Resource allocation in D2D communication in cellular mode

❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉✷❉ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥
✐♥ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ▼♦❞❡
❑❤♦❛ ❆♥❤ ❚❘❆◆ 1,∗
1

❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱
❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱
❚♦♥ ❉✉❝ ❚❤❛♥❣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❍♦ ❈❤✐ ▼✐♥❤ ❝✐t②✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠

✯❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❑❤♦❛ ❆♥❤ ❚❘❆◆ ✭❡♠❛✐❧✿ tr❛♥❛♥❤❦❤♦❛❅t❞t✉✳❡❞✉✳✈♥✮
✭❘❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✿ ✵✽✲❆✉❣✉st✲✷✵✶✽❀ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞✿ ✷✻✲❖❝t♦❜❡r✲✷✵✶✽❀ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✿ ✸✶✲❖❝t♦❜❡r✲✷✵✶✽✮
❉❖■✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✷✺✵✼✸✴❥❛❡❝✳✷✵✶✽✷✸✳✶✾✽

❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ✭❉✷❉✮ ❤❛s ❛t✲
tr❛❝t❡❞ s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ r❡❝❡♥t❧②
❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤
t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✺● ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱
❞✉❡ t♦ ✐ts ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡✱ s♣❡❝✲
tr✉♠ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✲
✐♥❣ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ r❡❢❡r
t♦ ❛♥ ▲❚❊✲❆ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②
♠♦❞❡ ✐s ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛t❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜② s❤❛r✐♥❣ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ❈❡❧❧✉✲
❧❛r ❯s❡rs ✭❈❯❊s✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭❈❊▲▲▼✮✱
✇❤❡r❡ t✇♦ ❉✷❉ ✉s❡rs ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡
❡◆❇ ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❞✐r❡❝t ❉✷❉
❧✐♥❦ ✐s ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ✐s ✉s❡❞

❛s ❛ r❡❧❛②✳ ❖✉r ❛✐♠ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ r❡✲
s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡s t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡ r❛❞✐♦ r❡✲
s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ✐♥ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ t❛❦✐♥❣
t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦
❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s
♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❉✷❉ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✳

❆❜str❛❝t✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s

❘❡s♦✉r❝❡

❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱

❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡

❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ▼♦❞❡✱ ❯♥❞❡r✲
❧❛② ▼♦❞❡✳

✶✳

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s
✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛✲❤✉♥❣r② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛s r❡s✉❧t❡❞ ✐♥
❛ ❢❛st✲❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤✲r❛t❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝✲
❝❡ss ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡
❝✉rr❡♥t❧②✲❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ▲♦♥❣ ❚❡r♠ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ❆❞✲

✈❛♥❝❡❞ ✭▲❚❊✲❆✮ s②st❡♠s t♦ s❛t✐s❢② s✉❝❤ ❞❡✲
♠❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡✳ ❖♥❡ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥
✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ✭❉✷❉✮ ❝♦♠✲
♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥❡❛r❜② ✉s❡rs ❝❛♥ s❡t✉♣
❛ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❞❛t❛
t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣♦✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡
st❛t✐♦♥ ✭❡◆❇✮ ❬✶❪✳ ■♥ ❛ r❡❝❡♥t r❡♣♦rt ❜② t❤❡
❚❤✐r❞✲●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ P❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣ Pr♦❥❡❝t ✭✸●PP✮✱
❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s
❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✐♥ ▲♦♥❣✲❚❡r♠ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥
❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ✭▲❚❊✲❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞✮ st❛♥❞❛r❞ s✐♥❝❡ ❘❡✲
❧❡❛s❡ ✶✷ ❬✷❪✱❬✸❪ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛♥② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ s✉❝❤
❛s ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✲t♦✲▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✭▼✷▼✮ ❛♥❞ ❱❡❤✐❝❧❡✲t♦✲
❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ✭❱✷❱✮ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞✐s❝♦✈✲
❡r②✱ ♣r♦①✐♠✐t②✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ❡①t❡♥✲
s✐♦♥✱ tr❛✣❝ ♦✤♦❛❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❛❢❡t②✳
❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛❧❧② t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡s ❢♦r ❉✷❉s✿ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✱ ♦✈❡r❧❛②
♠♦❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ❬✹❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r
♠♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r tr❛♥s♠✐t ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ✭❛
❧✐♥❦ ❢r♦♠ ❉✷❉ ❚r❛♥s♠✐tt❡r✱ ❉✷❉ ❚①✱ t♦ ❡◆❇
❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❧✐♥❦ ❢r♦♠ ❡◆❇ t♦ ❉✷❉ ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r✱
❉✷❉ ❘①✮ ✉s✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧
❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❯s❡rs ✭❈❯❊s✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮

✶✾✼

❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜♦♦st❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ ❞✐✲
r❡❝t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉✷❉
❚① ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❘① ✉s✐♥❣ ❡✐t❤❡r ❛ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ♣♦rt✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✭♦✈❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡✮ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r
t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✭✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡✮ ❛s t❤❛t ❢♦r
❈❯❊s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥
❬✺❪ ✉s❡s t♦♦❧s ❢r♦♠ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ❬✷✵❪ ❛♥❞
❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ♣♦✇❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ tr❛♥s♠✐t
♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❯❊s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❯❊s
✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ ❬✻❪✱ t❤✐s ♣❛✲
♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐s✲
t✐❝ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛t❤✲❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡
❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s✐❣♥❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r
❙✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✲♣❧✉s✲◆♦✐s❡ ❘❛t✐♦ ✭❙■◆❘✮✱
❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s t❤❛t
❛r❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❙■◆❘✲s✉❝❤ ❛s ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛✲
❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✲❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱
t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ✐♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✳ ■♥
❬✼❪✱ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❣❡✲
♦♠❡tr✐❝ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛✲
t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❆
❞✐st❛♥❝❡✲❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡✲s❤❛r✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s
♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r
t♦ s❤❛r❡ ✐t t❤❡ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣❡r❢♦r✲
♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳
❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s t♦ ♠✐t✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✲
t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡

❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✲
✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❛r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ r❡✈❡❛❧
t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡✲
t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ r❡❝❡✐✈❡r ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♣❛✐r❡❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r
❯❊✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ s✐❣♥✐❢✲
✐❝❛♥t❧② r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❉✷❉
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❬✽❪✳ ■♥ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✜♥❞✲
✐♥❣s✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②
♠♦❞❡ t❤❛t ♣♦s❡s ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❢♦r ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣
t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ s❤❛r✐♥❣
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛
♥❡✇ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♣❧❛♥♥❡rs
t♦ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡❧② t✉♥❡ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ ❛♥❞
t❤✉s ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✉♠ s②st❡♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡
❢♦r ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

• ❆ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦

❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛s ✇❡❧❧
❛s ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✳

❚❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✐s str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧✲
❧♦✇s✳ ❲❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥
✷✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✲
✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✳ ❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♦✉r
♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ♦✉r ❝♦♥✲
❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ r❡♠❛r❦s ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺✳

✷✳

❙❨❙❚❊▼ ▼❖❉❊▲
❆◆❉ P❘❖❇▲❊▼
❋❖❘▼❯▲❆❚■❖◆

❚❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✜rst ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ♦✉r s②st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧
❢♦r t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✐♥ ▲❚❊✲❆ s②st❡♠✱
❙■◆❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❛s✐❝ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳
❚❤❡ ◗♦❙ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ t❤❡♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ✐♥
t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳
✷✳✶✳

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s

❖✉r s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❝❡❧❧ s②st❡♠✱
✇❤❡r❡ ❡◆❇s ❛r❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛t ❝❡❧❧ ❝❡♥t❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡rs
❛r❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ s❝❛tt❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❧❛②✲
♦✉t ✐s ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ r❡❣✉❧❛r ✇✐t❤ ❡◆❇s ❛t t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧
❝❡♥t❡r✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ✉s❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡t✲
✇♦r❦✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ♣❛✐rs ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❉✷❉
❚① ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❘①✮✳ ❈❯❊s ❛r❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② ✉s❡rs ♦❢
❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r r❛❞✐♦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳

❲❡ r❡❢❡r ❤❡r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❢♦r
❈❯❊s tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ t❤❛t ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡❞
❢♦r ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✶ ✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ s♣❡❝✲
tr✉♠ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ N ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✳
❆ss✉♠✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❜♦t❤
❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ s❛❦❡ ♦❢ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✲

✐t②✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞
t♦ ❛ ❈❯❊ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❤❛r❡❞ ❜② ✭♠❛①✐♠✉♠✮ ♦♥❡ ❉✷❉
❚❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❛r❡ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❡❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡✳
s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❛s ❜❡❧♦✇✿
❲❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❡◆❇ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② ❧❡tt❡r ❈✱

• ❲❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ❙■◆❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧✲

❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❉✷❉ ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳

✶✾✽

✶ ❲❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❢♦r
❉✷❉ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡t✲
r✐❝ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥❧✐♥❦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡
❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♦♥❧② ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡
❡◆❇✳ ❚❤❡ ❙■◆❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❊❯❈◆❈ ✷✵✶✼ ❬✾❪ ❛♥❞ ■❈❈ ✷✵✶✽ ❬✶✵❪✳

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ▼ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❑ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs r❛♥❞♦♠❧②
❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s❡ts ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ✐♥
t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❛r❡ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② M ❂ {1, 2, . . . , M } ❛♥❞
K ❂ {✶✱ ✷✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ , K}✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ▲❡t pm,n ✱ pk,n ✱
❛♥❞ pc,n ❜❡ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡rs ♦❢ ❈❯❊ ♠✱
❉✷❉ ❚① ❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❡◆❇ ❈ ♦♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♥✱ r❡s♣❡❝✲

t✐✈❡❧②✳ N0 ❛♥❞ ❇ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♥♦✐s❡ ♣♦✇❡r
s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡♥s✐t② ❛t ❛♠❜✐❡♥t t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡
❛♥❞ t❤❡

s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

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❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❣❛✐♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧✐♥❦s
D2D Rx-k D2D Tx-k
❛r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡
✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❙■◆❘✱ ❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡
♥❡①t s✉❜✲❙❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❙t❛♥❢♦r❞ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ■♥✲ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✿ ■❧❧✉str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✱
s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❣❛✐♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥

t❡r✐♠ ✭❙❯■✮ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧ ❬✶✶❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❲■◆✲
♣♦✇❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧✐♥❦s
◆❊❘ ■■ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧ ❬✶✷❪ ❛r❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s
✳
♣❛♣❡r ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ❙❯■ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❡◆❇✱
■♥ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❝❛s❡✱ ✇❡ ❛❧s♦ ♥❡❡❞ ❛ ❞♦✇♥❧✐♥❦
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉✷❉s ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉✷❉s ♦❢ ❞✐❢✲
tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ t♦ ❉✷❉ ❘① k✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱
❢❡r❡♥t ❝❡❧❧s❀ ❲■◆◆❊❘ ■■ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡
t❤❡
❙■◆❘
✐♥
❞♦✇♥❧✐♥❦
♦♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♥ ✭❞♦✇♥✲
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ❤❛✈✐♥❣
❧✐♥❦✮
❝❛♥
❜❡
✇r✐tt❡♥
❛s✿
❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✳ ❲❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
s❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ♠❛r❣✐♥ t❡r♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧s
pc,n |hn,k |2
t♦ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s t♦ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦
,
✭✷✮
SINRD,DL
=

k,n
❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳
N0 B
❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❚❚■ ✇❤❡r❡
✭❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧✮ ❜❛s✐s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❚❚■
• |hn,k |2 ❛♥❞ |hm,n |2 ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡
❂ ✶ ♠s ✐♥ ▲❚❊✳
✇❛②❀

❇ = 180kHz ❛r❡
t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♥♦✐s❡ ♣♦✇❡r s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡♥✲
s✐t② ❛t ❛♠❜✐❡♥t t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉❜✲
❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳

• N0 = 174dBm/Hz ❛♥❞
✷✳✷✳

❙■◆❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r
♠♦❞❡

■♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✱ t✇♦ ❉✷❉ ✉s❡rs ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛t❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞
♥♦ ❞✐r❡❝t ❉✷❉ ❧✐♥❦ ✐s ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱
t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ r❡❧❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ✐♥
❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❧✐❦❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❈❯❊s✳ ❲❡
❛ss✉♠❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② t❤❛t ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r ❛♥❞
❈❯❊ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✉s❡ r❡✉s❡ t❤❡✐r s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡
s❛♠❡ ❝❡❧❧✳ ❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ❉✷❉s ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s ✉s❡ t❤❡
s❛♠❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡✱ ❉✷❉s
❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❣r♦✉♣✱

❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❙■◆❘
❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❙■◆❘ ❢♦r ❈❯❊ ♠ ✭❛s
✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❢♦r ❉✷❉ ❚① ❦ ✮ ❛t ❡◆❇ ❈ ♦♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧
♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s✿
or
SINRC
m,n

D,U L

=

pm,n |hm,n |2
,
N0 B

✭✶✮

❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡

k th ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡

❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲ ✭t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❧✐♥❦✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s
❝❛s❡✱ ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲✮
t❤❛t ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❙■◆❘ ✈❛❧✲
✉❡s✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✭✶✮ ❛♥❞ ✭✷✮✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞
❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✐♥ ✭✸✮✳
❚❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♥✱ Cn ✱
❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙■◆❘ ✈❛❧✉❡
♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛

❬✾❪ ❛s✿

SIN Rn

, ✐❢ SIN Rn >
B × log2 1 + Γ
Cn = SIN Rmin


0, ✐❢ SIN Rn < SIN Rmin ,

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮

✭✸✮

✶✾✾


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✶ Ps❡✉❞♦ ❝♦❞❡ t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❈❯❊
❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳
■♥♣✉t✿ M, N, T T Is, SIN Rmin , PtxeN B , PtxCU E .
❖✉t♣✉t✿ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳
❙t❡♣ ✶✿ ❲❡ s❡❧❡❝t ❈❯❊s t♦ ❜❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡❞ ✐♥
t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❚❚■ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ ❘♦✉♥❞ ❘♦❜✐♥
s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❝②❝❧✐❝ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣✮ s❝❤❡♠❡s❀ r❡✲

s♦✉r❝❡s ❛r❡ ❤❡r❡ ❛ss✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❈❯❊s
♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣✳
✷✳✸✳
❇❛s✐❝ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣
❙t❡♣ ✷✿ ❲❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❙■◆❘ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢
❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s
❈❯❊s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲ ❛s t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱
■♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜❡❧♦✇
❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ ♣❤❛s❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✶✿ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❙❯❇✲❈❍❆◆◆❊▲ ❆▲▲❖❈❆✲
✜rst ♣❤❛s❡✱ ✇❡ s❡❧❡❝t ❈❯❊s t♦ ❜❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡❞ ✐♥
❚■❖◆ ✭✱✮
t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❚❚■ ❛t r❛♥❞♦♠✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❛s✲
s✐❣♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s t♦ t❤❡s❡ ❈❯❊s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✷✿ ❢♦r m ∈ M ❞♦
❛ random mapping✷ ✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❧②✱ ✇❡ ❛❧s♦ s❡✲
UL
❧❡❝t ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs t♦ ❜❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✸✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ SIN RCU E (m) ♦❢ ❈❯❊ ✐♥ ❯▲
❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✭✶✮✳
❚❚■ ❛t r❛♥❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❛ss✐❣♥ t❤❡ s✉❜✲
❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s t♦ t❤❡s❡ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ✹✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ SIN RDL (m) ♦❢ ❈❯❊ ✐♥ ❉▲
CU E
random mapping ✭✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱
❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✭✷✮✳
✇❡ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ❙■◆❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ✺✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ CU E U L (m) ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞
♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❯▲ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✭✸✮✱
❛♥❞ ♥❡①t ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
❛♥❞ s❡t CU E U L (m) ✐s ❛ ❈❯❊ ❝❛♣❛❝✲
t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞
✐t② ❢♦r ❯▲✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ CU E DL (m)
♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❆❧❣♦✲

❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❉▲
r✐t❤♠ ✶ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❤♦✇ t♦ ❛ss✐❣♥ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡
❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✭✸✮✳
❙❛✈❡ ✐t ❛s ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r
✭s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✮ ❢♦r ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❈❯❊
[CU E U L (m), CU E DL (m)]✳
❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❈❊▲▲▼ ❝❛s❡✮✳

✇❤❡r❡ Γ ❂ − 32 ❧♥✭5 × BER✮✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ Γ ❛ ❝♦♥✲
st❛♥t ❛♥❞ BER = 0.00005✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❉✷❉s
❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s ❝❛✉s❡s s♦♠❡ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t
♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞✴♦r t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ✐♥ ♦✉t❛❣❡
❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❙■◆❘ ✐s ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤❡
SIN Rmin t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✭❂ −✷✳✶✵✺✹ ❞❇ ✐♥ ♦✉r
♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s✮✳

✸✳

❈❯❊ ❆◆❉ ❉✷❉

✻✿ ❙❡❧❡❝t min(CU E U L (m), CU E DL (m)) s❡t ✐t
✐s ❛ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✳

❈❆P❆❈■❚❨ ❆◆❉
❖❯❚❆●❊
P❘❖❇❆❇■▲■❚❨

✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r
♠♦❞❡✳

❆◆❆▲❨❙■❙ ■◆
❈❊▲▲❯▲❆❘ ▼❖❉❊

✸✳✶✳

❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②
❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡

■♥ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧
❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛✲ ❆❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✱ ✇❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ♣❡r✲
❜✐❧✐t② ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❡❧❧ ✭♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✲❝❡❧❧ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✲
❛♥ ❙■◆❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭s✐♥❣❧❡✲❝❡❧❧ ❝❛s❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❡♥❝❡✮✳ ❉✷❉ ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥
t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❙■◆❘
✷ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❛s✲
❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ▲❡t ✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ❈❯❊ ❛t ❞✐s✲
s✐❣♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r r❛♥✲
❞♦♠ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t✱ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❚❚■✱ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ t❛♥❝❡ a ∈ [0, R] ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡
♦♥❧② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r✳
❝❡❧❧ ✭❤❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥✮ ✇✐t❤ r❛❞✐✉s

✷✵✵

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ a ❝♦♥✲

s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐ts ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❛❦✲
✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r s②♠♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥t♦
❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿
2πada
.
πR2

pdf (a) =

CUE
R
a

❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❝❡❧❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②
❢♦r ❯▲ ♦r ❉▲ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿

eNB

R

TU L(DL) =
0

❋✐❣✳ ✷✿

U L(DL)

CCU E

2S B

R2

=

❈❯❊ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❝❡❧❧s✳

× log2

R✳ ❚❤❡ ❙■◆❘ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❈❯❊ ✐♥ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲

(a) ×

2a da
R2

R

a

0
U L(DL)
SIN RCU E (a)

1+

Γ

da.

✭✼✮

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s✿

UL
SIN RCU
E (a)

DL
SIN RCU
E (a)

=

=

PT x CU E
pathloss(a)

N0 B
PT x eN B/S
pathloss(a)

N0 B

✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝ts✳
,

✭✹✮

,

✭✺✮

✇❤❡r❡
• PT x eN B ✐s t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢
❡◆❇ c ❀
• S ✐s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ❝❡❧❧❀

❚❤❡♥✱ ✐♥ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❈❯❊ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✭♦♥❡
❝❡❧❧✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s✿

CU Ecapacity

=

M
× TU L . ✭✽✮
(M + K)

▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✭♦♥❡ ❝❡❧❧✮
❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s✿

• pathloss(a) ✐s t❤❡ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r s❝❛❧❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦ ❢r♦♠ ❈❯❊ t♦ ❡◆❇
❛♥❞ ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛✳

D2Dcapacity =

K

❆♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s❧② t♦ ✭✸✮✱ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r
❛ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ❈❯❊ ✐♥ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s (M + K)
✭✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t t❤❡ SIN Rmin t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ❡✛❡❝ts
❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥✮✿

2
R2

×

R
UL
DL
min (CCU
E (a), CCU E (a)) a da.
0

✭✾✮

❚❤❡s❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❛r❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣
t❤❛t
t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧ ✐s s❛t✉r❛t❡❞✱ s♦ t❤❛t M + K ≥ S ✱
U L(DL)
CCU E (a) =
t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✳ ◆❡①t
U L(DL)
s✉❜s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ❈❯❊
SIN RCU E (a)
S × B × log2 1 +
, ✭✻✮ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r

Γ
♠♦❞❡✳

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮

✷✵✶


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

✸✳✷✳

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥

PCU Eoutage =

▲❡t ✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ❈❯❊ ❛t ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ a ∈
[0, R] ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡◆❇✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❝❡❧❧ ✭❤❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥✮ ✇✐t❤ r❛❞✐✉s
R✳ ❘❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✱ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛
✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡
a✱ amax ❛❢t❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
❡♥❝❡s ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞
SIN Rmin ✭❤❡r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❇s✮✿
PT x CU E
pathloss(amax )

= 10

SIN Rmin
10

,

, ✐❢ amax ≤ R
1 − amax
R
0, ✐❢ amax > R.
2

❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡

✭✶✵✮

✭✶✸✮

▲❡t ✉s ♥♦✇ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t✲
❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳
▲❡t ✉s ❞❡♥♦t❡✿ POU L
❂ U L outage probability ❛♥❞ PODL ❂
DL outage probability ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ POU L ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜②
✭✶✸✮ ❛♥❞ PODL ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛❞❛♣t✐♥❣ ✭✶✸✮ t♦
t❤❡ ❞♦✇♥❧✐♥❦ ❝❛s❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ amax ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣
SIN RDL ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡◆❇ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥
♣♦✇❡r ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ S = N
F s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ♦❢
t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✳

❚❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲ ❡❢✲
✇❤❡r❡ ♣❛t❤❧♦ss✭amax ✮ ❂ ❙❯■✭amax ✮✳
❢❡❝ts ❛s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✭✶✹✮✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ✇❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝✲
❲✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❢r♦♠ ✭✾✮ t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♥♦ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❛s t❤❡
♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♥♦ ❯▲ ♦✉t❛❣❡ t✐♠❡s
✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✿
t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦❢ ♥♦ ❉▲ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❛s
✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❡✈❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡✿
N0 B

SU I(amax ) =

−SIN Rmin
PT x CU E
10
× 10
. ✭✶✶✮
N0 B

PD2Doutage = 1 − (1 − POU L ) × (1 − PODL )

❋♦r t❤❡ s❛❦❡ ♦❢ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t②✱ ❧❡t ✉s ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t
amax > R0 ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❯■ ♠♦❞❡❧ s♦ t❤❛t ✭✶✶✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡
s♦❧✈❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ amax ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿

amax =
×

γ

γ

−φ

ψ −1 × ω −γ × 10 10

−SIN Rmin
PT x CU E
10
× 10
, ✭✶✷✮
N0

❛♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡ t❡r♠s φ✱ ψ ✱ ❛♥❞ ω ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞
❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❯■ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧
✐♥ ❬✼❪✳

= POU L + PODL − POU L × PODL . ✭✶✹✮

❚❤✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s
♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❞✐s❥♦✐♥t
❡✈❡♥ts ❆ ❛♥❞ ❇✿ P✭❆ ∪ ❇✮ ❂ P✭❆✮ ✰ P✭❇✮ −
P✭❆ ∩ ❇✮✱ ✇❤❡r❡ P✭❆ ∩ ❇✮ ❂ P✭❆✮P✭❇✮ s✐♥❝❡
t❤❡s❡ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛r❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✳
✸✳✸✳

❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞
♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥

❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡

■♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡✱ t❤❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡s t❤❡
❈❯❊ ♠∗ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❝❡❧❧ t❤❛t ✐s ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞
♦♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ n ✐♥ ❚❚■ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣
❙■◆❘ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ ❯▲✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❉✷❉
♣❛✐r ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐❡s
♦❢ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲ ✭t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❧✐♥❦✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ✐s ♦❜✲
t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ ❯▲ ❛♥❞ ❉▲✮ t❤❛t ✐♥ t✉r♥
❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❙■◆❘ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❲❡ s✉♠
❖t❤❡r✇✐s❡✱ ✐❢ amax > R✱ t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♦✈❡r ❛❧❧ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ t❤❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐s ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ 1✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❚❚■s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❜②
t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✐♥ ❚❚■s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿
❚❤❡ ❈❯❊ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ❈❯❊s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ a ❢r♦♠
amax t♦ R ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣
t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r s②♠♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡♥ t❤✐s
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡
❝❛s❡ amax ≤ R ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ amax > R✳ ■❢ amax
≤ R✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡✿

✷✵✷

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❢r♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱

t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✭t♦t❛❧✮ ❝❡❧❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ❝❛♥
❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✇❤❡r❡
• M ✐s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧❀
• K ✐s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧❀
•

•

✐s t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ t♦t❛❧
♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✉s❡rs ✭❈❯❊s ♣❧✉s ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✮ ✐♥
t❤❡ s②st❡♠❀
M
(M +K)

✐s t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ♦✈❡r
t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✉s❡rs ✭❈❯❊s ♣❧✉s ❉✷❉
♣❛✐rs✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳
K
(M +K)

❛♥❞
❲❡ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts
t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ ✭✶✺✮✱
❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭❈❊▲▲▼✮✱ ♦♥❡
❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦♥❧② r✐❣✐❞❧② ❛ss✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❈❯❊
♦r t♦ ❛ ❉✷❉✳
M
(M +K)

K

(M +K)

■♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡s✲
t✐♠❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♣✲
♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❜② ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✭✶✻✮ ❛♥❞ ✭✶✼✮✳
✹✳

◆❯▼❊❘■❈❆▲

❚❛❜✳ ✶✿

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

❙✐♠✉❧❛t♦r s❡tt✐♥❣s✳

❙②st❡♠ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

❱❛❧✉❡s

❈❡❧❧ r❛❞✐✉s ✭✉♣❧✐♥❦✮✱ R
❙②st❡♠ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤
❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢
❛♥ ❡◆❇✱ P txeN B
❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢
❛♥ ❈❯❊✱ P txCU E
❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢
❛♥ ❉✷❉✱ P txD2D
❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♥♦✐s❡ ♣♦✇❡r
s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡♥s✐t②✱ N0

❘❇ ✭s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✮ ❜❛♥❞✲
✇✐❞t❤✱ B
◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✱

✺✵✵♠
✶✵ ▼❍③
✹✻ ❞❇♠

✷✹ ❞❇♠

−✷✹

✶✵

❞❇♠

−✶✼✹
❞❇♠✴❍③
✶✽✵ ❦❍③

✺✵

N

▲❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥
r✉♥ ✐♥ #T T Is
◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❡❧❧s s✐♠✉✲
❧❛t❡❞
◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞
❉✷❉

▼✐♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❛① ❞✐st❛♥❝❡
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉✷❉ ❚① ❛♥❞
❉✷❉ ❘①✱ L1 ❛♥❞ L2
❖✉t❛❣❡
t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✱

✷✵✵✵

✶
✺✵
✵ ♠ ❛♥❞ ✻✵ ♠

−

✷✳✶✵✺✹ ❞❇

SIN Rmin

❙❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣
♠❛r❣✐♥s
SCU E ❛♥❞ SD2D ✭♣❛t❤
❧♦ss✮

✶✻

❞❇

❢♦r

❈❯❊s ❛♥❞

✺ ❞❇ ❢♦r ❉✷❉
❧✐♥❦s

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

♣❞❢s ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿
✹✳✶✳

❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s❡tt✐♥❣s

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ▼❛t❧❛❜ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r t♦
❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡
❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✳ ❲❡ r❡♣❡❛t ✷✵ t✐♠❡s ❡❛❝❤ s✐♠✲
✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r✉♥ ♦❢ ✷✵✵✵ ❚❚■s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❛♥❞♦♠✲
✐③❡❞ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣
♠❛r❣✐♥ ✭▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✮✳ ❚❤❡ s❡tt✐♥❣s ♦❢
t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ❛r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts
❛r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✭r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✮ ❝❡❧❧✱
❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❛❧s♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t ❝❡❧❧s t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡
r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳
■♥ ♦✉r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❚①s ❛r❡
✉♥✐❢♦r♠❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ❛
❝✐r❝✉❧❛r s❤❛♣❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡◆❇ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r✳ ❈❯❊s
❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ❚①s ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛s ✉♥✐✲
❢♦r♠❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥s✐❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❧②✲s❤❛♣❡❞ ❝❡❧❧s
✇✐t❤ r❛❞✐✉s R✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❧② ❞✐s✲
tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ♣♦✲
❧❛r ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ✭r✱ θ✮ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

pdf (r) =

2
r,
R2

pdf (θ) =

1
,
2π

✇❤❡r❡ r ∈ [0, R] ❛♥❞ θ ∈ [0, 2π]✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❢♦r
❡❛❝❤ ❉✷❉ ❚①✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❉✷❉ ❘① ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t
t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❘① ✐s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡
❉✷❉ ❚① ✐♥ ❛ r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ L1 t♦
L2 ✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❚① ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ r❡❢✲
❡r❡♥❝❡ ♥♦✇✱ ✇❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❘① ✐♥ ♣♦❧❛r ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s (D, ϕ) ❛s✿
pdf (D) =

2
D,
L22 − L21

pdf (ϕ) =

1
,
2π

✇❤❡r❡ D ∈ [L1 , L2 ] ❛♥❞ ϕ ∈ [0, 2π]✳
■♥ ❡❛❝❤ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②
♠♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡✱ ✜rst❧② ✇❡ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡
❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✶ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t t❤❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs
t♦ ❜❡ s❡r✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐❣♥ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮

✷✵✸


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷






#T T I
( MM
t=1
+K

#T T I
( MK
t=1
+K

)Bmin log2

Average cell capacity = S ×

OutageP robCU E =

C,U L
SIN R ∗
(t)
k ,n
1+
Γ

, log2



+

C,DL
SIN R ∗
(t)
k ,n
1+
Γ

#T T I N umber of scheduled CU Es in outage condition in T T I t
t=1
T otal number of CU Es allocated in T T I t

#T T I

❆♥❛❧②s✐s r❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞
❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤
s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s

■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ s❤♦✇ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ❝♦♠✲
♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥❡s ✭❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥
✸✳ ✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮ ❛♥❞
t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②✐♥❣ ❝❛s❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡r
❛♥❞ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♣❛✐r✐♥❣ (Rnd2 )✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞
❉✷❉s ❛r❡ ♣❛✐r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❈❯❊s ❛t t❤❡ ❢❛r✲
t❤❡st ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ (RR − F AR) [✾] ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛✲
t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ s❡tt✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡
✶✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✭s✐♥❣❧❡✲❝❡❧❧ ❝❛s❡✮✱ ❝❡❧❧s ❤❛✈❡
❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r s❤❛♣❡ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛✲
t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ t❤❡ r❡✉s❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐s ❡q✉❛❧
t♦ ✶✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣s✳ ✸ ❛♥❞ ✹
❢♦r ✇❤❛t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✲
✐t② ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r
❧❡✈❡❧ ❢♦r ✺✵ ❈❯❊s✱ ✺✵ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✱ ❛♥❞ ✺✵ s✉❜✲
❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t ❛s t❤❡ ❉✷❉
♣♦✇❡r ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛s
✇❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ✐♥
t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡ Rnd2 ❛♥❞ (RR − F AR)✳
❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ (RR − F AR)
✐s ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ (Rnd2 )✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✇❡ s❡❧❡❝t
t❤❡ ❢❛rt❤❡st ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❈❯❊s t♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡ s✉❜✲
❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✱ t❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❡
✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ❛r❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱

✷✵✹

C,U L
SIN R ∗
(t)
m ,n
Γ




,

★ ❚❚■

❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s
❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✳ ❆t ❡❛❝❤ ❚❚■✱
✇❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥❡✇
♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝❛s❡s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❛✈✲
❡r❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②
❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ❛❧❧ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ r✉♥s✳
✹✳✷✳

)Blog2 1+

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

✭✶✺✮

.

✭✶✻✮

❈❯❊ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛❧s♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊ ♦✉t❛❣❡
✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❉✷❉
tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❢♦r
❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ✭Rnd2 ❛♥❞
RR − F AR✮✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✲
✐t② ❢♦r ❈❯❊s ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡
Rnd2 ❛♥❞ (RR − F AR) s❝❤❡♠❡ t♦♦ ❤✐❣❤✳ ❲❡
❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②
♦❢ ❉✷❉s ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊s ✐♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮✱
✇❤❡r❡ ❈❯❊ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡rs ❛r❡
t❤❡ s❛♠❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r
❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥
♣♦✇❡r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s
❛r❡ ③❡r♦✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡
❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❝❡❧❧ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✳ ■♥
❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡s ♦❢ ❋✐❣s✳ ✸ ❛♥❞ ✹✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❣♦♦❞
❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡✲
s✉❧ts ❢♦r CELLM ❝❛s❡✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❢r♦♠ ❋✐❣✳
✸ ❲❡ s❡❡ t❤❛t RR − F AR ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡st s❝❤❡♠❡
✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r
❉✷❉s✳
❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜✲
❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉s ❢♦r CELLM ❝❛s❡s
❛s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs K ✱
✇✐t❤ K ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ ♣❛✐rs t♦ ✼✵ ♣❛✐rs✱ ✶✷✵
❈❯❊s ❛♥❞ ✺✵ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ✭N ✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡
✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ✭Rnd2 ❛♥❞ RR−F AR✮✳

▲❡t ✉s r❡❢❡r t♦ ❋✐❣s✳ ✺ ❛♥❞ ✻✳ ■t ✐s ✐♥t❡r❡st✲
✐♥❣ t♦ ♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r✲
❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs
❣r♦✇s s✐♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❛❧❧♦✲
❝❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛s
✇❡❧❧✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ✇❤❡♥ K ≥ N ✱ ❉✷❉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ ❛♥❞
❉✷❉ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞♦ ♥♦t ✈❛r② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡
✉s❡ ♦❢ s✉❜✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❜② ❉✷❉s ✐s s❛t✉r❛t❡❞✳ ❆s

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

OutageP robD2D =

#T T I D2D pairs numbers in outage condition at T T I t
t=1
T otal number of D2D pairs allocated at T T I t

#T T I

D2D cell capacity [b/s]

10 7

RR-FAR in [9]
D2D simulation in underlay mode
D2D simulation in cellular mode
D2D analysis in cellular mode

8
6
4
2

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

20

22

24

D2D power [dBm]

CUE cell capacity [b/s]

8
7
6
5

10 7

RR-FAR in [9]
CUE simulation in underlay mode
CUE simulation in cellular mode
CUE analysis in cellular mode

4
3
2
1
10

12

14

16

18

D2D power [dBm]

D2D outage probability [%]

❋✐❣✳ ✸✿

❉✷❉ ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊ ❝❡❧❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❉✷❉ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡rs ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡
s❝❤❡♠❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮✳

10 1

10 0

10 -1

10 -2
10

RR-FAR in [9]
D2D simulation in underlay mode
D2D simulation in cellular mode
D2D analysis in cellular mode
12

14

16

18

20

22

24

D2D power [dBm]

CUE outage probability [%]

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

.

✭✶✼✮

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✭✭✾✮✮ t❤✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐s ♣r♦✲
♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ t♦ MK+K ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛t♦r K ✐s
t❤❡ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐r ♥✉♠❜❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t♦r
✭M +K ✮ ✐s t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✉s❡rs ✭❜♦t❤ ❈❯❊s
❛♥❞ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r
❤❛♥❞✱ ❈❯❊ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡
✐♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s
♦❢ ✭✭✶✵✮✮✱ t❤✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐s ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ t♦ (MM
+K) ✱
✇❤❡r❡ M ✐s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❈❯❊s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❝❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r
❈❯❊s ✇✐t❤ CELLM ❝❛s❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦
✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞
♥♦✐s❡ ❤❛s ♥♦t ✐♠♣❛❝t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧ ❝❡❧❧
r❛♥❣❡✳

❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧②✱ ✇✐t❤ ❝✉rr❡♥t s❡tt✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ t❤❡
✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ Rnd2 ❛♥❞ RR − F AR s❝❤❡♠❡
t❤❡ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ❝❛s❡ ✐s t♦♦
❤✐❣❤✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❣♦♦❞ ❛❣r❡❡✲
♠❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts✱
t❤✉s ❝r♦ss✲✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ s✐♠✲
✉❧❛t♦r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❛ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r
♠♦❞❡✳ ❆♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐✲
❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐s
❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳

10 1

10 0

10 -1

10 -2
10

✺✳

RR-FAR in [9]
CUE simulation in underlay mode
CUE simulation in cellular mode
CUE analysis in cellular mode
12

14

16

18

20

22

24

D2D power [dBm]

❋✐❣✳ ✹✿

❉✷❉ ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❉✷❉ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡rs ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡
s❝❤❡♠❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮✳

❢♦r ❈❯❊s✱ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s
❛♥❞ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥✉♠✲
❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❈❯❊ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦✉t✲
❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② s❛t✉r❛t❡ ✇❤❡♥ K ≥ N ✳
▲❡t ✉s ♥♦✇ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r CELLM
❝❛s❡ ✐♥ ❋✐❣s✳ ✺ ❛♥❞ ✻✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t ❉✷❉ ❝❛✲
♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦

❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛t❤✲❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r
t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ ❛ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦
✇✐t❤ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥
t❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ r❡s✉❧ts✱ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t✲
❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛♥❞ ❉✷❉
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ r❡✉s✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦
❛r❡ t❤♦r♦✉❣❤❧② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❛♥❛❧✲
②s✐s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧s ♦❢
t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ ✐s
❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ✇♦r❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❡①✲
✐st✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡
♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✲
s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮

✷✵✺


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

RR-FAR in [9]
D2D simulation in underlay mode
D2D simulation in cellular mode
D2D analysis in cellular mode

6

D2D outage probability [%]

D2D cell capacity [b/s]

10 7
8

4
2

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

10 1

10 0

RR-FAR in [9]
D2D simulation in underlay mode
D2D simulation in cellular mode
D2D analysis in cellular mode

10 -1

10 -2
20

25

30

35

40

D2D [pairs]

7
6
5
4

3
2
1
20

RR-FAR in [9]
CUE simulation in underlay mode
CUE simulation in cellular mode
CUE analysis in cellular mode
25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

60

65

70

10 0

RR-FAR in [9]
CUE simulation in underlay mode
CUE simulation in cellular mode
CUE analysis in cellular mode

10 -1

10 -2
20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

D2D [pairs]

❉✷❉ ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊ ❝❡❧❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ♠♦❞❡ s❝❤❡♠❡✮
❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮ ❢♦r ❈❯❊ ✭❉✷❉✮
tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ✷✹ ❞❇♠ ✭✷✶ ❞❇♠✮✳

✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t✲❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❇❛s❡❞
♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛✲
t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡
✉♣❧✐♥❦ r❡✉s✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝❡❧❧ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✱
❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✐♠♣❛✐r♠❡♥ts s✉❝❤
❛s ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧ s❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢❛st ❢❛❞✐♥❣✳
❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❬✶❪ P❤✉♥❝❤♦♥❣❤❛r♥✱ P✳✱ ❍♦ss❛✐♥✱ ❊✳✱ ✫ ❑✐♠✱ ❉✳
■✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❞❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲
❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②✐♥❣ ▲❚❊✲
❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❈♦♠✲
♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✷✵✭✹✮✱ ✾✶✲✶✵✵✳
❬✷❪ ▲✐♥✱ ❳✳✱ ❆♥❞r❡✇s✱ ❏✳✱ ●❤♦s❤✱ ❆✳✱ ✫ ❘❛t❛✲
s✉❦✱ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❆♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ✸●PP
❞❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❞❡✈✐❝❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐t② s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ■❊❊❊

❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✺✷✭✹✮✱ ✹✵✲✹✽✳
❬✸❪ ✸●PP ✷✸✳✼✵✸ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❙t✉❞② ♦♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝✲
t✉r❡ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥ts t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt Pr♦①✐♠✐t②✲
❜❛s❡❞ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ✭Pr♦❙❡✮✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ r❡♣♦rt
✭❚❘✮✱❘❡❧ ✶✷✱ ✈✳ ✵✺✳
❬✹❪ ❨✉✱ ❈✳✱ ❉♦♣♣❧❡r✱ ❑✳✱ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ ❈✳✱ ❚✐r❦❦♦✲
♥❡♥✱ ❖✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❙❤❛r✐♥❣ ❖♣t✐✲
♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛✲
t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡r❧❛②✐♥❣ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ◆❡t✇♦r❦✳ ■❊❊❊
❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱
✶✵✭✽✮✱ ✷✼✺✷✲✷✼✻✸✳

✷✵✻

55

10 1

D2D [pairs]

❋✐❣✳ ✺✿

50

10 7

CUE outage probability [%]

CUE cell capacity [b/s]

8

45

D2D [pairs]

❋✐❣✳ ✻✿

❉✷❉ ❛♥❞ ❈❯❊ ❝❡❧❧ ♦✉t❛❣❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛s ❢✉♥❝✲
t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉✷❉ ♣❛✐rs ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②
♠♦❞❡ s❝❤❡♠❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡ ✭CELLM ✮ ❢♦r
❈❯❊ ✭❉✷❉✮ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ✷✹ ❞❇♠ ✭✷✶
❞❇♠✮✳

❬✺❪ ❊❧❙❛✇②✱ ❍✳✱ ❍♦ss❛✐♥✱ ❊✳✱ ✫ ❆❧♦✉✐♥✐✱ ▼✳ ❙✳
✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✲
t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❢♦r ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ❉✷❉
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■❊❊❊
❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✻✷✭✶✶✮✱
✹✶✹✼✲✹✶✻✶✳
❬✻❪ ❚♦♥❣✱ ❋✳✱ ❲❛♥✱ ❨✳✱ ❩❤❡♥❣✱ ▲✳✱ P❛♥✱ ❏✳✱ ✫
❈❛✐✱ ▲✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❆ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡✲
❇❛s❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ❈❡❧❧✉✲
❧❛r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ❲✐t❤ ❯♥❞❡r❧❛②✐♥❣ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲
t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳
❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✻✭✶✮✱ ✹✺✶✲✹✻✸✳
❬✼❪ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❍✳✱ ✫ ❈❤✉✱ ❳✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡✲
❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡✲s❤❛r✐♥❣ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ❢♦r
❞❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✉♥❞❡r❧❛②✲
✐♥❣ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❧❡tt❡rs✱

✹✽✭✾✮✱ ✺✷✽✲✺✸✵✳
❬✽❪ ▲✐✱ ❨✳✱ ❏✐❛♥❣✱ ❚✳✱ ❙❤❡♥❣✱ ▼✳✱ ✫ ❩❤✉✱ ❨✳
✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ◗♦❙✲❛✇❛r❡ ❛❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞
r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ❞❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲
❞❡✈✐❝❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✲s❤❛r✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■❊❊❊
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❆r❡❛s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛✲
t✐♦♥s✱ ✸✹✭✶✶✮✱ ✷✽✼✹✲✷✽✽✻✳
❬✾❪ ●✐❛♠❜❡♥❡✱ ●✳✱ ✫ ❑❤♦❛✱ ❚✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ■♠✲
♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✉♥❞❡r❧❛② ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥
◆❡t✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭❊✉❈◆❈✮✱

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮


❱❖▲❯▼❊✿ ✷

✷✵✶✼ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✭♣♣✳ ✶✲✻✮✳
■❊❊❊✳

| ■❙❙❯❊✿ ✸ | ✷✵✶✽ | ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

❆❜♦✉t ❆✉t❤♦rs

❑❤♦❛ ❆♥❤ ❚❘❆◆ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❤✐s P❤✳❉✳ ❞❡❣r❡❡s
✐♥ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢
❙✐❡♥❛✱ ❙✐❡♥❛✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✼✳ ❍❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛
▲❡❝t✉r❡r ✐♥ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝
❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❚♦♥✲❉✉❝✲❚❤❛♥❣ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱
❍❈▼❈✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✶✵✳

❍✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t
r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❡sts ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡
❬✶✶❪ ❊r❝❡❣✱ ❱✳✱ ●r❡❡♥st❡✐♥✱ ▲✳ ❏✳✱ ❚❥❛♥❞r❛✱ ❙✳ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❱✷■ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡r✲
❨✳✱ P❛r❦♦✛✱ ❙✳ ❘✳✱ ●✉♣t❛✱ ❆✳✱ ❑✉❧✐❝✱ ❇✳✱ ♥❡t ♦❢ ❚❤✐♥❣s✳
✳✳✳ ✫ ❇✐❛♥❝❤✐✱ ❘✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❆♥ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧❧②
❜❛s❡❞ ♣❛t❤ ❧♦ss ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s
✐♥ s✉❜✉r❜❛♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ■❊❊❊ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
♦♥ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✼✭✼✮✱
✶✷✵✺✲✶✷✶✶✳

❬✶✵❪ ●✐❛♠❜❡♥❡✱ ●✳✱ ✫ ❑❤♦❛✱ ❚✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✳ ❊❢✲
✜❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❋❛✐r♥❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❆❧✲
❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✲t♦✲❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛✲
t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ▲❚❊✲❆✳ ■♥ ✷✵✶✽ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭■❈❈✮ ✭♣♣✳
✶✲✻✮✳ ■❊❊❊✳

❬✶✷❪ ❨✳ ❏✳ ❇✉❧t✐t✉❞❡✱ ❚✳ ❘❛✉t✐❛✐♥❡♥✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳
✧■❙❚✲✹✲✵✷✼✼✺✻ ❲■◆◆❊❘ ■■ ❉✶✳✶✳✷ ❱✶✳ ✷
❲■◆◆❊❘ ■■ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✧✳
"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited (CC BY 4.0)."

❝ ✷✵✶✼ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❏❆❊❈✮

✷✵✼