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INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the topic
As an activity in the work of thought of the Party, political & ideological
education contributes to the formation of the communist’s personality. With the
main goal of building trust, political & ideological education holds the leading
role in the buidling of the Party. Regarding the public security forces of Lao
PDR, political & ideological education is the decisive factor to ensure the
absolute loyalty to the Party, the State and the Lao tribes of the officers and
soldiers who always have the resilient revoluntary will, strong determination,
clear moral quality, solid professional qualifications, willingness to receive and
successfully complete all tasks entrusted by the Party, the State and the people.
After more than half a century of building, fighting and maturing, the Lao
Public Security forces have never been afraid of hardship, difficulties, always
upholding the spirit of devotion, selflessness, willingness to sacrifice
themselves for the sake of the country and people, considering the interests of
the country and people as the goal and the highest ideal to strive for.
Continuous victories of the generations of security officials and soldiers have
fostered the glorious tradition of the Lao public security forces. Such
achivements come from the fact that the Central Public Security Party
Committee and the Ministry of Public Security are always aware of the
significance and importance of political & ideological education in building
public security forces. Over the past years, the Party Committee and the
Ministry of Public Security have had many guidelines and measures to lead,
direct and strengthen the political & ideological education, focusing especially
on effective implementation of key and breakthrough work, thereby creating
positive changes in the implementation of political tasks and building of
security forces. The order and discipline are increasingly tightened, the sense of
responsibility and effectiveness in all fields of work are raised. First of all, there
is a change in awareness as well as the observance of the Party’s and State’s
guidelines, directives, orders, disciplines and regulation, implementation of

regulations, working processes, postures and ceremonies, the cultural lifestyle
of security officials and soldiers, implementing the goal of building a regular,
elite and modern revolutionary public security force who effectively undertake
the task of protecting the national security, maintaining social order and safety,
creating a peaceful and stable environment, contributing to boosting the
country’s socio-economic development.
The Ministry of Public Security is the strategic agency under directly Lao
PDR government, whose main function is to fulfill the state management of
social security and safety; counter-intelligence; crime prevention investigation;
fire prevention, fighting and rescue; criminal judgment enforcement, judgment
enforcement without temporary and definite imprisonment; judicial protection
and support; and also the State management toward public services in the


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sectors and areas under the Ministry’s management, particularly, this is the
agency in charge of managing the public security forces of Lao PDR. In order
to fulfill the mission of national security protection during the revolutionary
periods, the Ministry of Public Security must conduct many tasks
synchronously, in which political & ideological education for publics security
officials and soldiers of those agencies at the Ministry level plays a very
important role. Political & ideological education not only teaches every official
and soldier how to have the right, positive and self-motivating motivation in
implementing tasks but also the fostering of beliefs, loyalty to the Party.
Therefore, improving the efficiency of political & ideological education for
officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security aims not only at
completing the political tasks of an agency at Ministry level, but also
contributing to strengthening the political strength of the entire security force,
meeting the immediate and long-term requirements and tasks of the Lao
revolutionary career.

Being deeply aware of the position and role of political & ideological
education, over the past years, the Ministry of Public Security has always
focused and implemented many measures to improve the efficiency of political
& ideological education for officials and soldiers. The achievemets have made
important contributions to help the Ministry of Security fulfill its mission as a
strategic agency of the Party and State in protecting national security and
building a comprehensively strong unit. However, besides the achievements,
the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers,
it is still not commensurate with the comprehensive purpose and investment of
the Ministry. Political awareness, belief in the Party’s goals and ideals, the selfawareness in political activities of officials and soldiers is still limited. In
addition, the cause of building public security forces during the new
revolutionary period in the the fierce resistance of hostile forces required the
effectiveness of political & ideological education for officers and soldiers of the
public security forces in general, and the officials and soldiers of the Ministry
agency in particular to be raised to a new height.
Researching to clarify theoretical issues about the effectiveness of
political & ideological education; Surveying and assessing the reality and
proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security is an
urgent issue which not only conveys a practical significance for the Ministry
of Public Security but also contributes to supplementing and completing the
theory of the effectiveness of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
2. Research purposes
On the basis of researching to clarify the theoretical and practical issues of
research issues, the dissertation proposes pointviews and some solutions to


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improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers of the Ministry of Public security of Lao PDR in the time to come.

3. Research tasks
- Researching to clarify basic theoretical issues about effectiveness of
political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the public security
forces.
- Evaluating the reality of the effectiveness of political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security in recent
years and identifying issues that need to be solved.
- Proposing pointviews and some solutions to improve the effectiveness of
political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of
Public Security in the Lao PDR currently.
4. Subjects and scope of research
- The object of research is the effectiveness of political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security.
- Scope of research: the political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security of Lao PDR. Survey time is from
2012 to present.
5. Theoretical & practical basis and research methods
- The dissertation is based on the Principles of Marxism - Leninism,
thought of Kaysone Phomvihane; views of Lao People's Revolutionary Party on
political & ideological education in general and political & ideological
education for the public security forces in particular; resolutions and directives
of the Party and laws of the Lao PDR on education, training and building of
cadres; the absorption, inheritance and selection of research results from
scientific works of Lao PDR, Vietnam and related countries.
- The dissertation’s study is based on the summary reports and evaluation
of political & ideological education; Actual survey results of political &
ideological education and effectivenes of political & ideological education for
officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security in the scope of research.
The thesis employs the interdisciplinary research methods of the sciences:
Politics, Pedagogics, Sociology, Psychology in which method of Politics is the

mainstream.
Specific methods: history and logistics, analysis and synthesis, comparison,
system, induction, interpretation, statistics, document research, practical
observation, etc.
- Historical and logical methods: Using historical materials and events,
selecting typical cases to systematize and model events. At the same time,
things and phenomena must be placed in the process of mobilization and
development according to objective rules, in the relation and interaction with
objects and related phenomena. The logical and historical method is also used
to generalize domestic and foreign research issues according to the identified


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topics and issues and presented according to the time of publication of the
research works.
- Methods of synthesis and analysis: These are the methods used to collect
and evaluate sources of material, exploit information from available sources,
including documents of the Party and the State, the periodic and thematic
reports of the Ministry of Public Security, domestic and foreign research works
related to the topic. Regarding the effectiveness of political & ideological
education, the dissertation employs the method of analyzing collected materials
and sociological survey sheets in the survey area. Both quantitative and
qualitative content analysis is applied.
- Comparison method: Comparing and contrasting the purpose with the
results, between the results with the mobilization of resources for political &
ideological education, thereby assessing the advantages and limitations of each
press type. At the same time, the author compares and comments on the views
of both domestic and foreign authors on the research issues.
- The systematic method allows to consider and study problems in general,
in relation and interaction with things and other phenomena in the system.

Accordingly, with this method, the research issue of the effectiveness of
political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of
Public Security needs to be placed in a control relationship with the
effectiveness of political & ideological education for the officials and party
members in general and for officials and soldiers of the public security forces in
particular in dialectical relations with the impact of many factors such as
traditional factors, era factors, domestic factors, international factors, objective
and subjective factors, etc.
- Inductive and interpretive methods are used to clarify the content,
method, and form of political & ideological education.
- Statistical method used for the statistics of documents, numbers, events,
data, etc. obtained during the research and information gathering process.
Methods of collecting and processing information:
- Materials research methods: Collecting and arranging domestic and
international sources of material related to the topic, from perspectives, theory to
statistical data, scientific and analytical works clarifying issues related to the
theoretical basis, methodology and practical issues posed by the topic.
6. New scientific contributions of the dissertation
- Developing and completing the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness
of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the public
security forces.
- Summarizing of contradictions that need to be solved in improving the
effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers the
Ministry of Public Security of Lao PDR.


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- Proposing pointviews and solutions in the perspective of scientific and
ideological aspect to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological
education.

7. Practical significance of the dissertation
- Research results contribute to increasing knowledge about the efficiency
of political & ideological education in particular and the effectiveness of work
of thought in general.
- Providing scientific arguments for leaders and commanders of the
Ministry of Public Security to set up pointviews and measures to improve the
effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of
the Ministry’s agencies.
- Research results can be used as the professional documents for political
officials of the Ministry of Public Security; references in research, security and
politics teaching and learning in Lao security schools as well as the majors in
ideology in Vietnamese academies and universities.
8. Structure of the dissertation
The structure of the dissertation includes: introduction, 4 chapters, 11
periods, conclusions, references and appendices.
Chapter 1
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATING TO TOPIC
1.1. As for the concept of Political-ideological education
Political-ideological education is the term used by many sciences such
as: Party building, politics, education, military psychology, etc. Depending on
the nature, characteristics, purposes, research requirements there are different
approaches. Eg:
Cuốn “Soviet Military Encyclopedic Dictionary” (Russian language)
defines: “Political-ideological education in the armed forces is a system of
measures to help officers and soldiers become qualified in terms of professional
skills and ideology and ready to complete all combat missions to win the war”.
In the “Innovating the work of ideological and political education for
cadres and party members” book, author Vũ Ngọc Am defines: the work of
ideological and political education is “the process of organizing education,
spreading the ideology of the working class to the people, essentially the

process of spreading and educating Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh
ideology, credo, ways, views and guidances and policies of the Party, the
State's laws for cadres, party members and people”.
Author Nguyễn Văn Cần in the doctoral thesis in Philosophy called
“Improving the quality of political-ideological education in security forces
before the new requirements of the ideological struggle in our country today”,
gives another definition: Political-ideological education in security forces is a


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process of purposeful, organized, systematic impact of the Party on the
consciousness of cadres and soldiers to spread basic political ideas, the cores
herein are Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, Party's guidances and
policies and the laws of the State, making them infiltrate, occupying an absolute
dominance in the spiritual life and orientation of thoughts and actions of
officers and soldiers; build them a worldview, scientific methodology, strong
political belief, humanism of communism; fostering their capacity to carry out
the Party's political ideologies in combat and all other socio-political activities;
gather, unite, encourage and promote them to take active and creative actions
for ideals, goals of national independence and socialism, contributing to firmly
consolidating the Party's ideological battlefield in the security forces…
So, Political-Ideological Education from the scientific perspective of
ideological work and political education, it is a practical task, although they are
all part of the ideological work, there are differences in purpose, content,
position, the relationship with the work of ideology.
1.2. As for the concept of effectiveness and criteria to evaluate the
effectiveness of political-ideological education
1.2.1. As for the concept of effectiveness of political-ideological
education
The “Ideological activity of the Soviet Communist Party” comes up

with the concept of an effective ideological work “…is the correlation
between the outcome of the ideological impact achieved and the goals of
building enlightened communism and human communist virtue”.
In Vietnam, the efficiency issue is concerned both in the field of
material and spiritual production. In economics, effectiveness is a basic
concept and clearly delineated with the concept of results and quality. The
result is the whole product that the manufacturing process produces,
including quantity and quality, in which the quality is the properties of the
product that can meet user’s needs.
The doctoral dissertation of author Lương Ngọc Vĩnh also introduced
the concept of effectiveness of political-ideological education in a more
specific way, which is “the correlation between perceived political
knowledge and forming political beliefs and the socio-political activeness of
the subject after the educational impact of the subject for the purpose of
identifying and using resources appropriately to achieve that outcome under
specific conditions”.
The “Theoretical basis of ideological works” book by author Lương
Khắc Hiếu, issued by the National Political Publishing House in 2017,
launched a new concept about the effectiveness of ideological work: it is
“correlation between perceived political knowledge, forming political beliefs
and socio-political activism in the subject after its educational impact with
the identified purpose and resource cost to achieve that result under specific


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conditions”.
Through the above-mentioned studies, it can be seen that the
effectiveness of ideological work, political-ideological education or
political-ideological education work is a matter of great concern to domestic
and foreign scientists. Most works say that the effect is the correlation or

comparison between results with purpose and cost. Some have mentioned
the concept of resources instead of using capital rather sensitive capital in
the field of ideology. Some only refer to comparisons between cost and
outcome factors or between results and goals. Not only giving the concept,
the research works also give classification and factors affecting the
effectiveness of ideological work.
1.2.2. As for the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of politicalideological education
In the “Party-politics works in the Soviet armed forces” book, Soviet
scientists said:" The measure of the results of political education for the
people is, of course, specific works. Communism ideology - it is a
sustainable alloy of knowledge, beliefs and practical actions”.
The "On the ideological work of the Communist Party of Vietnam"
book by author Đào Duy Quát gives three criteria for evaluating the
effectiveness, including: completing political tasks; the maturity of cadres,
Party members and the people; strong and clean organizations. At the
national level, the effectiveness of ideological work is political stability;
economic, social, cultural development, strengthened defense and security;
Advanced international reputation. In addition, it is possible to evaluate the
effectiveness of ideological work according to three constituent parts
(morphology) or by means and tools of ideological work: research agencies,
political schools, rapporteur, communication. mass news, culture - arts,
social survey, etc.
In the “Professional work of propaganda” book published by Central
Propaganda Department in 2008, the authors stated that: The effectiveness of
ideological work is assessed through the ideological changes of the classes
and the whole society, reflected in economic, political and social results,
movements according to the levels: long-term, immediate, direct...
1.3. On the effectiveness of political - ideological education for
security forces officers and soldiers
Up to the time of researching the topic, there are a number of works

addressing this issue such as:
Scientific topics at basic level: "The work of capturing, solving and
reporting on the status of ideology of officers and soldiers of the People's Police
– Realities and solutions" by the Department of Political Affairs, Ministry of
Public Security and Ministry-level Scientific Topic: "Solutions to improve the
effectiveness of ideological mission of the People's Public Security Forces in


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the current situation" by Dang Thai Giap; the Book "Syllabus of Party mission,
political mission for the People's Public Security" by Dinh Ngoc Hoa; "Building
strong and clean grassroots party organizations associated with building a
comprehensive strong base unit in security forces of the Lao People's
Democratic Republic today ", by the Faculty of Party Mission, Political Affairs
- People's Security Academy...
In general, the solutions are all aimed at resolving the problems of
subjects, objects, objective social environment and innovating elements and
parts of ideological work itself. In particular, most of the works are mentioning
about raising awareness, enhancing the innovation of leadership, direction of
committees, commanders at all levels for ideological work; promoting the
synergy of organizations, forces, all fields; improving the quality of the
contingent of political cadres; promoting the positive, self-discipline studying
and training of the subjects. Then moving on to the measures: combining
political education with organizing revolutionary action movement, building a
strong and comprehensive unit; continuing to renovate the content and form of
ideological work; building a healthy and good educational cultural
environment; ensuring and promoting the effect of facilities, instruments ...
1.4. Achievements and issues that need further research
1.4.1. Basic achievements
- The ideological work has a main activity of spreading political content

for the purpose of raising awareness, forming beliefs and encouraging positive,
self-conscious political actions of the subjects. Whether approaching as an
activity or a work of the Party, this activity has the purpose of shaping the
political quality, capacity or culture for the object. The subject is the
Communist Party, particularly party organizations, socio-political
organizations, officials, party members, and political workers.
- Most of the authors acknowledge that the effectiveness of ideological or
politic- ideology education is the correlation between outcome and purpose and
cost of resources.
- Point out the criteria or standard for evaluating the effectiveness of
ideological work.
- Stating requirements, proposing many solutions to improve the
effectiveness of ideological work in general and in localities, agencies and units
in particular.
1.4.2. Issues that need further study
On the basis of inheriting the researched results, being a Lao graduate
student studying in Vietnam, for the identified purpose, the author continues the
research to clarify the following issues:
- Systematize and perfect the concept of Political-Ideological Education
for officials and soldiers of the security forces according to the scientific
perspective of ideological work, especially identifying clearly the constituent


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elements of Political-Ideological Education activities as a basis for building
concepts and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of Political -Ideological
Education.
- Concretize the general theory of the effectiveness of Political –
Ideological Education in a specific subject, as in here is the officers and soldiers
of the Lao People's Security Ministry.

- Examining and summarizing practices at the Ministry of Public Security
to confirm and clarify theoretical issues studied.
- Proposing new and specific solutions from the perspective of scientific
ideological work to improve the effectiveness of Political-Ideological Education
for officers and soldiers under the Ministry of Public Security.
Among the issues mentioned above, the proposal of new solutions to
improve the effectiveness of Political -Ideological Education for officials and
soldiers of the Ministry of Security is of the utmost importance. As in the point
of view of Marxism–Leninism political theory, the purpose of human action is
not only to perceive the world but more importantly to improve the world.
By pointing out the issues that need further study, it can be affirmed, the
thesis topic has identified a separate direction, not duplicated with any previous
research.
Sub-conclusion
The security force is a sharp tool of the Party and Government of Lao
PDR in maintaining security and social order and safety. To accomplish its task,
the entire force must carry out Political-Ideological Education in order to build
and foster political qualities and capacity for cadres and soldiers and develop
the party members and build a strong security forces in the field of politics.
Political-Ideological Education is an important activity aimed at
equipping political knowledge, forming political beliefs and promoting the
socio-political activism of officials and soldiers. Political -Ideological
Education for officials and soldiers in the security forces has its own
characteristics in a favorable direction and requires high efficiency.
The effectiveness of Political-Ideological Education is the correlation
between results and resources. Assess the results of Political-Ideological
Education based on two criteria groups: outcome criteria and resource use.
Improving the effectiveness of Political-Ideological Education for officers
and soldiers of security forces is an objective and urgent requirement stemming
from the strategic role of security forces, from the role of Political -Ideological

Education in shaping the political quality of security forces officers and soldiers
and from the requirements of the revolutionary task in the new period as well as
the limitations and weaknesses in the Political-Ideological Education of security
forces today.


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Chapter 2
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL
EDUCATION FOR OFFICIALS AND SOLDIERS OF THE LAO
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES
2.1. Political and ideological education and Political and ideological
education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security forces
2.1.1. Political and ideological education the Lao People's Revolutionary
Party
Political and ideological education is an activity of the work of thought
aimed at spreading the Party’s ideologies, lines and views, State policies and
laws, political knowledge and traditions of the Party and Lao tribes, domestic
and international political events ... to form political qualities for cadres, party
members and people in the process of building and protecting the country.
2.1.2. Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the
Lao public security forces
Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao
public security forces is an activity of the work of thought of the Party in the
revolutionary armed forces in order to spread the Marxism-Leninism, ideology
of Kaysone Phomvihane, lines and views of the Party; policies and laws of the
State; political knowledge of mankind, the political tradition of the nation, the
Party and security forces; domestic and international political situation, etc. to
build political qualities and capacities for officals and soldiers of the public

security forces.
The nature of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers is
the process of education and self-education to transform the political
requirements and values of society and security forces into the quality and
political capacity of the public security officials and soldiers through
performing professional tasks, organizing life and relationships in the working
unit and society.
The purpose of political & ideological education is to raise political
awareness, build political beliefs and promote political-social positivity for
officials and soldiers. Content of political & ideological education covers all
political knowledge. Form of political & ideological education is very rich,
diverse, integrated into other activities of the unit. Political & ideological
education uses all methods, facilities, means and infrastructure with the
principles of the work of thought.
The subject of the political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers is a very diverse and closely organized system in the security force,
including: the subject of leadership, direction and management; the subject of
directly leadership and implementation; subject of Participation; subjects of


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supporting, officials and soldiers, etc. These subjects are also the subject of the
political & ideological education.
Stemming from the relationship of politics with other forms of social
awareness, political & ideological education has a close relationship with moral
education, legal education, aesthetic education, etc.
2.2. The effectiveness of political and ideological education for
officials and soldiers of the Lao public security force
2.2.1. Concept of the effectiveness of political and ideological education
for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security force

The effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and
soldiers of the Lao public security force is the correlation between political
knowledge, political beliefs and political-social positivity of officials and
soldiers after the impact of political and ideological education with the
mobilized resources to achieve that result under specific conditions.
The effective structure of political and ideological education consists of 3
components: results, goals and resources. The purpose of political and
ideological education for officials and soldiers is the political construction
target of public security forces. The result of political and ideological education
is a positive change in the perception, attitude and political action of the object.
Rational use of resources is a scientific mobilization, saving human resources,
time, funding, facilities, facilities, existing and potential educational
environment to bring the highest results. Nature of the effectiveness is a
comparison among results and purpose and resource use. As the result is closer
to the goal, creating a premise for political and ideological education shall
achieve high efficiency and vice versa. Effectivness is seen as political and
ideological education achieves the purpose and rational use of resources.
2.2.2. Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of political and
ideological education for officials and soldiers of Lao Public Security Forces
* Group of criteria for evaluating the results of political and ideological
education
- Political knowledge of officals and soldiers is assessed at the level of
memorization, understanding and application of Marxism-Leninism and
thought of Kaysone Phomvihane; Party’s lines and views, political tasks of
security and unit forces; political traditions of the nation and the Party, security
force and its units; political science knowledge and political values of
humanity; the situation of world and domestic politics and practical political
experiences of officials and soldiers.
- Political beliefs of officials and soldiers are expressed in the level of
interest in the political field. The level of trust in the correctness of MarxismLeninism, the thought of Kaysone Phomvihane, Party’s lines and views, at the

leadership and commanding levels, on the fighting power of security forces ;
the level of consistency in political situations, the determined attitude of


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struggling with wrong views, hostility about political ideology and negative
moral and lifestyle expressions.
- Political-social activeness is the most important factor to assess the
effectiveness of political and ideological education, expressed at the level of
participation in socio-political activities; work results and learning and training;
the level of readiness to receive and complete the tasks assigned by the
organization; the level of observance of discplines and State law.
* Group of criteria for using the resource of political and ideological
education
This group of criteria assesses the level of promotion of leadership and
management role of organizations; quantity and quality of officials and
reporters; the level of time management and use; degree of innovation, effect of
the content, form and method; the level of mobilization of facilities,
infrastructure, funding and construction of the office culture environment to
bring about the most effective results.
2.3. The necessity of enhancing effectiveness of political and ideological
education for officials and soldiers of Lao Public Security Force
2.3.1. Stemming from the role of political and ideological education - in
building political qualities for officials and soldiers of public security forces
Marxism-Leninism has affirmed the important role of political reasoning
on the revolutionary movement. In order to overthrow the old social regime, to
build a new social regime, there should be the leadership of one party armed
with Marxism-Leninism, the doctrine having the scientific and revolutionary
nature which both properly reflects the objective rules of social development
and points out goals, lines, forces, strategies, plans and methods of

revolutionary struggle.
2.3.2. Stemming from the important role of the public security forces
and high demands on political qualities of public security officials and
soldiers
The Public Security Force is the sharp instrument of the Party and the
State. The main responsibilities and tasks of the public security forces are to
provide the Party and the State with advice and at the same time fulfill the key
role to successfully implement the lines, policies, guidelines of the Party and
the State law on ensuring security, maintaining social order and safety.
Therefore, absolute loyalty to the Party and Regime is the key for the quality
and personality of public security officials and soldiers.
2.3.3. Stemming from the mission requirements of national security
work and the limitations on political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers of public security forces during the last time
During the past years of renovation, Lao public security has contributed
to helping the country overcome the serious and great challenges to uphold


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independence and sovereignty, and maintain political and socials stability as
well as the socialist orientation.
However, due to the change of situation, the resistance of hostile forces,
the Ministry of Public Security still shows certain limitations while carrying out
the tasks. The limitations and shortcomings of the public security work partly
come from some problems in political and ideological education that needs to
be overcome. Being unable to fully aware of the position and importance of
political and ideological education, some Party Committees and the
commanders of agencies and units have not focused on leading and directing
the good implementation of this task.
Chapter 3

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL
EDUCATION FOR OFFICIALS AND SOLDIERS OF THE LAO
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY
- THE REALITY AND ISSUES
3.1. Factors affecting the effectiveness of political and ideological
education for officials and soldiers of the Lao Ministry of Public Security
3.1.1. Overview of the development process, functions, tasks and
characteristics of the Ministry of Public Security
On 2nd December, 1975, the National Congress of the Party passed the
Resolution to establish the Ministry of Home Affairs, under which the Central
Security Office was changed to the Ministry of Home Affairs. On 11 th April
2002, the Lao Government decided to change the name of the Ministry of
Home Affairs into the Ministry of Public Security of the Lao People’s
Democratic Republic (hereinafter referred to as the Lao Ministry of Public
Security) and decided to take 5th April, 1961 as the Traditional Day of the Lao
Ministry of Public Security.
The Ministry of Public Security is the macro-level state management
agency in the Government apparatus, which is under the direct and
comprehensive leadership and direction of the Politburo and the Party Central
Committee’s Secretariat of the Lao People revolution.
Lao Ministry of Public Security has a unified and strict system of Party
organizations and commanders. There is a large number of officials and soldiers
of the Lao Ministry of Public Security who are rigorously selected and formally
trained to have a strong political background and good professional
qualifications. The officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security have
a sense of strict discipline and democratic freedom, but coming from many
different tribes and religions with unequal qualifications.
These factors pose a requirement that in the process of political and
ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public

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Security, the subject of education must also grasp the psychosocial
characteristics of the objects to choose different and proper content, methods,
forms and means to achieve high results during the educational process. This
is also a factor directly affecting the political & ideological education for
officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security today.
3.1.2. Impact of international situation
In general, the world is heading to a fast, complicated and unpredictable
evolution. Although, peace, independence, democracy, cooperation and
development among countries and regions are inevitable trends, there remain
the fight within nation and class, local war, armed conflict, ethnic conflicts,
religious conflicts; activities of intervention, subversion, terrorism, separatism;
cyber war, infringement of national sovereignty, etc.
3.1.3. Impacts of domestic factors
In the process of comprehensive reform of the socialist-oriented country
initiated by Lao PDR, the leaders have gained many important achievements.
Through 30 years of implementing the renovation, Lao PDR has created the
position and strength to continuously bring Laos into a new era of development
which creates conditions for gradually implementing the national
industrialization and modernization and continuing to implement two strategic
tasks of building and defending the Fatherland, striving for the goal of “rich
people, strong countries, social unions, democracy, fairness and civilization”.
3.2. Reality of the effectiveness of political & ideological education in
Ministry of Public Security from 2012 until now.
3.2.1. The advantages and limitations of political knowledge
* Advantages of political knowledge of officials and soldiers
Officials and soldiers are equipped with basic political theory knowledge
for building the scientific world view and communist faith; firmly grasping the
Party’s views and lines; having knowledge of the history and political traditions

of the nation, the Party, the public security forces and the political values of
humanity; having broad knowledge and updates on domestic and international
political situation.
The majority of officials and soldiers are interested in the political field;
with excitement believing in the innovation and good development of the
country; having national patriotism and self-respect, reassuring with the
mission, trusting the military’s victory; having strong political mindset,
determination and the attack of hostile forces on the ideological front.
Officials and soldiers actively participate in political and social activities
organized by the units; ready to receive tasks when assigned, strictly abide by
the State’s laws and regulations. The work results basically meet the
requirements of the Ministry of Public Security; From 2012 until now, 100% of
officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security have been evaluated to
have good political qualities, none of which violate political discipline.


15
* Limitations of political knowledge of officials and soldiers
Political knowledge of a part of officials and soldiers is incomplete,
insufficient and the ability of applications is limited. The belief in MarxismLeninism, the thought of Kaysone Phomvihane, the leadership of the Party and
the strength of the Ministry of Public Security’s victory in a part of cadres and
soldiers is not solid. Political bravery of some officials and soldiers is not
stable, ambiguous, inattentive towards the enemy’s plots and tricks. A part of
officials and soldiers participated in social-political activities passively and
reluctantly with low positivity self-consciousness. The work results are not
commensurate with the training objectives and the investment of resources for
the officials and soldiers in Ministry of Public Security.
3.2.2. Advantages and limitations on political attitudes and beliefs of
officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security
* The advantages of political & social attitudes, beliefs and positivity of

officials and soldiers
The majority of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security
are interested in the political and social fields; are excited, confident in the
leadership of the Party and believe in the cause of national renewal led by the
Party. Officials and soldiers have national patriotism and self-respect, and feel
excited with their assigned tasks; have a political will and determination toward
the country’s difficulties and the attack of hostile forces on the ideological
front.
* Limitations on attitudes and beliefs of officials and soldiers in the
Ministry of Public Security
The belief in Marxism-Leninism, the Party’s leadership and the victory
power of public security forces in a part of officials and soldiers is not solid.
Thus, it can be seen that shallow knowledge, unstable beliefs lead to a lack of
clear political attitude, the words and behaviors of officials and soldiers before
the collective and organization are different from those in daily life.
The political bravery of a part of officials and soldiers has not been stable,
ambiguous, inattentive towards the enemy’s plots and tricks. The limitation on
awareness shall lead to a part of officials and soldiers to the instability about the
political position. A few officials and soldiers are unable to analyze and assess
the developments of domestic and international situation.
3.2.3. Advantages and limitations of social & political positivity of
officials and soldiers
* Advantages and limitations of social & political positivity
Active participation in political and social activities organized by the unit.
Officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security are available to receive
the tasks when assigned, strictly abide by the discipline of public security forces
and State law. The political and social positivity of officials and soldiers in the


16

Ministry of Public Security is also reflected in the results of the building a
strong and clean Party organization as well as a strong and comprehensive unit.
* Limitations on social & political positivity of officials and soldiers
A part of officials and soldiers participate in social & political activities
passively, reluctantly with low self-awareness. The results of learning, training
and professional operation of a part of cadres and soldiers remain unequal.
2.2.4. Advantages and limitations in mobilizing resources for political
and ideological education
* Well promoting human resources in political and ideological education
for officials and soldiers.
Advantages in leadership, management of political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers. Party Committee, Steering Committee of
Ministry of Public Security paid attention and directed the serious
implementation of political & ideological education for cadres and soldiers.
Organizations and forces have promoted their dynamics, creativity and
overcome difficulties, gradually raising the results of political & ideological
education for officers and soldiers.
Advantages in building a contingent of cadres who directly work in
political & ideological education. The contingent of cadres, lecturers and
reporters has developed in quantity and quality, meeting the requirements of
political & ideological education. Regularly consolidate and actively improve
and foster the quality of the contingent of officials and soldiers.
* Actively explore, create and strongly innovate the content, methods,
forms of political & ideological education
Through the inspection of the authorities and the Ministry of Public
Security, the agency always strictly abides by the regulations on the
promulgated program and contents. The reporters did well in praising and
encouraging positive and pointing out deviant and negative manifestations,
combining professional education with ethical education among the agencies at
ministry level.

* The results of mobilizing time, means, facilities and funding for political
& ideological education.
The agencies and units of the Ministry of Public Security have used a
reasonable time to conduct political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers. Paying attention to the investment and management and use of
facilities, and reasonable funding, contributing to improving the efficiency of
political & ideological education. Building a cultural environment and a healthy
educational environment to create favorable conditions for political &
ideological education.
* Limitations on mobilizing resources for political & ideological
education


17
The sense of responsibility of the subjects, the coordination and
promotion of the role of organizations, and forces remain limited. Human
resources directly participating in political & ideological education for
officials and soldiers are still inadequate. Results of innovating contents,
forms and methods of the political & ideological education have not met the
requirements. The use of time, funding, means and facilities for political &
ideological education is not reasonable. Building and promoting the positive
impact of the educational environment remain limited.
3.3. Issues raised toward improving the effectiveness of political &
ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public
Security currently
Improving the efficiency of political & ideological education for officials
and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security is the process of detecting and
resolving obstacles and problems that exist in each internal element of political
& ideological education and negative impacts from objective social
environment. Research to clarify issues posed as a basis to find out methods,

proposal and solutions to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers.
3.3.1. Conflict between the increasing demand for quality of education
and the limitations and inadequacies of subjects conducting political and
ideological education for officials and soldiers
The number and quality of subjects have a strong influence on the
effectiveness of political & ideological education, but in reality, the perception
of the subjects about the effectiveness of political & ideological education
remain limited. The sense of responsibility, enthusiasm, creativity and
exemplary have not meet the requirements. Educational, emotional and
persuasive capacity of cadres is still inadequate. In the end, the inadequacies in
capacity stem from the lack of enthusiasm, responsibility in the fostering and
training of the subject. This is the fundamental contradiction of improving the
effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in
the Lao Ministry of Public Security currently.
3.3.2. Conflict between the need to promote the positivity of the object
with the lack of interest, excitement, self-awareness of officials and soldiers
in political and ideological education
The degree of comprehension and transformation of political knowledge
into the action and sustainability of the effectiveness of political & ideological
education depend on the subjective dynamism of the object. From the
perspective of psychology, dynamism, political activism are rooted in the
political and social needs and interests of each official and soldier. Meanwhile,
the fluctuation of social structure and class leads to the increasing complexion
of demands and benefits of young learners. Passive psychology, political
ignorance and the appreciation of material benefits as well as personal interests


18
in officials and soldiers are increasing strongly affecting the self-awareness and

positiveness of officials and soldiers in political and ideological education. The
profound root reveals that some officials and soldiers do not have the social and
political demand of politics political & ideological education has not brought
practical benefits to them. It is necessary to request them to actively study and
foster politics because the political ignorance and lack of interest in this area
can be considered as a major contradiction of political & ideological education
in officials and soldiers of the the Lao Ministry of Public Security today.
3.3.3. Conflict between the increasing demand for effectiveness and
inadequacies in the content, form, method, means of political and ideological
education
The basic objective of political & ideological education is to educate
communist the beliefs for officials and soldiers, so it requires a high level of
scientific and persuasion, while the educational content is both complex,
abstract and overloaded for both teachers and learners. Although the basic
subjects are aware of the requirements for innovation, the reality shows the
lack of motivation and necessary conditions for means, facilities, time and
funding to promote strongly the process of renewing the contents, forms and
methods of political & ideological education in the officials and soldiers.
3.3.4. Conflict between the requirement of normality of the working
environment with the diversity and complexity of social life practice
Political & ideological education in officials and soldiers reaches high
efficiency only when there is a pedagogical and standard education
environment, however, the situation of today and in the coming years make it
difficult to satisfy that requirement. The negative impact of international and
regional situation continues to increase. Adverse impacts from the domestic
socio-economic situation still exist due to the slow and overhauled
limitations and shortcomings and the fierce resistance of the enemy to “nonpoliticize” the security forces. The working environment of officials and
soldiers continues to be negatively affected by the reverse of the market
mechanism. The lack of consistency between ideals and reality causes
difficulties for political & ideological education.

In summary, in the context including of both many advantages and several
difficulties and challenges, the officials and soldiers of the Lao People’s Security
Ministry have paid attention to mobilizing all resources to maintain and constantly
improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education. Thanks to such
attention, there have found the the positive change in awareness, attitudes, beliefs
and political - social positiveness of officials and soldiers. However, the reality of
political knowledge, the stability of the socio-political beliefs and motivation have
not met the requirements; and the use of resources is not really reasonable and
economical, so the efficiency remain low. In order to improve the effectiveness of
political & ideological education of the officials and soldiers in Ministry of Public


19
Security, attention must be paid to studying thoroughly how to resolve the existing
conflicts, especially the fundamental and principal conflicts.
Chapter 4
VIEWPOINTS AND EFFECTIVENESS TO IMPROVE
POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL EDUCATION FOR OFFICIALS AND
SOLDIERS IN THE LAO MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY
4.1. Viewpoints and effectiveness to improve political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security
4.1.1. Improving political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security is the responsibility of party
committees and commanders of the Ministry of Public Security
The party committees from the Ministry of Security to the Party cells in
the Party Committee must devise specific measures to build, consolidate and
consolidate the quality, fighting, persuasion and activeness, creativity, bravery
and morality of the team of reporters and propagators; overcome the
weaknesses and shortcomings, continue to innovate the content and operation
methods to meet the increasing requirements of political & ideological

education; pay attention to coordinate with agencies, units and organizations to
do ideological work to improve the efficiency of political & ideological
education.
4.1.2. Renovating political & ideological education for officials and
soldiers in line with the development trend of the digital revolution is an
indispensable trend set for the Party Committee and command of the Ministry
of Public Security
Previously, the Party and the State owned a number of reporters,
propagandists and mass media such as printed newspapers, radio and television,
and recently the electronic media as an official means to conduct political &
ideological education. Currently, the industrial revolution 4.0 has turned these
monopoly tools and facilities down to the secondary line and brought social
media to the throne by outstanding features such as providing abundant sources
of information which is rich, attractive and continuous than ever.
In this context, the Party Committee and the Ministry of Security Steering
Committee must pay attention to investing intellectually, enthusiastically in the
human resources to create new political & ideological education form, focusing
on promoting the achievements of Digital revolution. It is necessary to adapt
but not escape from the development of social networks, on the contrary, there
is a need to make the most of social networks in political & ideological
education so that they are suitable to each object, with a focus on young
officials and soldiers who are serving at the Ministry of Public Security.


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4.1.3. Political & ideological education must be based on a firm grasp
of the ideological situation and in accordance with the characteristics of the
officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security
Improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education must start
from the task of grasping, assessing and resolving the situation of ideological

officials, soldiers, on that basis to have the content, methods and forms of
conducting the political & ideological education that is suitable to each object,
meeting the requirements of the unit’s political tasks.
On the basis of properly grasping and assessing the ideological situation
of cadres and soldiers, it is necessary to classify the levels, associated with the
objects, with the tasks of each individual and collective to conduct appropriate
education. For the group of general rank, colonel, upper rank, the content of
education must be deeper, the form of talks, seminars and self-study is the
mainstream. For the group of lieutenant officers and employees, the content and
methods must have plans, systems and methodologies such as: political study,
political activities, ideological and specialized studies of officers
4.1.4. Combining education with self-education, “building” coupled
with "anti" to improve the effectiveness of political and ideological education
for officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security
Under the current conditions, the “building” task of political &
ideological education is to strengthen education for Marxism - Leninism, the
thought of Kaysone Phomvihane, the views, lines of the Party, policies and laws
of the State; the situation, the mission of the revolution, the task of security and
defense, the task of the security forces;
The “anti” task of political & ideological education is to regularly
struggle to expose wrong views, ideological and hostile views, prevent and
combat recession in political ideology, morality, lifestyle, and risk control.
“Self-evolutions”, “self-transformation” internally, timely prevent violations of
officials and soldiers. In particular, the struggle must be strengthened to prevent
the resistance of hostile forces in the field of ideology and culture in
cyberspace.
4.2. Solution to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological
education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security
Improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education for
officials and soldiers is an issue related to many levels and branches, but as a

strategic agency, the head of the security force, the Ministry of Public Security
needs aiming at maximizing the potentials of the specific working environment.
These are proactive, creative and internal solutions, which do not require much
time, effort, money and support of the above but quickly bring the highest
efficiency.


21
4.2.1. Raising awareness, responsibilities of party committee secretary,
commander of all levels in political & ideological education
Raising awareness of the secretary of the Party, who is in charge of the
effectiveness of political & ideological education. Promoting the role of the
party committee secretary, commander in political & ideological education in
officials and soldiers. Promoting the responsibilities of the leaders and heads of
the Ministry in orientation, direction and supervision of activities of the
political & ideological education.
4.2.2. Promoting the pioneering and exemplary character of senior staff
as an example for lower-level officials and soldiers to trust, study and follow
Promoting exemplary character, setting the example of Party Committee,
Standing Committee, Minister and Vice Ministers in Ministry agencies.
Promoting education and fostering of ideology, morality and lifestyle for senior
officials working at Ministry agencies. Strengthening inspection, control and
resolutely taking out of the ministry the officials and soldiers who are not yet
politicized, ideological and ethical.
4.2.3. Renovating educational content towards practicality, meeting the
political and social needs of officials and soldiers
In the trend of innovating educational content, it is to promote
learner’s activeness, positive, self-awareness. Political and ideological
education is also an educational activity but a belief education. Therefore, the
trust of the government is the basic and direct objective to conduct the

renovation of the content of the political and ideological education. The
spiritual effect of political and ideological education is belief, but it is
necessary to have knowledge first of all. The process of spreading knowledge
to the subject must comply with the rules of memory, the most important of
which is the rule of excitement, the rule of strong impression, the rule of
understanding information, etc. Therefore, internal renewal capacities, forms
and methods must comply with these rules. In order to build political beliefs
for officials and soldiers, a requirement for political and ideological
education is to convey proper, scientific and persuasive knowledge on the
principle of strength, through the emotional path of statue.
4.2.4. Innovating forms and methods, strengthening management and
rational and economic use of resources for political and ideological education
Innovating forms and methods is the solution mentioned in most scientific
works and projects on ideological work in general and political and ideological
education in particular. That said, the universality and importance of the
problem. Practices in the Ministry of Security in the past years also pointed out
the limitations of the efficiency of political and ideological education for
officials and soldiers that have caused from inadequate forms and methods.


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4.2.5. Promoting the role of self-education and self-training of each
official and soldier working at the Ministry of Public Security
Any human activity also contains internal needs and interests. No
administrative measures can force officials and soldiers to revel in knowledge,
self-discipline if not stemming from their own needs. Therefore, orienting the
right needs for officers and soldiers is a fundamental measure to solve the
average ideological ideology in the units of the Ministry of Public Security
today. It is a way to turn the education process into self-education, turning
knowledge into beliefs, turning beliefs into positive and voluntary actions of

officials and soldiers in the process of implementing the tasks assigned by the
Party and Lao tribes.
4.2.6. Building a healthy office culture contributing to improving the
effectiveness of political and ideological education
Building a healthy cultural environment must incorporate political
education, morality, and lifestyle, praising the good with resolute struggle with
negative behaviors. Ministry agencies need to statistics and generalize the
negative phenomena that often occur in the working environment at strategic
agencies. Since then, propose measures to fight resolutely and implement
seriously and seriously. In particular, it is necessary to promote self-criticism
and criticism in the activities of organizations, use collective public opinion to
eliminate from the working environment backward expressions of ideology,
morality, images the influence of bourgeois lifestyle, remnants of feudalism,
superstition, superstition, pragmatic perspectives that appreciate money,
belittling the value of moral character and revolutionary ideals.
In short, improving the effectiveness of political and ideological
education for officials and soldiers required the Ministry of Public Security to
synchronize solutions with the participation of the whole political system. As
the subject conducting political and ideological education for cadres, soldiers,
the Ministry of Public Security needs to carry out some specific solutions
towards sticking to the goal of educating beliefs, promoting potential factors
available in subjects and objects with the advantages of organization, staffing
and tasks of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security. In
particular, it is neccessary to focus on the basic solutions including: promoting
responsibility and exemplarity of the subject; educating orientation and
satisfying the socio-political needs of the subjects; vigorously renovating the
content, form and method and mobilizing all resources for political and
ideological education; building a healthy educational environment to educate
beliefs, ideal for officials and soldiers.

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CONCLUSION
1. The effectiveness of political and ideological education is an important
but complex issue, attracting the research interest of many domestic and foreign
scientists. Currently, although there have been some researches on this field, the
theoretical consensus is still not high. Practical requirements for building a
strong political security force in the period of promoting the industrialization
and modernization of the country requires deep research, profound and effective
interpretation under the perspective of scientific and ideological work, creating
a scientific basis to unify the awareness and action to further improve the
efficiency of the political and ideological education of the Party in general and
the political and ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao
Ministry of Public Security in particular.
2. By inheriting and developing research achievements on the
effectiveness of political and ideological education and applying to a specific
object for officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security, it is possible
to initially conclude: the effectiveness of political and ideological education for
officials and soldiers is the correlation between the results of political
knowledge acquisition, the formation of communist beliefs and the politicalsocial positivity of officials and soldiers under the impact of political and
ideological education and the rational use of resources to gain achivements
under specific conditions. The effectiveness of political and ideological
education shows many types and is the subject to the influence of the internal
factors of political and ideological education and the inside and outside
educational environment of the agencies of the Ministry of Public Security.
Effectiveness can only be measured by changes in the knowledge, beliefs and
political - social positiveness of officials and soldiers on the basis of comparing
with the reasonable and economic use of resources. The effectiveness of
political and ideological education has its ownspecific characteristics, therefore
in order to have the effective evaluation, it is necessary to have the right

scientific views, methods,and forms.
3. Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers at the
Ministry of PublicSecurity is the political and ideological education for an
object with high political quality and requirements, in a particular type of unit,
having greater advantages rather than other units. From 2012 to now, political
and ideological education in the Ministry of Public Security takes place in the
context of many advantages, but there are also many difficulties due to the
impacts from objective and subjective factors. In such conditions political and
ideological education for officials and soldiers has obtained many remarkable
achievements, creating a solid foundation to contribute significantly to the task
of building a strong political security force. However, in the comparision with
the achieved results with the training objectives and investment interest,


24
mobilization of resources and outstanding advantages of a strategic agency, it is
found that the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials
and soldiers remain low. Improving the effectivess of political and ideological
education for officials and soldiers is facing 4 issues that need to be solved.
Those are, the conflict between the purpose and requirements of political and
ideological education with limitations on human resources; with inadequacies
of content, form and method; with complex changes and deviations in the
personality trend of officials and soldiers; with difficulties in facilities and
means; with negative impacts from the internal and external educational
environment of the Ministry of Public Security.
4. In order to improve the effectiveness of political and ideological
education, there is a need of the right opinion and synchronized implementation
the solutions. In particular, from the viewpoint, this is considered an important
political task of the Ministry of Public Security; It is necessary to reform
methods must come together with timely grasping and applying the

achievements of the industrial revolution 4.0 on the basis of firm understanding
of the ideological and peculiar situation of the Ministry of Public Security; to
closely combine the buidling and the anti during the performance of political
and ideological education. Among solutions, the fastest, feasible and most
effective one is to exploit renewable resources. It is the exemplary, enthusiastic,
responsible feature of an educator; there is a need for the vigorous renewal of
content, forms and methods not for equipping a lot of knowledge but for the
direction that each knowledge unit must come from the love of each official and
soldier; it is also essential to stimulate social-political needs, making education
and forging come from the internal forces of every cadre and soldier;
investment and rational use of facilities and material facilities for political and
ideological education must be considered; there is a need of building units to
become advanced and exemplary models, and working closely with leaders and
local authorities to participate in building safe areas and fighting to prevent
negative phenomena entering the unit.
5. With the results achieved, the dissertation has not yet covered all the
angles and aspects of the effectiveness of political and ideological education. In
terms of theory, it is necessary to study the economics political and ideological
education in particular and work of thought in general. It is required to
interprete fully and deeply the correlation between spritual results and
economic costs. In practice, political and ideological education for officials and
soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security has many different subjects that
need to be studied independently. Therefore, it is necessary to have further
scientific works for an in-depth study of this issue.