Planning an
Applied Research
Project
Chapter 9 – Validity, Reliability, and
Credibility in Research
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
» Explain what a scholarly article is
» Differentiate between CPR and LOAF elements of a
scholarly articles
» Analyze the relative merits of various scholarly
articles
» Use various search engines to find scholarly articles
» Identify an area of research interest
» Discriminate between scholarly articles and other
publications
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Terms
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Concurrent validity
Convergent validity
Construct validity
Content validity
Criterion validity
Credibility
Dependent variable
Discriminant validity
Equivalent form
reliability
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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External validity
Face validity
General validity
Golem effect
Independent variable
Instrumentation
Instrument validity
Internal consistency
reliability
Key Terms(cont’d)
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Internal validity
Intervening variable
Interrater reliability
Moderating variable
Operational definition
Predictive validity
Pygmalion effect
Reliability
Testing
Testretest reliability
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Internal Credibility
» Believability
» Trustworthiness
» Specificity
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Validity
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Content validity
Face validity
Construct validity
Criterion validity
Predictive validity
Discriminant validity
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Variables
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Independent variable
Dependent variable
Confounding (moderating) variable
Intervening variable
Operationalizing the variables
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Validity
Internal
» General validity
» Instrumental validity
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
External
» To what extent can
you apply the insights
to other situations?
Internal Validity
˃ To what extent is your research design really
focused on the problem statement you have?
˃ Will you collect and analyze relevant and accurate
information?
˃ How can you be sure that your design answers your
research questions?
˃ What aspects of the design can you create to
ensure validity?
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Forms of Instrument Validity
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Content validity
Construct validity
Criterion validity
Discriminant validity
Face validity
Predictive validity
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
External Validity
» To what extent does the literature review place your expected
findings within a broader context?
» Will you be able to generalize from what you find?
» What limitations or qualifications will you have to make about
your results?
» How can you extend your findings and suggest opportunities
for further research so that you protect its validity?
» How does previous research help you interpret your results?
» Does previous research provide a rationale for your research
design and suggestions about the applicability of your
findings?
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Threats to Validity
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Ambiguity
History
Instrumentation
Mortality
Maturation
Testing
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reliability
» Types
˃ Equivalent form reliability
˃ Internal consistency reliability
˃ Interrater reliability
˃ Testretest reliability
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Review of Class Session
» Anything unclear?
» One thing that I was amazed by in sampling is …
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.