBS dictionary
A new section on validation and verification
A new section on project management baselines
A new section on the traceability matrix
An expansion on WBS core attributes
An expansion on using the WBS and WBS dictionary for verification
A new section on project management metrics
A new section on key performance indicators
A new section on value metrics
A new section on project management dashboards
A new section on portfolio management
A new section on complexity theory

A new section on project management information systems
A new section on enterprise resource planning
A new section on project problem solving
A new section on brainstorming
A new section on project decision-making
A new section on determining the impact of a decision
A new section on active listening
A new section on agile project management
A capstone case study which can be used as a review of the entire PMBOK® Guide, 5th edition, domain areas
The text contains more than 25 case studies, more than 125 multiple-choice questions, and nearly 400 discussion
questions. There is also a separate book of cases (Project Management Case Studies, fourth edition) that provides
additional real-world examples.
This text, the PMBOK® Guide, and the book of cases are ideal as self-study tools for the Project Management
Institute’s PMP® Certification exam. Because of this, there are tables of cross references on each chapter’s opening page
in the textbook detailing the sections from the book of cases and the Guide to the Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) that apply to that chapter’s content. The left-hand margin of the pages in the text has side
bars that identify the cross-listing of the material on that page to the appropriate section(s) of the PMBOK® Guide. At the
end of most of the chapters is a section on study tips for the PMP® exam, including more than 125 multiple-choice
questions.
This textbook is currently used in the college market, in the reference market, and for studying for the PMP®
Certification exam. Therefore, to satisfy the needs of all markets, a compromise had to be reached on how much of the
text would be aligned to the PMBOK® Guide and how much new material would be included without doubling the size of
the text. Some colleges and universities use the textbook to teach project management fundamentals without reference to
the PMBOK® Guide. The text does not contain all of the material necessary to support each section of the PMBOK®
Guide. Therefore, to study for the PMP® Certification exam, the PMBOK® Guide must also be used together with this
text. The text covers material for almost all of the PMBOK® Guide knowledge areas but not necessarily in the depth that
appears in the PMBOK® Guide.

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An instructor’s manual is available only to college and university faculty members by contacting your local Wiley sales
representative or by visiting the Wiley website at www.wiley.com/kerzner. This website includes not only the instructor’s
manual but also 500 PowerPoint slides that follow the content of the book and help organize and execute classroom
instruction and group learning. Access to the instructor’s material can be provided only through John Wiley & Sons, not
the author.
One-, two-, and three-day seminars on project management and the PMP® Certification Training using the text are
offered by contacting Lori MIlhaven, Executive Vice President, the International Institute for Learning, at 800-3251533, extension 5121 (email address: ).
The problems and case studies at the ends of the chapters cover a variety of industries. Almost all of the case studies
are real-world situations taken from my consulting practice. Feedback from my colleagues who are using the text has
provided me with fruitful criticism, most of which has been incorporated into the tenth edition.
The majority of the articles on project management that have become classics have been referenced in the textbook
throughout the first eleven chapters. These articles were the basis for many of the modern developments in project
management and are therefore identified throughout the text.
Many colleagues provided valuable criticism. In particular, I am indebted to those industrial/government training
managers whose dedication and commitment to quality project management education and training have led to valuable
changes in this and previous editions. In particular, I wish to thank Frank Saladis, PMP®, Senior Consultant and Trainer
with the International Institute for Learning, for his constructive comments, recommendations, and assistance with the
mapping of the text to the PMBOK® Guide as well as recommended changes to many of the chapters. I am indebted to
Dr. Edmund Conrow, PMP®, for a decade of assistance with the preparation of the risk management chapters in all of
my texts. I am also indebted to Dr. Rene Rendon for his review and recommendations for changes to the chapter on
contract management.
To the management team and employees of the International Institute for Learning, thank you all for 20 years of
never-ending encouragement, support, and assistance with all of my project management research and writings.

Harold Kerzner
The International Institute for Learning

21

Overview
Related C ase Studies (from Related
W orkbook
Exercises
(from PMBOK ®
Guide,
5th
Kerzner/Project Management Kerzner/Project Management Workbook and Edition, Reference Section
Case Studies, 4th Edition) PMP ®/CAPM ® Exam Study Guide, 11th for the PMP ® C ertification
Exam
Edition)
Kombs Engineering
Williams Machine Tool
Companya
Hyten Corporation
Macon, Inc.
Continental Computer
Corporation
Jackson Industries

Multiple Choice Exam

Integration Management
Scope Management
Human Resource Management

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Executives will be facing increasingly complex challenges during the next decade. These challenges will be the result of
high escalation factors for salaries and raw materials, increased union demands, pressure from stockholders, and the

possibility of long-term high inflation accompanied by a mild recession and a lack of borrowing power with financial
institutions. These environmental conditions have existed before, but not to the degree that they do today.
In the past, executives have attempted to ease the impact of these environmental conditions by embarking on massive
cost-reduction programs. The usual results of these programs have been early retirement, layoffs, and a reduction in
manpower through attrition. As jobs become vacant, executives pressure line managers to accomplish the same amount
of work with fewer resources, either by improving efficiency or by upgrading performance requirements to a higher
position on the learning curve. Because people costs are more inflationary than the cost of equipment or facilities,
executives are funding more and more capital equipment projects in an attempt to increase or improve productivity
without increasing labor.
Unfortunately, executives are somewhat limited in how far they can go to reduce manpower without running a high
risk to corporate profitability. Capital equipment projects are not always the answer. Thus, executives have been forced
to look elsewhere for the solutions to their problems.
Almost all of today’s executives are in agreement that the solution to the majority of corporate problems involves

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obtaining better control and use of existing corporate resources, looking internally rather than externally for the solution.
As part of the attempt to achieve an internal solution, executives are taking a hard look at the ways corporate activities
are managed. Project management is one of the techniques under consideration.
The project management approach is relatively modern. It is characterized by methods of restructuring management
and adapting special management techniques, with the purpose of obtaining better control and use of existing resources.
Forty years ago project management was confined to U.S. Department of Defense contractors and construction
companies. Today, the concept behind project management is being applied in such diverse industries and organizations
as defense, construction, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, banking, hospitals, accounting, advertising, law, state and local
governments, and the United Nations.
The rapid rate of change in both technology and the marketplace has created enormous strains on existing
organizational forms. The traditional structure is highly bureaucratic, and experience has shown that it cannot respond
rapidly enough to a changing environment. Thus, the traditional structure must be replaced by project management, or
other temporary management structures that are highly organic and can respond very rapidly as situations develop inside

and outside the company.
Project management has long been discussed by corporate executives and academics as one of several workable
possibilities for organizational forms of the future that could integrate complex efforts and reduce bureaucracy. The
acceptance of project management has not been easy, however. Many executives are not willing to accept change and are
inflexible when it comes to adapting to a different environment. The project management approach requires a departure
from the traditional business organizational form, which is basically vertical and which emphasizes a strong superior–
subordinate relationship.

1.1 UNDERSTANDING PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
In order to understand project management, one must begin with the definition of a project. A project can be
considered to be any series of activities and tasks that:

PMBOK® Guide, 5th Edition
1.2 What Is a Project?
1.3 What Is Project Management?

Have a specific objective to be completed within certain specifications
Have defined start and end dates
Have funding limits (if applicable)
Consume human and nonhuman resources (i.e., money, people, equipment)
Are multifunctional (i.e., cut across several functional lines)
Project management, on the other hand, involves five process groups as identified in the PMBOK® Guide, namely:
Project initiation
Selection of the best project given resource limits
Recognizing the benefits of the project
Preparation of the documents to sanction the project
Assigning of the project manager
Project planning
Definition of the work requirements

Definition of the quality and quantity of work
Definition of the resources needed
Scheduling the activities
Evaluation of the various risks
Project execution
Negotiating for the project team members
Directing and managing the work

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Working with the team members to help them improve
Project monitoring and control
Tracking progress
Comparing actual outcome to predicted outcome
Analyzing variances and impacts
Making adjustments
Project closure
Verifying that all of the work has been accomplished
Contractual closure of the contract
Financial closure of the charge numbers
Administrative closure of the papework
Successful project management can then be defined as having achieved the project objectives:
Within time
Within cost
At the desired performance/technology level
While utilizing the assigned resources effectively and efficiently
Accepted by the customer
The potential benefits from project management are:
Identification of functional responsibilities to ensure that all activities are accounted for, regardless of personnel

turnover
Minimizing the need for continuous reporting
Identification of time limits for scheduling
Identification of a methodology for trade-off analysis
Measurement of accomplishment against plans
Early identification of problems so that corrective action may follow
Improved estimating capability for future planning
Knowing when objectives cannot be met or will be exceeded
Unfortunately, the benefits cannot be achieved without overcoming obstacles such as:
Project complexity
Customer’s special requirements and scope changes
Organizational restructuring
Project risks
Changes in technology
Forward planning and pricing
Project management can mean different things to different people. Quite often, people misunderstand the concept
because they have ongoing projects within their company and feel that they are using project management to control
these activities. In such a case, the following might be considered an appropriate definition:
Project management is the art of creating the illusion that any outcome is the result of a series of predetermined,
deliberate acts when, in fact, it was dumb luck.
Although this might be the way that some companies are running their projects, this is not project management.
Project management is designed to make better use of existing resources by getting work to flow horizontally as well as
vertically within the company. This approach does not really destroy the vertical, bureaucratic flow of work but simply
requires that line organizations talk to one another horizontally so work will be accomplished more smoothly throughout
the organization. The vertical flow of work is still the responsibility of the line managers. The horizontal flow of work is
the responsibility of the project managers, and their primary effort is to communicate and coordinate activities
horizontally between the line organizations.
Figure 1–1 shows how many companies are structured. There are always “class or prestige” gaps between various
levels of management. There are also functional gaps between working units of the organization. If we superimpose the
management gaps on top of the functional gaps, we find that companies are made up of small operational islands that

refuse to communicate with one another for fear that giving up information may strengthen their opponents. The project
manager’s responsibility is to get these islands to communicate cross-functionally toward common goals and objectives.
FIGURE 1–1. Why are systems necessary?

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PMBOK® Guide, 5th Edition
1.7.2 Project Management Skills

The following would be an overview definition of project management:
Project management is the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of company resources for a relatively
short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives. Furthermore, project
management utilizes the systems approach to management by having functional personnel (the vertical hierarchy)
assigned to a specific project (the horizontal hierarchy).
The above definition requires further comment. Classical management is usually considered to have five functions or
principles:

PMBOK® Guide, 5th Edition
2.1.3 Organizational Structures

Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Controlling
Directing
You will notice that, in the above definition, the staffing function has been omitted. This was intentional because the
project manager does not staff the project. Staffing is a line responsibility. The project manager has the right to request
specific resources, but the final decision of what resources will be committed rests with the line managers.
We should also comment on what is meant by a “relatively” short-term project. Not all industries have the same

definition for a short-term project. In engineering, the project might be for six months or two years; in construction,
three to five years; in nuclear components, ten years; and in insurance, two weeks. Long-term projects, which consume
resources full-time, are usually set up as a separate division (if large enough) or simply as a line organization.
Figure 1–2 is a pictorial representation of project management. The objective of the figure is to show that project
management is designed to manage or control company resources on a given activity, within time, within cost, and
within performance. Time, cost, and performance are the constraints on the project. If the project is to be accomplished
for an outside customer, then the project has a fourth constraint: good customer relations. The reader should
immediately realize that it is possible to manage a project internally within time, cost, and performance and then alienate
the customer to such a degree that no further business will be forthcoming. Executives often select project managers
based on who the customer is and what kind of customer relations will be necessary.
FIGURE 1–2. Overview of project management.

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