Ebook Review of preventive and social medicine (7/E): Part 1

Review of
Preventive and
Social Medicine

(Including Biostatistics)
(Thoroughly revised and updated edition including latest exam pattern questions)

Seventh Edition

Vivek Jain

MBBS (Maulana Azad Medical College), Delhi
MD Community Medicine (PSM) (Lady Hardinge Medical College), Delhi

Ex Senior Resident UCMS & GTBH, VMMC & SJH, Delhi
Ex Faculty GFIMSR, Faridabad, Haryana
Ex Consultant UN Office on Drugs & Crime, South Asia




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Review of Preventive and Social Medicine (Including Biostatistics)

Third Edition: 2011
Fourth Edition: 2012
Fifth Edition: 2013
Sixth Edition: 2014
Seventh Edition: 2015
ISBN :   978-93-5152-730-5
Printed at


Preface

Dear Students,
Let me first thank you for your overwhelming support to the 6th edition of the book, making it the best-seller book on the subject
in India. It again reiterates my belief that good content by a subject-speciality author is always appreciated by students. It now
gives me immense pleasure to share with you the NEW (Seventh) edition of the book.
Key features of Sixth edition retained in Seventh edition
• Theory given at start of each chapter (Theory divided chapter-, topic-, sub-topic wise – Small/one-liner points in each
topic/Important previous MCQs marked as Q)
• Key REVISION Points given on side of each topic for MUST-KNOW MCQs facts
• New NBE based pattern has been adopted chapter-wise (Focus on wider coverage, concept development, one-liner
approach, value-based MCQs, applied aspect MCQs, image based MCQs, updated golden points)
In the 7th edition of the book following NEW ADDITIONS have been done to make a student stay ahead in this
competitive era with changing pattern of Examinations:
• Additional PICTURE MCQs with Answers (According to Recent Examinations)
• Recent most solved MCQs papers
– AIIMS May/November 2014, PGI May/November 2014, JIPMER PG 2014, Bihar PG 2014, APPG 2014
– ALL Recent Questions 2013, 2014
• Recent/New topics and changing concepts in PSM
– New National Immunisation Schedule 2015
– New Health Programmes: RBSK, NSSK, JSSK, RKSK, PMJDY, PMSSY, NUHM

– New Strategies (RMNCH+A, BeMONC, CeMONC, End-TB, AMMRS)
– New Acts, Policies (NMHP 2014, FSSA 2006, POCSO 2012)
– Newer/Emerging Diseases (H7N9, Ebola, MERS-CoV)
– New Changes in RTI/STI Treatment 2015 (STD color kits, Suraksha clinic)
– New Malaria Treatment Guidelines 2013
– New PPTCT Guidelines 2015 (Triple ARV Prophylaxis)
– New Rabies Prophylaxis Guidelines 2015 (Essen, Thai Red Cross Regimen)
– New Protein Quality Assessment Guidelines 2015 (DIAAS)
– New AN visits, PN visits Guidelines
– Changes in Epidemiology of Various Diseases
– Changes in National Health Programmes (NRHM, MDMP, JSSK, HNBC, ICDS)
– New Clinical Trial Guidelines (Phase 0)
– New NACP Guidelines (HIV district classification, LAC, LAC PLUS, ART PLUS)
– Twelfth Five Year Plan 2012–17
– New Establishments (NIDM, NDRF)
• New Annexure: HLEG on UHC (Recent Examinations based)
• An Updated compilation of Public Health Statistics of India
• Rural Health Statistics India 2014
• Other New Inclusions/Upcoming Topics: Triangle of Epidemiology and Advanced Model of Epidemiological
Triangle, Health Promotion, Matrix of Levels of Prevention, Diluents, VVM in Vaccines, NEW DRAFT PROPOSED
Biomedical Waste Management Guidelines, 2011, HDI New Calculation Guidelines, DALY, QALY, YPLL, New
Sterilisation Guidelines 2013, New Cardiovascular Risk Indicators (Waist Height Ratio), New Semen Analysis
(WHO) Guidelines, Newer Visual Impairment Guidelines.


Review of Preventive and Social Medicine
‘Understanding PSM is difficult, owing to the vastness of the subject, but enjoyable, if you come across a good teacher and a useful book!’
A student
While preparing for PG entrance examination, I myself realised that most of the PSM MCQs, related text and even the
referenced answers given in books were invariably unable to satisfy me as a student. Most of the times, there were questions

from ‘topics not given in standard textbooks’ (for example, nested case control study, case series report, statistical errors, probability,
odds and likelihood ratios, health legislations, water washed diseases, golden rice, COPRA, Punnett square, Dixon’s Q-test,
Evidence based medicine, etc.—all together are just the tip of an iceberg of such MCQs). Every year there were ‘new unheard
questions from unexplored fields’, overlapping choices of MCQs from other fields of medicine accompanied with futile search for
‘recent most data of Public Health Statistics’, etc. This all made me realise that PSM is a vast and varied subject to conceptualise and
memorise. Elaborate books also confused me regarding the relative importance of each topic in the subject. I also realised that
students face maximum difficulty in understanding the concepts of ‘Biostatistics’ and in obtaining precise, concise and useful
data from ‘National Health Programmes of India’.
Also, PG entrance examinations have a sizeable chunk of direct MCQs from PSM subject (Just 1 subject out of 19 total
subjects), ranging from 10 to 14% of total (20–25% in CMS-UPSC). Moreover, PSM helps in solving several allied questions
(partly or totally) of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, Pharmacology, Medicine, Microbiology, Ophthalmology, etc.
So, there is no denying the fact that ‘PSM is of paramount importance’ to successfully tackle any PG Entrance Examination.
Thus, I have written this book keeping a student’s, a teacher’s and an examiner’s perspective in mind.
Each chapter has been divided into topics and sub-topics, Theory and MCQs have been arranged section-wise for more
comprehensive understanding of topics. In Theory, Important previous years MCQs have been highlighted (asQ) and MUSTKNOW facts have been given separately. Book includes PG Entrance Examination MCQs of AIIMS (1991–2014) and AIPGME
(1991–2012 + ‘Recent MCQs’) with referenced, authenticated, full explanatory answers. Solved explanatory MCQs from DPG,
PGI, JIPMER PG Entrance Examinations (2000–2011) have been added to help students grasp subject better. Over 2500 solved
MCQs from UPSC CMS and Several State Medical PG Entrance Examinations (Rajasthan, MP, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Maharashtra, Bihar, DNB, JIPMER, Kolkata, Karnataka PGMEE) have been added for wider coverage. Recent most changes in
National Health Programmes with updates in Communicable and Noncommunicable diseases provided for competitive edge.
Many answers have been followed by a section on ‘Also Remember’—A compilation of various important noteworthy
points based on previous questions from several fields. Golden Points (Five sets) have been included for a quick revision just
before the examination. Several Annexures (Incubation period and modes of transmission of diseases, important days of public
health, instruments of importance in public health, important health legislations and programmes in India, Vectors, NHP 2002
and NPP 2000, proposed BMW guidelines and public health related statistics of India) have been included towards the end of
the book to give the student an edge over others.
Please remember there is no substitute to theory books, but hopefully you will find all relevant theory in this user-friendly
book.
Despite every possible effort been undertaken to ensure no technical or typographical errors in the book, such are bound to
be present in any book. If you come across another such error or if you have any comment, suggestions, queries or views, you are

most welcome to e-mail to me for a prompt response. All contributions will be duly acknowledged. Do share your experiences
while reading this book and the subject.
Hope you have a successful career ahead.
Wish you Success, not just in PSM but in Life!

Dr Vivek Jain

MBBS MD (Community Medicine)


Email:

Visit website: www.docvivekjain.hpage.com
Join me on Facebook: type ‘Dr Vivek Jain’ in search box
For updates: Like ‘Dr Vivek Jain’ page on Facebook
New Delhi 2015–16

iv


Acknowledgements

I am sincerely thankful to Late Mr RD Jain, my maternal grandfather and my wife Dr Rashmi Naudiyal for being a constant
source of inspiration for completion of this book. Without support of Dr Rashmi and Baby Mischka, this book would not
have seen light of the day. Without the blessing of my Parents, Parents-in-law and God, this endeavour would not have been
successful.
Firstly I thank Padmashree Dr Jagdish Prasad, DGHS for organising a grand launch of first edition of the book at New Delhi.
I am grateful to Dr Saudan Singh, former DG (Medical Education), Government of Uttar Pradesh, Director Professor and
Head, Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC), New Delhi for being a source of
support, guidance and motivation for myself.

I am thankful to Dr SK Pradhan, former Director Professor, Department of Community Medicine, VMMC, New Delhi for
providing me with academic opportunities to help me understand the finer nuances of the subject throughout my PGship and
SRship.
I also appreciate the support and encouragement by Dr DK Raut, former Director Professor, VMMC & SJH,
Dr AT Kannan, Director Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, UCMS, Dr GK Ingle, Director Professor
and Head, Department of Community Medicine, MAMC, Dr Vibha, former Professor and Head, Department of Community
Medicine, LHMC and respected Faculty of Department of Community Medicine of these colleges respectively. Dr Rajesh Kumar,
Faculty, MAMC has always inspired me to excel academically.
I am sincerely thankful to Dr P Sai Kumar, MPH (UK), for motivating me to write this book, and for his unparallel support
as my mentor. I am ever thankful to Dr Surabhi, Dr Shagun, Dr Isha and Dr Nidhi, former undergraduates and other students
of LHMC and VMMC, for helping me develop my teaching capabilities.
Mr Rajesh Sharma, Director, PG-DIAMS and Dr Deepak Marwah, MD (Medicine) have been quite instrumental in helping
me realise my potential as an academician, and I am immensely pleased to share this book with them and thank them for their
wholehearted support. Words of thanks to Dr Sethi and Dr Bhatia for helping me gain entry into the competitive world of
academics.
I am highly grateful to Shri Jitendar P Vij, Group Chairman, M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi,
India for his wholehearted support in publication of this book. I thank Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director),
Ms Saima Rashid (Project Manager) and their Team at Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India for work
on the current edition.
Acknowledgement is also due to Mr Anurag, M/s Medical Book Store, MAMC and LHMC for his suggestions.
I also take this opportunity to thank the following students/doctors for sharing their invaluable constructive criticisms for
the improvement of the book:
• Dr Aarav Kumar
• Dr Abhishek Prasad Dash, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha
• Dr Afeefa Hanif, MES Medical College, Kerala
• Dr Ajeet Singh, Patna Medical College
• Dr Akanksha Jain, MVPs Dr Vasantrao Pawar Medical College
• Dr Amit Kumar Gupta, DNB Family Medicine, Maharaja Agrasen Hospital, Delhi
• Dr Amit Kumar Yadav, PTJNM Medical College, Raipur
• Dr Amit Polara, Civil Hospital, Surat

• Dr Ananta Narayan Panda
• Dr Animesh Agrawal
• Dr Ankit Madan
• Dr Ankit Thukral, SGRRIHMS, Dehradun
• Dr Anubhav Srivastava, SNMC, Agra
• Dr Ankush Koul, Darbhanga Medical College, Bihar
• Dr Anupriya Thadani, Era’s Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow
• Dr Arpan Ray, Birbhum, West Bengal
• Dr Ashutosh Sahu
• Dr Ashwini Gupta, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital


Review of Preventive and Social Medicine
• Dr Avi Singh
• Dr Bharat Vantekunta, Kaktiya Medical College, Warangal
• Dr Deepa Grover, GMC, Miraj, Maharashtra
• Dr Eftekhar Mohd.
• Dr Gopal Singh Bhati, SMS Jaipur
• Dr Indraneel Sharma, Guwahati
• Dr Jeyakumar Meyyappan
• Dr Jujhar Singh Mann, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh
• Dr Kumar Rohit, SKMCH, Muzaffarpur
• Dr Kunal Tatte
• Dr Lucky Singh, Kanpur
• Dr Mahanthesh Gidaveer
• Dr Mahendra, SIMS, Karnataka
• Dr Mahender Kumar
• Dr Manish Sahu, JNMC, Raipur
• Dr Manosij Maity
• Dr Mareddy Mahesh, Dali University

• Dr (Md) Matin Khan, MGM Medical College, Jamshedpur
• Dr Narendra HR
• Dr Neel Choksi, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad
• Dr Nilesh Sonawane, Civil hospital, Sangli
• Dr Nissy Motupalli
• Dr Om Shrivastava, CIMS, Bilaspur
• Dr Opalina Roy, Burdwan Medical College
• Dr Piyush Gadegone
• Dr Preeti Chopra
• Dr Prerna Upadhyay
• Dr Rachit Kapoor, Regional Advisor The Lancet Student
• Dr Rajesh Kumar, Faculty, Department of Community Medicine, MAMC, New Delhi
• Dr Ravi Kumar Gupta, RUHS and RNT Medical College, Udaipur
• Dr Sagar Gandhi, NKP Institute of Medical Sciences
• Dr Saikat Mitra, Kolkata
• Dr Sakil Ahmed
• Dr Samcy Arora
• Dr Sanket Agrawal
• Dr Saraswata Mitra, Grodno State Medical University, Belarus
• Dr Sarweshwar Sripada
• Dr Sharaff Dileep, Dalian University, China
• Dr Shashank Saurabh
• Dr Sherinsha Sharafudeen
• Dr Siva Vicky
• Dr Surendra Chaudhary, China Medical University
• Dr Tapaprakash Behera, VSS Medical College, Burla
• Dr Vishnu M Satheesan, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
• Dr Vismay Deshani, Smolensk State Medical Academy, Russia
• Dr Vitrag N Shah, New Civil Hospital, Surat
A special vote of thanks to Dr Praveen K, Calicut Medical College, who took out his valuable time to mark out spelling

errors in such a voluminous book.
Last but definitely not the least, no words can describe the role of all medical students, with whom I ever have had interacted,
in helping me give this book, its final shape.

From the Publisher’s Desk
We request all the readers to provide us their valuable suggestions/errors (if any) at:

so as to help us in further improvement of this book in the subsequent edition.

vi


Contents
SECTION 1 : ANNEXURES
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure
Annexure

Annexure
Annexure

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:

Incubation Period of Diseases
Important Days of Public Health Importance
Instruments of Importance in Public Health
Mode(s) of Transmission of Diseases
Some Important Health Legislations Passed in India
Some Important Health Programmes of India
Vectors and Diseases Transmitted
New Tuberculosis Diagnosis (RNTCP) Guidelines in India (w.e.f. 01 April, 2009 onwards)

National Population Policy (NPP) 2000
National Health Policy (NHP) 2002
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
New Malaria Treatment Guidelines in India (2013 onwards)
Draft Guidelines: Biomedical Waste Management Guidelines 2011
Golden Points (Sets 1–5)
Current Public Health Related Statistics of India
Newer Concepts in Preventive and Social Medicine
Honors in Health and Medicine
High Level Expert Group (HLEG) Report on Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
31
34
40
41

SECTION 2 : TOPIC-WISE THEORY MCQs AND EXPLANATIONS
Chapter 1:




History of Medicine
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

45
45
50
53

Chapter 2:




Concepts of Health and Disease
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

57
57
66
77

Chapter 3:




Epidemiology and Vaccines
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

91
91
125
156

Chapter 4:




Screening of Disease
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

217
217
223
230

Chapter 5:Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

245
245
306
344


Review of Preventive and Social Medicine
Chapter 6:




National Health Programmes, Policies and Legislations in India
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

405
405
443
460

Chapter 7:

Demography, Family Planning and Contraception
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

493
493
519
533

Chapter 8:




Preventive Obstetrics, Paediatrics and Geriatrics
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

558
558
575
587

Chapter 9:

Nutrition and Health
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

608
608
626
643

Chapter 10:




Social Sciences and Health
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

668
668
676
681

Chapter 11:

Environment and Health
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

693
693
712
729

Chapter 12:





Biomedical Waste Management, Disaster Management, Occupational Health,
Genetics and Health, Mental Health
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

755
755
769
780

Chapter 13:




Health Education and Communication
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

798
798
804
807

Chapter 14:




Health Care in India, Health Planning and Management
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

813
813
822
831

Chapter 15:




International Health
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

842
842
846
849

Chapter 16:




Biostatistics
Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
Explanations

855
855
874
890

SECTION 3 : IMAGE BASED QUESTIONS
Image Based Questions

viii

939


SECTION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.



Annexures

Incubation Period of Diseases
Important Days of Public Health Importance
Instruments of Importance in Public Health
Mode(s) of Transmission of Diseases
Some Important Health Legislations Passed in India
Some Important Health Programmes of India
Vectors and Diseases Transmitted
New Tuberculosis Diagnosis (RNTCP) Guidelines in India
(w.e.f. 01 April, 2009 onwards)
National Population Policy (NPP) 2000
National Health Policy (NHP) 2002
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
New Malaria Treatment Guidelines in India (2013 onwards)
Draft Guidelines: Biomedical Waste Management Guidelines 2011
Golden Points (Sets 1–5)
Current Public Health Related Statistics of India*
Newer Concepts in Preventive and Social Medicine
Honors in Health and Medicine
High Level Expert Group (HLEG) Report on Universal Health
Coverage (UHC)



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Disease

Causative organism

Incubation Period (IP)

Chicken pox

Human (alpha) herpes virus 3

14 – 16 days

Measles (Rubeonella)

RNA paramyxovirus

10 – 14 days

Rubella (German Measles)

RNA Togavirus

14 – 21 days

Mumps

RNA Myxovirus

14 – 21 days

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Orthomyxovirus

18 – 72 hours

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

2 – 6 days

Pertussis (Whooping cough)

Bordetella pertussis

7 – 14 days

Meningococcal meningitis

Neisseria meningitis

3 – 4 days

SARS

Corona virus

3 – 5 days

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Weeks – years

Poliomyelitis

Poliovirus

7 – 14 days

Hepatitis A

Enterovirus 72 (Picornavirus)

15 – 45 days

Hepatitis B

Hepadna virus

45 – 180 days

Hepatitis C

Hepacivirus

30 – 120 days

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

1 – 2 days

Typhoid fever

Salmonella typhi

10 – 14 days

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus

1 – 6 hours

Ascariasis

Ascaris lumbricoides

2 months

Ancylostomiasis (Hookworm)

A. duodenale

5 weeks – 9 months

Malaria

Plasmodium vivax

8 – 17 days

Plasmodium falciparum

9 – 14 days

Plasmodium malariae

18 – 40 days

Plasmodium ovale

16 – 18 days

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Wuchereria bancrofti

8 – 16 months

Rabies

Lyssavirus type 1 (Rhabdovirus)

3 – 8 weeks

Yellow fever

(NCXKXKTWU ſDTKEWU

2 – 6 days

Japanese encephalitis

Group B arbovirus (Flavivirus)

5 – 15 days

KFD

Arbovirus (Flavivirus)

3 – 8 days

Chikungunya fever

Chikungunyavirus (Arbovirus A)

4 – 7 days

Leptospirosis

Leptospira interrogans

4 – 20 days

Bubonic plague

Yersinia pestis

2 – 7 days

Pneumonic plague

Yersinia pestis

1 – 3 days

Septicemic plague

Yersinia pestis

2 – 7 days


Incubation Period of Diseases

Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

4

Scrub typhus

Rickettsia tsutsugamushi

10 – 12 days

Q fever

Coxiella burnetti

2 – 3 weeks

Taeniasis (Tapeworms)

T. solium, T. saginata

8 – 14 weeks

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L. donovani

1 – 4 months

Trachoma

Chlamydia trachomatis

5 – 12 days

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani

6 – 10 days

Yaws

Treponema pertenue

3 – 5 weeks

HIV/ AIDS

HIV/ HTLV – III/ LAV

Months – 10 years

Swine Flu

H1N1 6[RG # +PƀWGP\C

1–4 days

Crimean Congo Fever

Nairovirus (Bunyavirus)

1–9 days

H7N9 +PƀWGP\C

H7N9 6[RG # +PƀWGP\C

1–10 days (3.3 days)

MERS

Betacoronavirus

12 days

Ebola disease

Ebolavirus

2-21 days

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

1-7 days

Brucellosis

Brucella melitensis

5-60 days


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30th January

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Anti-Leprosy Day

2nd Wednesday of March

No Smoking Day

8th March

International Women’s Day

15th March

World Disabled Day

24th March

Anti-TB Day

7th April

World Health Day

25th April

World Malaria Day

8th May

World Red Cross Day

31st May

No Tobacco Day

5th June

World Environment Day

14th June

World Blood Donor Day

26th June

+PVGTPCVKQPCN &C[ #ICKPUV &TWI #DWUG CPF +NNKEKV 6TCHſEMKPI

1st July

Doctors Day

11th July

World Population Day

28th July

World Hepatitis Day

8th September

World Literacy Day

28th September

World Rabies Day

1st October

International Day for Older Persons

1st October

National Voluntary Blood Donation Day

2nd Wednesday of October

World Disaster Reduction Day

9th October

World Sight Day

10th October

World Mental Health Day

24th October

UN Day

10th November

Universal Immunization Day

25th November

International Day for Elimination of Violence against Women

1st December

World AIDS Day

3rd December

International Day of Disabled Persons

10th December

Human Rights Day

Last Week of April

World Immunization Week

1–7th May

Anti–Malaria Week

1–30th June

Anti–Malaria Month

1–8th August

World Breast Feeding Week

25th August–8th September

Eye Donation Fortnight

15–21st November

Newborn Care Week


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Instrument

Use

Ice Lined Refrigerator (ILR)

Cold chain temperature maintenance

Dial Thermometer

Cold chain temperature monitoring

Horrock’s Apparatus

Chlorine demand estimation in water

Chlorinator, Chloronome

Mixing/regulating the dose of chlorine in water

Chloroscope

Measuring level of residual chlorine in drinking water

Winchester Quart bottle

Assess physical and chemical quality of drinking water

Kata Thermometer

Assess cooling power of air and air velocity (Latter Currently)

Anemometer

Assess air/wind velocity

Hygrometer and Sling Psychrometer

Assess air humidity (moisture content of air)

Assman Psychrometer

Assess air humidity (moisture content of air)

Mercurial Barometer

Atmospheric pressure

Anaeroid Barometer

Atmospheric pressure

Wind Vane

Assess air/wind direction

Salter’s scale

Field Instrument for Low Birth Weight (LBW)

Infantometer

Length of infants

Stadiometer

Height of adults

Shakir’s Tape

Mid-Arm Circumference (MAC)

Sound Level Meter

Measures intensity of sound

Band Frequency Analyzer

Characteristic of sound (pitch)

Audiometer

Hearing ability assessment


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Disease

Mode(s) of transmission

Remarks

Chicken Pox

Droplet infection, droplet nuclei.

Face to face transmission

Measles

Droplet infection, droplet nuclei, through conjunctiva

4 days before rash to 5 days later

Rubella

Droplet infection, droplet nuclei, vertical

1 week before rash to 1 week later

Mumps

Droplet infection, direct contact

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Droplet infection, droplet nuclei

Diphtheria

Droplet infection, direct contact, fomite borne

Whooping Cough

Droplet infection, direct contact, fomite

Meningococcal

Droplet infection

Carriers most important source of infection

TB

Droplet infection, droplet nuclei.

Not Fomite borne

Poliomyelitis

Faeco-oral, droplet infection

Hepatitis A

Faeco-oral, parenteral, sexual

Hepatitis B

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Hepatitis C

Perinatal, parenteral, sexual

Hepatitis D

Perinatal, parenteral, sexual

Hepatitis E

Feco-oral

Cholera

Feco-oral, contaminated foods/drinks, direct contact

Typhoid

Feco-oral, urine-oral

Amoebiasis

Feco-oral

95% transmission from carriers

Super-infection/co-infection to HBV

Ascariasis

Feco-oral

Ancylostomiasis

Direct penetration(skin), oral

Transmission may be perennial

Dracunculiasis

Consumption of water containing cyclops

Water based disease

Dengue

Aedes bite

Water breeding disease

Leptospirosis

Urine, feces, tissues of rats

Direct skin contact

Nipah virus

Consumption of bats-eaten fruits

Person-to-person in India

Ebola virus

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sweat, saliva)

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