COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Virtual campus
Islamabad
Dr. Nasim Zafar
Electronics 1
EEE 231 – BS Electrical Engineering
Fall Semester – 2012
Bipolar Junction TransistorsBJTs
Lecture No:
14
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References:
Ø Microelectronic Circuits:
Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith.
Ø
Electronic Devices :
Thomas L. Floyd ( Prentice Hall ).
Ø
Integrated Electronics
Jacob Millman and Christos Halkias (McGrawHill).
Ø
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory:
Robert Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky ( Prentice Hall ).
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Reference:
Chapter 4 – Bipolar Junction Transistors:
Figures are redrawn (with some modifications) from
Electronic Devices
By
Thomas L. Floyd
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Bipolar Junction Transistors
BJTsCircuits
C
B
E
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Transistor Types
v
MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
v
FET Field Effect Transistor
v
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
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◄
Transistor Current Characteristics
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An Overview of Bipolar Transistors:
Ø
Ø
While control in a FET is due to an electric field.
Control in a bipolar transistor is generally considered to be due
to an electric current.
–
current into one terminal
determines the current
between two others
–
as with an FET, a
bipolar transistor
can be used as a
‘control device’
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Transistor Biasing Configurations:
1.
CommonBase Configuration (CB) :
input = VEB & IE ; output = VCB & IC
2. CommonEmitter Configuration (CE):
input = VBE & IB ; output = VCE & IC
4.
CommonCollector Configuration (CC):
input = VBC & IB ; output = VEC & IE
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Operation Modes:
Ø
Ø
Ø
Active:
–
Most importance mode, e.g. for amplifier operation.
–
The region where current curves are practically flat.
Saturation:
–
Barrier potential of the junctions cancel each other out
causing a virtual short.
–
Ideal transistor behaves like a closed switch.
Cutoff:
–
Current reduced to zero
–
Ideal transistor behaves like an open switch.
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Operation Modes:
IC(mA)
Saturation Region
IB = 200 A
30
Active Region
IB = 150 A
22.5
IB = 100 A
15
IB = 50 A
7.5
Cutoff Region
IB = 0
0
0
5
10
15
Ø
Active: BJT acts like an amplifier (most common use).
Ø
Saturation: BJT acts like a short circuit.
Ø
Cutoff: BJT acts like an open circuit.
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VCE (V)
Common Emitter Characteristics:
Ø
We consider DC behaviour and assume that we are
working in the normal linear amplifier regime with
the BE junction forward biased and the CB junction
reverse biased.
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CommonEmitter Output Characteristics
IC
Output Characteristic Curves (Vc Ic
Active
Region
IB
Region of Description
Operation
Small base current
controls a large
collector current
Saturation VCE(sat) ~ 0.2V,
VC
E
Active
Saturation Region
VCE increases with IC
Cutoff
Achieved by reducing
IB to 0, Ideally, IC will
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also equal 0.
Cutoff Region
IB = 0
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CommonBaseConfiguration (CBC)
NPN Transistor
Circuit Diagram: NPN Transistor
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CommonBase Output Characteristics:
Although the CommonBase configuration is not the most common
configuration, it is often helpful in understanding the operation of BJT
IC
mA
Output Characteristic Curves (Vc Ic
)
Breakdown Region
Saturation Region
6
0.8V
Active Region
IE
4
IE=2mA
2
Cutoff
IE = 0
IE=1mA
2V
4V
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6V
8V
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VC
B
Transistor Currents Output characteristics:
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CommonCollector Output Characteristics:
EmitterCurrent Curves
IE
Active
Region
IB
VC
E
Saturation Region
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Cutoff Region
IB = 0
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Bipolar Transistor
Characteristics
•
21.4
Behaviour can be described by the current
gain, hfe or by the transconductance,
gm of the device
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Conventional View & Current Components:
NPN TransistorCEC
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Current Components:
NPN TransistorCEC
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BJT Characteristics and Parameters
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BJTCurrent Gain Parameters:
Ø
Two quantities of great
importance in the
characterization of
transistors are the so
called commonbase
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BJTCurrent Gain Parameters:
Ø
Commonbase current gain , is also referred to as hFB and
is defined by:
= hFB = IC / IE
Ø
Commonemitter current gain β , is also referred as hFE and
is defined by:
Thus:
IC
= IC/IB
βIB
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Beta ( ) or amplification factor:
Ø
Ø
The ratio of dc collector current (IC) to the dc base current
(IB) is dc beta ( dc ) which is dc current gain where IC and
IB are determined at a particular operating point, Qpoint
(quiescent point).
It’s define by the following equation:
30 < dc < 300 2N3904
Ø
On data sheet, dc=hFE with h is derived from ac hybrid
equivalent circuit. FE are derived from forwardcurrent
amplification and commonemitter configuration
respectively.
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Ø
In the dc mode the level of IC and IE due to the
majority carriers are related by a quantity called alpha:
IC
=
IE
IC = IE + ICBO
Ø
It can then be summarize to IC = IE (ignore ICBO
due to small value)
IC
IE
Ø
For a.c situations where the point of operation moves on
the characteristics curve, an a.c alpha defined by
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