Ebook Brain and behavior (4E): Part 1

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ToDuejean
Shewalksinbeauty,likethenight
Ofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;
Andallthat’sbestofdarkandbright
Meetinheraspectandhereyes...
Andonthatcheek,ando’erthatbrow,
Sosoft,socalm,yeteloquent,
Thesmilesthatwin,thetintsthatglow,
Buttellofdaysingoodnessspent,
Amindatpeacewithallbelow,
Aheartwhoseloveisinnocent!
—LordByron



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PrintedinCanada.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Garrett,Bob.
Brain&behavior:anintroductiontobiologicalpsychology/BobGarrett;
contributionsbyGeraldHoughandJohnAgnew.—Fourthedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4522-6095–2(pbk.:alk.paper)
ISBN978-1-4833-1241-5(webpdf)
1.Psychobiology—Textbooks.I.Title.II.Title:Brainandbehavior.
QP360.G3752014
612.8—dc232014007564


141516171810987654321


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BriefContents


Preface

AbouttheAuthor
CHAPTER1.WhatIsBiopsychology?
PARTI.NeuralFoundationsofBehavior:TheBasicEquipment
CHAPTER2.CommunicationWithintheNervousSystem
CHAPTER3.TheOrganizationandFunctionsoftheNervousSystem
CHAPTER4.TheMethodsandEthicsofResearch
PARTII.MotivationandEmotion:WhatMakesUsGo
CHAPTER5.Drugs,Addiction,andReward
CHAPTER6.MotivationandtheRegulationofInternalStates
CHAPTER7.TheBiologyofSexandGender
CHAPTER8.EmotionandHealth
PARTIII.InteractingWiththeWorld
CHAPTER9.HearingandLanguage
CHAPTER10.VisionandVisualPerception
CHAPTER11.TheBodySensesandMovement
PARTIV.ComplexBehavior
CHAPTER12.LearningandMemory
CHAPTER13.IntelligenceandCognitiveFunctioning
CHAPTER14.PsychologicalDisorders
CHAPTER15.SleepandConsciousness
Glossary


References


Chapter-OpeningPhotoCredits


AuthorIndex

SubjectIndex


DetailedContents


Preface


AbouttheAuthor

CHAPTER1.WhatIsBiopsychology?

TheOriginsofBiopsychology
PrescientificPsychologyandtheMind-BrainProblem
DescartesandthePhysicalModelofBehavior
HelmholtzandtheElectricalBrain
TheLocalizationIssue
NatureandNurture
TheGeneticCode
Application:AComputerMadeofDNA
GenesandBehavior
TheHumanGenomeProject
Application:BeyondtheHumanGenomeProject
Heredity:DestinyorPredisposition?
PARTI.NeuralFoundationsofBehavior:TheBasicEquipment

CHAPTER2.CommunicationWithintheNervousSystem

TheCellsThatMakeUsWhoWeAre
Neurons
Application:TargetingIonChannels
GlialCells
HowNeuronsCommunicateWithEachOther
ChemicalTransmissionattheSynapse
RegulatingSynapticActivity
Neurotransmitters
Application:AgonistsandAntagonistsintheRealWorld
OfNeuronalCodes,NeuralNetworks,andComputers
IntheNews:TheHumanBrainProject


CHAPTER3.TheOrganizationandFunctionsoftheNervousSystem

TheCentralNervousSystem
TheForebrain
Application:TheCaseofPhineasGage
TheMidbrainandHindbrain
TheSpinalCord
ProtectingtheCentralNervousSystem
ThePeripheralNervousSystem
TheCranialNerves
TheAutonomicNervousSystem
DevelopmentandChangeintheNervousSystem
TheStagesofDevelopment
HowExperienceModifiestheNervousSystem
DamageandRecoveryintheCentralNervousSystem
IntheNews:IstheBrainTooFragileforSports?

IntheNews:NuclearTestingRevealsAdultNeurogenesisinHumans
Application:MendingtheBrainWithComputerChips

CHAPTER4.TheMethodsandEthicsofResearch

Science,Research,andTheory
TheoryandTentativenessinScience
ExperimentalVersusCorrelationalStudies
ResearchTechniques
StainingandImagingNeurons
LightandElectronMicroscopy
MeasuringandManipulatingBrainActivity
IntheNews:LookingIntotheBrain
BrainImagingTechniques
Application:ScanningKingTut
IntheNews:GrowingaModelBrainFromStemCells
InvestigatingHeredity
ResearchEthics
PlagiarismandFabrication
ProtectingtheWelfareofResearchParticipants
IntheNews:NIHIsRetiringMostofItsResearchChimps
GeneTherapy


StemCellTherapy
PARTII.MotivationandEmotion:WhatMakesUsGo

CHAPTER5.Drugs,Addiction,andReward

PsychoactiveDrugs

Opiates
Depressants
Stimulants
Psychedelics
Marijuana
IntheNews:ChangingAttitudesTowardMarijuana
Addiction
TheNeuralBasisofAddictionandReward
DopamineandReward
Dopamine,Learning,andBrainPlasticity
TreatingDrugAddiction
Application:PreventingAddictionbyTargetingtheImmuneSystem
TheRoleofGenesinAddiction
SeparatingGeneticandEnvironmentalInfluences
WhatIsInherited?
ImplicationsofAddictionResearch

CHAPTER6.MotivationandtheRegulationofInternalStates

MotivationandHomeostasis
TheoreticalApproachestoMotivation
SimpleHomeostaticDrives
Hunger:AComplexDrive
TheRoleofTaste
Application:PredatorControlThroughLearnedTasteAversion
DigestionandtheTwoPhasesofMetabolism
SignalsThatStartaMeal
SignalsThatEndaMeal
Long-TermControls

Application:HowNicotineandMarijuanaAffectAppetite
Obesity
TheMythsofObesity
TheContributionsofHeredityandEnvironment
IntheNews:HowtheFTOGeneMakesUsObese
Application:TheSweetTasteofObesity
ObesityandReducedMetabolism
TreatingObesity
Anorexia,Bulimia,andBingeEatingDisorder
EnvironmentalandGeneticContributions
TheRoleofSerotonin,Dopamine,andCannabinoids

CHAPTER7.TheBiologyofSexandGender

SexasaFormofMotivation
ArousalandSatiation
TheRoleofTestosterone
BrainStructuresandNeurotransmitters
Odors,Pheromones,andSexualAttraction
Application:OfLoveandBonding
TheBiologicalDeterminationofSex
ChromosomesandHormones
PrenatalHormonesandtheBrain
Gender-RelatedBehavioralandCognitiveDifferences
SomeDemonstratedMale–FemaleDifferences
OriginsofMale–FemaleDifferences
BiologicalOriginsofGenderIdentity
GenderIdentityReversal
46XYDifferenceinSexualDevelopment

46XXDifferenceinSexualDevelopment
CognitiveandBehavioralEffects
AblatioPenis:ANaturalExperiment
Application:Sex,Gender,andSports
IntheNews:WhoChoosesaChild’sSex?
SexualOrientation
TheSocialInfluenceHypothesis
GeneticandEpigeneticInfluences


PrenatalInfluencesonBrainStructureandFunction
SocialImplicationsoftheBiologicalModel

CHAPTER8.EmotionandHealth

EmotionandtheNervousSystem
AutonomicandMuscularInvolvementinEmotion
TheEmotionalBrain
ThePrefrontalCortex
Application:WhyIDon’tJumpOutofAirplanes
TheAmygdala
HemisphericSpecializationinEmotion
Stress,Immunity,andHealth
StressasanAdaptiveResponse
NegativeEffectsofStress
IntheNews:KeepingOddHoursCouldMakeYouSick
Application:OneAftermathof9/11IsStress-RelatedBrainDamage
Social,Personality,andGeneticFactors
PainasanAdaptiveEmotion
BiologicalOriginsofAggression

HormonesandAggression
TheBrain’sRoleinAggression
NeurotransmittersandAggression
Application:Neurocriminology,Responsibility,andtheLaw
HeredityandEnvironment
PARTIII.InteractingWiththeWorld

CHAPTER9.HearingandLanguage

Hearing
TheStimulusforHearing
TheAuditoryMechanism
FrequencyAnalysis
Application:RestoringHearing
LocatingSoundsWithBinauralCues