Nghiên cứu đa dạng thực vật bậc cao có mạch và đề xuất các giải pháp bảo tồn ở khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên pù hoạt, tỉnh nghệ an tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

VIỆT NAM ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
-----------------------------

NGUYEN DANH HUNG
STUDYING VASCULAR PLANT DIVERSITY AND PROPOSING
CONSERVATION SOLUTIONS IN PU HOAT NATURE RESERVE,
NGHE AN PROVINCE

Major: Botany
Code: 9.42.01.11

ABSTRACT OF A THESIS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY

HA NOI, 2020


This Thesis was fulfilled at Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Supervisors:

1. Dr. Do Ngoc Dai
2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Minh Hoi

Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3

The Thesis will be defended at Graduate Universityof Science and Technology
– Viet Nam Academy Science and Technology

The Thesis can be found at: The National Library of Vietnam
Library of Graduate University of Science and Technology


INTRODUCTION
1. Rationales of study
Biodiversity has an extremely important role for humans. People have
used this resource for many different purposes: food, medicine and spiritual
activities such as customs, art-poetry, painting….are also derived from the
relationship between humans and the surrounding creatures.
Vietnam is located in the tropical monsoon climate zone. There for
having high biodiversity. Vietnam had been known about more than 13,000
species of vascular plants; This number is still increasing every year, having
many new species are discovered and added.
Pu Hoat Nature Reserve consists of large mountains with an altitude of
2,457 m. This area is in the "Biosphere Reserve of Western Nghe An"
recognized by UNESCO on 20/09/2007. It has a total area of 90,741 ha,
belonging 9 communes of Que Phong district, include: Thong Thu, Dong Van,
Tien Phong, Hanh Dich, Nam Giai, Tri Le, Nam Nhoong, Cam Muon and Chau
Thon, in the North West of Nghe An province, with the geographical
coordinates 19027’46”-19059’55” North latitude, 104037’-104014’ longitude.
Despite having abundant flora but there is very little research on them. Some
previous studies of Do Ngoc Dai et al. (2012), Nghe An Forestry Planning
Survey Team (2013), Department of Science and Technology of Nghe An
(2017). However, these studies are not systematic and fully updated on vascular

flora. So, I chose the topic: "Studying vascular plant diversity and proposing
conservation solutions in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province".
2. Objective of study
Study and evaluate the diversity of vascular flora (species composition,
vegetation) in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve in order to propose solutions for
conservation and sustainable development.
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL OVERVIEW
1.1. Perspective on biodiversity
Biodiversity and conservation issues have become a worldwide strategy.
Many international organizations have established to guide, assist and organize
the assessment, conservation and development of biodiversity throughout the
1


world. They are the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the
World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF), the International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute (IPGRI) ... Biodiversity conservation is at the heart of
conservation biology, but the term "biodiversity" has many definitions. The
definition proposed by the World Wide Fund For Nature WWF (1989) is as
follows: Biodiversity is the prosperity of life on earth, is the millions of plants,
animals and microorganisms, is the genes contained in species and extremely
complex ecosystems coexist in the environment. ” So biodiversity must be
calculated on three levels: Species diversity, ecosystem diversity and genetic
diversity.
1.2. Research on plants in the world
1.2.1. Research on flora
In European and American countries, the study of flora throughout the
territory has been completed long ago. Most of the specimens were collected

and stored in Herbarium such as: Kew (England), Paris Museum of Natural
History (France), New York (USA), St. Petersburg (Russia) ... So when
building nature reserves and national parks is very convenient and simple for
them. Some typical works of some Asian countries such as Flora of India, Flora
of Malaysia (1948-1972), Flora of Thailand (1970-2012), Flora of Hainam
(1971-1980) ), Flora of Yunnan (1997-1997), Flora of China (1994-2013),
(1968-2000), Flora of Hong Kong (2007-2009), Flora of Taiwan (1993-2000) ),
...
1.2.2. Research vegetation
Research on vegetation, there are a huge amount of different perspectives,
each of which offers specific ways of classifying such purposes as forest
classification based on structure and appearance. This is a classic direction
applied by many researchers such as A. F. Schimper (1903), Champion (1936),
A. Aubréville (1949), Schimithusen (1959), UNESCO (1973), ...
1.3. Research on plants in Vietnam
1.3.1. Research the flora
Research on flora in Vietnam is mainly by the authors of J. Loureiro
(1793), J.B.L. Pierre (1880), H. Lecomte et al (1907-1952), A. Aubréville
(1960-1996), Le Kha Ke et al (1971-1989), Pham Hoang Ho (1991-1993; 19992000), Collective of Vietnamese plant researchers (2001, 2003, 2005). In
addition, there are a number of separate family published documents such as
2


Orchidaceae Vietnam (L. Averyanov, 1994), Euphorbiaceae (Nguyen Nghia
Thin, 1999), Annonaceae (Nguyen Tien Ban, 2000), Lamiaceae (Vu Xuan
Phuong, 2000), Myrsinaceae (Tran Thi Kim Lien, 2002), Cyperaceae (Nguyen
Khac Khoi, 2002), ... Some studies on species composition diversity: T. Pócs
(1965), Phan Ke Loc (1969, 1980), Thai Van Trung (1978), Nguyen Nghia
Thin (1997), Le Tran Chan et al. (1999), Nguyen Tien Ban et al. (2005),….
1.3.2. Research vegetation

Some studies on the vegetation of foreigners such as Chevalier (1918),
Maurand (1943), Duong Ham Nghi (1956), Rollet, Ly Van Hoi and Neay Sam
Oil (1958), Loschau (1960), Schmid M. (1974), ....
In the country, there are a number of research works by the authors: Vu
Tu Lap (1976), Thai Van Trung (1978, 2000), Vu Dinh Hue (1984), Phan Ke
Loc (1985). In addition, there are a number of other studies such as Phung Ngoc
Lan (1996), Nguyen Nghia Thin (2004), ....
1.4. Research plant geographic factors
Studies on the lifeform spectra of the flora in Vietnam in general and
the flora systems of localities in particular have been applied according to the
plant life classification system of C. Raunkiær (1934). Some studies such as: T.
Pócs (1965) studied the life form spectrum of the flora of North Vietnam, Thai
Van Trung (1978) also applied other symbols for shoots and leaves according to
the season and sign conditions. of canopy shape, vines material, Le Tran Chan
(1999) ...
1.5. Studying life forms spectrum
Gagnepain was the first person to study, analyze and evaluate the plant
geographic factors of the Vietnamese flora (1926, 1944), T. Pócs (1965)
analyzed and sorted the plants in the North. Vietnam constitutes a group of
factors on the basis of the current distribution area without analyzing their
origin. Thai Van Trung (1978), Nguyen Nghia Thin (1999), ....
1.6. Studying plants in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Researching plants in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve before and later
establishing a management board had a number of works such as: Hoang Danh
Trung et al (2010) “Study on plant diversity in the buffer zone of Pu Hoat
Nature Reserve , Nghe An"; Do Ngoc Dai and Le Thi Huong (2012) initially
assessed the diversity of flora in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An announced
925 species; In 2013, the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute assessed
biodiversity to establish Pu Hoat Nature Reserve to announce 776 species. In
3

2017, the Department of Science and Technology has implemented the topic
"Surveying and assessing biodiversity in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve and proposing
conservation solutions" has recorded 1159 species, 469 genera and 122 families
in 5 vascular plant branches. In 2018, Xin Hong et al announced the Be species
(Didymocarpus puhoatensis) in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve.
1.7. Natural and socio-economic conditions in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
1.7.1. Natural conditions of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Pu Hoat Nature Reserve has a total natural area of 90,741 hectares, of
which 39,221 hectares of special use forest and 51.52 hectares of protection
forest. Located in 9 communes of Que Phong district: Tri Le, Tien Phong,
Thong Thu, Hanh Dich, Nam Giai, Dong Van, Nam Nhoong, Plug Muon and
Chau Thon.
1.7.2. Social and economic conditions
- Thai ethnic group has 8,148 people, accounting for 83.7%; The
H’Mong ethnic group has 3,310 people, accounting for 7.3%; Kho Mu ethnic
group has 412, accounting for 4.5%; The Kinh ethnic group has 1,832 people,
accounting for 4.1%;
CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
2.1. Materials and scope of study
All vascular plant species and vegetation statuses in Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve, Nghe An province.
2.2. Duration of study
This study was conducted from March of 2017 to August 2019. Sampling
was conducted in 6 times with 7 days per time.
2.3. Content of study
+ Making a species list in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve.
+ Assessing the diversity of taxa plant, life forms, geographic factors, use

values, rare plant species and conservation issues.
+ Classifying and describe the structure of vegetation types in Pu Hoat
Nature Reserve.
+ Proposing solutions to conservation of plant diversity in Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve.
2.4. Study methodology
2.4.1. Inheriting data method
4


This section has described the geographical, topographical, climatic,
social and floristic characteristics of study site, sample in Museum national and
international and previously published works.
2.4.2. Field survey methods
Field survey methods were adapted from “Plants research methods” by
Nguyen Nghia Thin (2008), Thai Van Trung (1999) and Klein R.M., Klein D.T.
(1975).
- Investigate the route: Based on a selection map of research routes. The
survey routes with different length are determined to go through all forest
states.The survey tour routes is marked on the map and marked in the field with
easily identifiable paint or nylon. Identify key survey routes to identify all
vascular plant species according to the proposed content.
Investigation in plots: Area of each standard plot is 2000m² with
dimensions of 40x50m. In each standard plot, 5 small standard plot are made in
4 corners and 1 middle plot, the area of the small standard plot is 25m² with the
size 5x5m. Then Detail descriped in each standard plot
- Sample collection At least two or three specimens per individual per
species were collected from the same study site. Size must reach 29 x 41cm and
can prune branches and leaves. All traits such as color, resin, characteristics of
flower, fruit and leaf, which may change due to subsequent procedures of

sample processing (e.g. drying), were documented in details. The plants were
also pictured by a digital camera (Canon).
2.4.3. Processing and presentation of samples
These samples were dried and stored in botany lab of Faculty of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Nghe An College of Economics
2.4.4. Species identification methods
The scientific species is determined by the comparative morphological
method, This is a traditional method used in plant classification research ever.
The species identification based on following documents:
- An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam (Pham Hoang Ho, 1991 - 1993, 1999 2000);
- Handbook to reference and identification of the families of
angiospermae plants in Vietnam (Nguyen Tien Ban, 1997);
- Vietnam forest trees (1971-1989);
- Flora of Iindochina (1907);
- Flora of China (1994-2002);
- Flora of Viet Nam (volume 1-21)
Check scientific name: The scientific names of the species have been
identified, check scientific names to ensure the systematic, avoid confusion and
errors, based on the Vietnam Plant List, I-III. and Website: http: // www.
5


theplantlist.org (The Plant List); consult the scientific name on http: // www.
ipni.org (The International Plant Names Index).
2.4.5. Making a Checklist of species
The list of species name is sorted by family, genus and species by
Brummitt (1992). The list also contains information on conservation status in
Red Data Book of Vietnam and other information including: life form,
geographical element and use value, sample.
2.4.6. Flora diversity assessment methods

2.4.6.1. Assess the diversity of Division , class, families and genus
Taxon diversity of flora: usingthe methods of Nguyen Nghia Thin (2008)
2.4.6.2. Assess the life form method
Determining and analyzing the life forms of the species according to the
Raunkiær life-scale division (1934).
2.4.6.3. Assess the geographical element method
The establishment of the geographical element, applying the division of
Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007).
2.4.6.4.Methods of assessing the use value and threat levels
Statistical calculating of useful species from botanical monograph
documents such as: Vietnam dictionary of medicinal plants (2012),“1900 used
plant species in Vietnam” (1993),“ Checklist of Vietnam of plant species”(2003,
2005),...
2.4.7. Method of mapping vegetation and system of units Vegetation
Step 1. Preparation:
Step 2. Processing remote sensing images:
Step 3. Establishment of vegetation map:
2.4.8. Method of the proposed construction solutions to manage and
conserve plant diversity in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Species composition diversity in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
3.1.1. Taxa diversity
3.1.1.1. Diversity of division
Identified 2,367 plant species and 3 varieties belong to 885 genera, 208
families of 6 divisions of vascular plant species (table 3.1). Which has
discovered and described 3 new species for science expected to name:Camellia
ngheanensis Do N.D., Luong V.D., Ly N.S., Le T.H. & Nguyen D.H, Camellia
puhoatensis Luong V.D., Ly N.S., Le T.H., Nguyen D.H. & Do N.D belong to
6

Theaceae family and Loxotigma puhoatensis Ly N.S., Le T.H., Nguyen D.H. &
Do N.D. - Gesneriaceae familly.
This research, Recording 4 new species to the flora of Vietnam:
Zingiber nudicarpum D. Feng, Zingiber neotruncatum T.L. Wu, K. Larsen &
Turland, Amomum glabrum S. Q. Tong, Spatholobus pulcher Dunn.
Besides, there are 8 recently newly published species for science and
new record for the flora of Vietnam in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve: Neolitsea
vuquangensis Mitsuyuki & Yahara belong to Lauraceae family, Goniothalamus
banii B.H. Quang, R.K. Choudhary & V.T. Chinh of Annonaceae family,
Zingiber castaneum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn, Zingiber nitens M.F. Newman,
Alpinia polyantha D. Fang, Amomum velutina X.E.Ye, Škorničk. & N.H. Xia,
Zingiber vuquangense Ly N.S., Le T.H., Do N.D., Trinh T.H, Nguyen V.H,
Amomum cinnamomeum Škorničk., Luu & H.Đ. Trần belong to Zingiberaceae .
Table 3.1. Taxa distribution in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Family
Genus
Species
Division
Number of
Number
Number
%
%
%)
falimilies
of genera
of species
Psilotophyta

1
0.48
1
0.11
1
0.04
Lycopodiophyta
2
0.96
4
0.45
30
1.24
Equisetophyta
1
0.48
1
0.11
1
0.04
Polypodiophyta
27
12.98
83
9.38
233
9.61
Pinophyta
8
3.85

11
1.24
16
0.66
Magnoliophyta
169
81.25
785
88.70
2.144
88.49
Total
208
100
885
100
2.425
100
From table 3.1 and Figure 3.1., we found that most taxa belonged to
Magnoliophyta with 2,144 species (88.49%), 785 genera (88.70%) and 169
families (81.25%), following is Polypodiophyta with 233 species (9.61%), 83
genera (9.38%) and 27 families (12.98%). Pinophyta has 16 species (0.66%), 11
genera (1.24%) and 8 families (3.85%). Lycopodiophyta with 30 species
(1.24%), 4 genera (0.45%) and 2 families (0.96%). Equisetophyta and
Psilotophyta have 1 species (0.04%), 1 genus (0.11%) and 1 family (0.48%). So,
Magnoliophyta were mainly found taxa in Pu Hoat which is in agreement with
plant evolution, because Magnoliophyta is the most dominant division of
vascular plants.
7

Figure 3.1. Taxa distribution in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
The ratio between two classes in Magnoliophyta: The unequal distribution of
taxon level was found not only in division but also between two classes in
Magnoliophyta. The result was shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2. Distribution in two classes of Magnoliophyta
Family
Genus
Species
Class
Number of
Number
Number of
%
%
%
falimilies
of genera
species
Magnoliopsida
132
78.11
608
77.32
1.682
78.45
Liliopsida
37
21.89
177

22.68
462
21.55
Total
169
100
785
100
2.144
100
Ratio Mag./Li.
3.57
3.41
3.64
The Magnoliopsida was more abundant with > 70% of families, genera and
species of division; the Liliopsida only accounted for 37 families (21.89%) of
which including 177 genera (22.68%) and 462 species (21.55%). This is
reasonable because Magnoliopsida is alway dominated compared to Liliopsida
and in agreement with previous studies of Phung Ngoc Lan et al. (1996),
Nguyen Nghia Thin et al. (2004) which investigated different flora in
Vietnam.
8


Figule 3.2. Percentage of Magnoliopsida class compared to Liliopsida class in
Magnoliophyta
The ratio of comparable taxa between Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida was
always greater than 3. Thus, the flora characteristics of flora in Ph Hoat Nature
Resever in particular, and in Vietnam in general, represent for tropical-monsoon
flora types. This result is in greement with the prediction of Nguyen Nghia Thin

(2008) which stated that the ratio between Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida in
tropical areas is always greater than 3.
3.1.1.2. Diversity of family
Among 208 families which have been identified in Pu Hoat, most of them
belongs to Magnoliophyta which includes 169 families (account for 81.25 % of
families), Polypodiophyta having 27 families (12.98%), Pinophyta consists of 8
families (3.85%). Lycopodiophyta including 2 families, Psilotophyta and
Equisetophyta having only 1 species.
Among 208 families, 49 families have only 1 species, 34 families have 2
species. Per family, 15 families have 3 species per family, 6 families have 4
species per family, 37 families have 5-9 species per family and 67 families have
more 10 species per family. When assessing the diversity of a flora, people
often analyze the 10 most diverse families of that flora. Because the percentage
(%) of the 10 most diverse families compared to the total species of the whole
system is considered the face of each flora and a reliable comparison indicator.
In Pu Hoat Nature Reserve10 families most diverse have 787 species
(32.19%). The most diverse families of the flora Pu Hoat Nature Reserve (more
9


than 100 species): Euphorbiaceae having 119 species (4.91%); following
Lauraceae including 113 species (4.66%); Rubiaceae consist 102 species
(4.21%). 7 famiies having from 50 to 78 species (2.06% - 3.22%).
Thus, the total number of species of the 10 most diverse families in Pu
Hoat Nature Reserve accounts for 32.45% in accordance with A.I. Tonmachop
(1974) considers that the 10 most diverse families of tropical flora usually
account for no more than 40-50% of the total species of flora and very few
families account for more than 10% of the species of the whole system. This
result is also consistent with some published results of flora study authors in
different regions such as Xuan Lien Nature Reserve (27.18%), Ben En Nature

Reserve (40.3%). , Pu Mat National Park (32.81%), Pu Luong Nature Reserve
(27.83%).
3.1.1.3. Diversity of genus
Among of 885 genera had known, the 10 genera (although account for
only 1.13% of the total number of genera) but have 229 species, accounting for
9.44% of the total species of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve. Genus Ficus is the most
abundant with 43 species (1.77%). This genus is considered a typical genus for
tropical rain forests, they are widely distributed from low to medium belts.
Following genus Litsea having 31 species (1,28%), Cinnamomum with 24
species (0.99%). Asplenium including 21 species (0.87%). 6 genera have 17-20
species (0.70-0.82%).
The genera which are most abundant in species are Syzygium, Litsea,
Piper and Cinnamomum. The rest genera have 6-12 species per genus. Notably,
the genera Litsea, Cinnamomum, Syzygium are typical, taking part in the
structure of the main vegetation of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve. 2 genera
Asplenium and Selaginella have characteristic properties of the grass. This
shows that the nature of the flora in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve is tropical
monsoon.
3.1.2. Diversity of use value
Based on available information from botanical monograph documents
such as: Vietnam dictionary of medicinal plants (2012),“ 1900 used plant species
in Vietnam” (1993),“ Checklist of Vietnam of plant species” (2003, 2005),...
combined with the results of interviewing the community during the field
survey, it is possible to arrange the plant species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve into
13 different use value groups (table 3.13).
10


Table 3.13. The value of use of plant species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Number of

species
1
Medicinal
THU
1103
2
Woody
LGO
348
3
Edible
ANĐ
263
4
Ornamental
CAN
205
5
Essential oil
CTD
197
6
Fodder
AGS
38
7
Tannin
TAN
30
8

Fat oil
CDB
29
9
Yarn
SOI
39
10 Spice
GVI
21
11 Dyeing
NHU
13
12 Toxic
DOC
12
13 Sap
CNH
7
*
A species may have one or more different uses
TT

The value of use

Symbol

Percentage
(%)
45.48

14.35
10.85
8.45
8.12
1.57
1.24
1.20
1.61
0.87
0.54
0.49
0.29

Figure 3.6. The value of use of plant species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
The result of statistics is 1,513 species with use value, accounting for
62.39% of the total species. Among them, the group of plants most used is
11


medicinal plants with 1,103 species, accounting for 45.48% of the total number
of species; followed by trees for wood with 348 species, accounting for
14.35%; edible plants with 263 species, accounting for 10.85%; ornamental
plants with 205 species, accounting for 8.45%; essential oil plants with 197
species, accounting for 8.12%; The remaining user groups have from 5 to 38
species, accounting for 0.21% to 1.57% as shown in Figure 3.6.
3.1.3. Diverse life form
A plant community is characterized structurally by the life forms of the
species that make up that flora. Each species has certain morphological
characteristics distinguished from other species, which is the result of evolution,
long-term process of adaptation to external conditions. Therefore, for a flora, it

is very important to establish a lifeform spectrometer, which helps to determine
the morphological structure of the system and thereby offer optimal measures
for conservation and exploitation.
Applying the life-form classification system of Raunkiaer (1934) when
analyzing the lifeform spectrum the flora of Pu Hoat, 2.425 species were
identified, the results are shown in Table 3.15.
Table 3.15. Life forms of plants species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Number Percentag
Life form
Symbol
of species
e (%)
Phanerophytes
Ph
1.781
73.44
Chamaephytes
Ch
359
14.80
Hemicryptophytes
Hm
51
2.10
Cryptophytes
Cr
85
3.51
Therophytes
Th

149
6.14
Total
2,.425
100
The results in Table 3.15 show that the Phanerophytes (Ph) dominated
with 1,781 species, accounting for 73.44% of the total number of species.
Mainly their families: Annonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae,
Theaceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae),…;
followed Chamaephytes (Ch) with 359 species accounting for 14.80%. Families
belong to Chamaephytes: Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae,… Therophytes
(Th) having 149 species (6.14%). Cryptophytes (Cr) with 85 species (3,51%).
Hemicryptophytes is the lowest with 51 species (2.10%).
12


From the results of the study, the life form of the Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve was established:
SB = 73.44% Ph + 14.80% Ch + 2.10% Hm + 3.51% Cr + 6.14% Th.

Figure 3.7. The life form of the flora of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Analysis of the number of species belonging to the above
Phanerophytes (Ph), among the life forms is shown in table 3.17.
Table 3.17. Survival rate of Phanerophytes (Ph) in flora of Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve
Number Percentage
Phanerophytes
Symbol
of species
(%)

Magaphanerophytes > 30 m
Mg
82
4.60
Mesphanerophytes: 8-30 m

Me

403

22.63

Microphanerophytes 2-8 m

Mi

459

25.77

Nanophanerophytes

Na

260

14.60

Epiphytes

Ep

34

1.91

Phanerophytes

Hp

146

8.20

Lianes phanerophytes

Lp

383

21.50

Parasite and Hemiparasite

Pp

5

0.28

Hydrophytes

Hy

8

0.33

Succulentes

Suc

1

0.06

1,773

100

Total
13


From the results obtained in the above table, a life form spectrum has
been established as follows:
Ph = 4.60%Mg + 22.63%Me + 25.77%Mi + 14.60%Na + 21.50%Lp +
1.91%Ep + 8.20%Hp + 0.28%Pp + 0.06%Suc + 0.45%Hy.
In the group of Phanerophytes, Microphanerophytes (Mi) accounted for
the highest proportion with 25.77%, mainly species belonging to families:

Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Verbenaceae, Ebenaceae, Moraceae,
Rutaceae. Following Mesophanerophytes (Me) accounting for 22.63%. Families
belonging to this group: Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Fabaceae,
Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapindaceae, Theaceae, Caesalpiniaceae,… Families
belonging to Lianophanerophytes (Lp) (21.50%): Annonaceae, Connaraceae,
Vitaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Menispermaceae,… Nanophanerophytes (Na)
(14.60%). Belonging to have families: Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Verbenaceae,
Rutaceae, Rubiaceae,… Phanerophytes (Hp) mainly belongs to families in the
Division: Polypodiophyta, Lycopodiophyta and families: Poaceae, Lamiaceae,…
Magaphanerophytes accounts 4.60%. Belongs to this group are large tree species
of families: Podocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae,
Magnoliaceae, Fagaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae,… Epiphytes Group account
1.91%, belong to Araceae, Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae,… Group Hydrophytes
(Hy), Parasite and Hemiparasite (Pp) and Succulentes (Suc) accounting low
percentage corresponding: 0.45%; 0.28% and 0.06% .

Figure 3.8. Life form of Phanerophytes in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
14


From the above data, it shows that in humid tropical area,
Phanerophytes is often dominant and characteristic of flora. This was also
confirmed through the works of Raunkiaer (1934), Richard (1969), Nguyen
Nghia Thin (2004, 2006), Le Tran Chan et al. (1999), Le Thi Huong et al.
(2015), Dau Ba Thin et al. (2016), Nguyen Thanh Nhan (2017),…
3.1.4. Diverse geographical element
The geographical element of plants show us that a species is endemic
or migratory and to know the extent of similarity or difference in the
distribution of plant species. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geographic
element of flora.

When studying the geographical element of flora in Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve, based on the classification framework of Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007)
has been divided into 8 main element.
Among of 2,425 vascular plant species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve,
geographic element of 2,409 species have been identified, and 16 species have
not enough information to identify (this group is classified into 8 geographic
element). Among the identified species, they can be classified into geographical
element and summarized in Table 3.18 and Figure 3.9.
Table 3.18. The Geographical element of plant species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Number
Number
Sym
%
%
Element
of species
of species
bol
1
All world
6
0.25
6
0.25
2
Inter Tropical
60
2.47
Inter Tropical
2.1 Asia, AmericaTropical

2
0.08
2.2 Asia, Africa, AmericaTropical
5
0.21
70
2.89
2.3 Tropical Asia, Australia, the
US and the Pacific Islands
3
0.12
3
Old Tropical
17
0.70
Old Tropical
3.1 Asia-Australia Tropical
120
4.95
160
6.60
3.2 Asia-Africa Tropical
23
0.95
4
Asian Tropical
436
17.98
Asian Tropical
4.1 Southeast Asia-Malêsia

Continent
241
9.94
1281
52.82
4.2 Southeast Asia Continent
218
8.99

15


4.3
4.4
4.5
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6
6.1
7
8

Southeast Asia
- Himalaya Continent
Indochina-South China
Indochina Endemic
Temperate zone

Asia-North America
Temperate
The ancient world Temperate
Temperate in the
Mediterranean
East Asia
Endemic of Vietnam
Close endemic Vietnam
Crop element
Unknown element
Tổng số

122
130
134
1

5.03
5.36
5.53
0.04

0
1

0.00
0.04

6
107

396
313
68
16
2425

0.25
4.41
16.33
12.91
2.80
0.66
100

Temperate zone

115

4.74

Endemic of Vietnam
709
29.24
68
2.80
16
0.66
2425
100

- Asian Tropical element with 1,281 species (52.82%) is a dominant
element group compared to the remaining groups of the Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve.
- Old Tropical element having 160 species (6.60% ). This is the element
that the species spread from Australia to Asia and Africa.

Figure 3.9. The main geographical element of Pu Hoat
16


- Temperate zone element including 115 species (4.74%), They are
distributed mainly in old temperate zone of the world with 1 species, Eurasian
temperate zone with 6 species and Northeast Asia to Japan with 107 species.
- Global element with 6 species, accounting for 0.25%. These species are
widely distributed in the world.
- Crop element with 68 species (2.80%). These species have been
acclimatized and are now widely distributed in the wild.
- Among tropical elements, the Asian tropical element is the largest with
436 species (17.98%), followed by Southeast Asia-Malezi with 241 species,
accounting for 9.94%; Southeast Asia-India with 218 species (8.99%);
Indochina Endemic factor with 134 species, accounting for 5.53%; IndochinaSouth China with 130 species, accounting for 5.36% and the lowest is Southeast
Asia-Himalaya with 112 species, accounting for 5.03%.
- Endemic and close Endemic element with 709 species, accounting for
29.24% of the total species; of which, the Endemic element with 396 species,
accounting for 16.33% of the total number of species; close endemic element
with 313 species, accounting for 12.91%.
The percentage of endemic and semi-endemic elements in Pu Hoat
<30%. It is also consistent with the research results of Thai Van Trung (1978),
Le Tran Chan et al. (1999) suggested that Vietnam's flora has over 30% of
endemic and near endemic species. In particular, there are 3 new species

discovered for science and recently recorded for distribution in Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve such as: Camellia ngheanensis Do N.D., Lương V.D., Ly N.S., Le T.H.
& Nguyen D.H., Camellia puhoatensis Luong V.D., Ly N.S., Le T.H., Nguyen
D.H. & Do N.D belong to Theaceae family and Loxotigma puhoatensis Ly N.S.,
Le T.H., Nguyen D.H. & Do N.D. of family Gesneriaceae.
3.1.5. Diversity of rare genetic resouce and preservation
Based on the Red Data Book of Vietnam (2007), IUCN (2017), in Decree
06/2019 by Government (2019).
This study has identified 129 species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghean
province which are under extinct risk.
Among 129 species which were identified as under extinct risk at different
levels, 112 species are listed in Red Data Book of Vietnam (2007) with 5
species at CR level, 37 species at EN level and 69 species at VU level. 1 species
at LR level. Such as some species: Cunninghamia konishii, Fokienia hodginsii,
Amentotaxus yunnanensis, Asarum glabrum, Goniothalamus tamdaoensi,...
17


In addition, the trade of 25 species are banned in Vietnam marked
according to regulation of in Decree 06/2019/NĐ-CP by Government (2019).
These are medicinal plants, ornamental plants and wood plants which are
exploited hardly. Thus, their reserves remain only little and their habitats are
narrowing in which currently only some species are found in some places in the
park. Such as: Paramichelia baillonii, Nervilia aragoana, Acorus
macrospadiceus, Polygonatum kingianum, Dendrobium chrysanthum,...
According to IUCN (2017), there are 15 species. 3 species at EN level:
Cunninghamia konishii Hayata, Hopea pierrei Hance, Cinnamomum balansae
Lecomte, , 6 species at VU level: Madhuca pasquieri (Dub.) Lam, Dalbergia
cochinchinensis Pierre, Dipterocarpus retusus Blume, Fokienia hodginsii
(Dunn) A. Henry & H. H. Thomas, Keteleeria evelyniana Mast, Amentotaxus

yunnanensis H.L.Li and 6 species at LR level: Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz,
Cycas dolichophylla K.D.Hill, T.Nguyen & P.K.Lôc, Gnetum montanum
Markgr, Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub., Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) de
Laub., Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall. (. The results are shown in Table 3.19.
Table 3.19. Distribution of species according to the degree of threat in Pu Hoat
Nature Reserve
Threatearned levels
CR
EN
VU
LR
IA
IIA
Red Data Book of Vietnam
5
37
69
1
(2007)
Decree 06/2019
2
23
IUCN (2017)
3
6
6
Total
5
40
75

7
2
23
As such, the genetic resources of plant threatened with extinction in Pu
Hoat Nature Reserve are diverse, belonging to many different groups. Based on
the research results, a map of the distribution of endangered plant species in Pu
Hoat Nature Reserve has been made. Therefore, this is a scientific basis for the
authorities to have intensive and rational research policies to conserve and
sustainably develop them in the future.
3.1.6. Some new findings for science and theVietnamese flora in Pu Hoat
Nature Reserve
The research results have discovered and described three new species
for science: Camellia ngheanensis ND Do, VD Luong, NS Ly, TH Le & DH
Nguyen, Camellia puhoatensis Luong VD, Ly NS, Le TH, Nguyen DH & Do
ND and Loxotigma puhoatensis Ly NS, Le TH, Nguyen DH & Do ND. Adding
4 new species to the Vietnamese flora: Zingiber nudicarpum D. Feng, Zingiber
neotruncatum TL Wu, K. Larsen & Turland, Amomum glabrum SQ Tong,
Spatholobus pulcher Dunn.
3.2. Diversity of vegetation in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
18


The area surveyed and developed the vegetation map of Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve was implemented at: Tri Le, Cam Muon, Nam Giai, Hanh Dich, Tien
Phong, Thong Thu and Dong Van. Total routes: 33 routes, total length of
survey routes is about: 537 km; The total investigated acreage is about: 1075
ha; Total number of standard box: 30 standard box.
Routes and Standard box in the study areas are as follows:
Tri Le, Number of routes: 8 routes (Cắm Muộn, Du sam núi đất, Sa
mộc dầu, Đỉnh Pù Hoạt), total length of survey routes is about: 130 km; The

total investigated acreage is about: 261 ha; Total number of standard box: 9
standard box.
Nậm Giải - Hạnh Dịch – Tiền Phong, Number of routes: 15 routes, total
length of survey routes is about: 245 km; The total investigated acreage is
about: 489 ha; Total number of standard box: 11 standard box.
Thông Thụ, Number of routes: 07 routes, total length of survey routes is
about: 114 km; The total investigated acreage is about: 228 ha; Total number of
standard box: 06 standard box.
Đồng Văn, Number of routes: 03 routes, total length of survey routes is
about: 49 km; The total investigated acreage is about: 98 ha; Total number of
standard box: 04 standard box.
3.2.1. Vegetation types in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
Identified Pu Hoat Nature Reserve as having 6 Vegetation types ,
including:
- Tropical moist closed evergreen forests, rain forest (<700 m),
- Tropical moist closed-leaved forests (<700 m);
- Grassland, shrubs, trees scattered (<700 m);
- Evergreen broad leaved forests, subtropical low rain forests (7001.800m);
- The subtropical moist mixed broad- leaved and conifer low mountain
forest (700-1.800m);
- Pants cold upland vegetation (mountain pinnacle >1.800m).
Area and distribution value of vegetation types are summarized in Table
3.21.
Table 3.21. Area of vegetation types in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
o
N
Vegetables types
Ha
1 Tropical moist closed evergreen forests, rain forest (<700 m) 25,562,97
2 Grassland, shrubs, trees scattered (<700 m)

2,640,05
3 Tropical moist closed-leaved forests (<700 m)
56,89
4 Evergreen broad leaved forests, subtropical low rain forests
41,761,19
(700-1.800 m)
5 The subtropical moist mixed broad- leaved and conifer low
13,336,09
mountain forest (700-1.800 m)
19


6
7
8

Pants cold upland vegetation (mountain pinnacle >1.800m).
Water surface area
Other area
Total

1,105.60
96,11
6,182.1
90,741.00

There are 3 types of carpet occupying the main area of Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve: Evergreen broad leaved forests, subtropical low rain forests (7001,800 m), tropical moist closed evergreen forests, rain forest (<700 m), The
subtropical moist mixed broad- leaved and conifer low mountain forest (7001,800 m)
3.2.3. Characteristics of carpet types in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve

3.2.3.1.Tropical moist closed evergreen forests, rain forest (<700 m)
The forest consists of 3 layer of wood trees, 1 layer of low shrubs, 1
layer of deciduous grass and extra-terrestrial plants; This type of vegetation is
quite common in the natural forest types in Hanh Dich, Thong Thu, Tien
Phong, Nam Giai and Tri Le of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve at elevations below
700 m.
3.2.3.2. Tropical moist closed-leaved forests (<700 m)
This type of secondary forest, pure plantations forest or scrubs narrow
distribution and scattered in areas of Pu Hoat including Tri Le, Hanh Dich,
Chau Thon and Dong Van areas. Forest structure consists of 2-5 layer.
3.2.3.3. Grassland, shrubs, trees scattered (<700 m)
This type of vegetation is very narrow in Pu Hoat, mainly in areas
where people cultivate land and fallow land. Forests usually consist of 2-3
layer, small trees, shrubs and grasses with regenerated and light demanding
species.
Small trees: Grewia glabra Blume, Sterculia hymenocalyx K. Schum,
Pterospermum megalocarpum Tardieu, Macclurodendron oligophlebia (Merr.)
Hartl, Syzygium chanlos (Gagnep.) Merr.& Perry, Phoebe lanceolata (Wall. ex
Nees) Nees, Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers, Actinodaphne pilosa (Lour.) Merr.,
Cratoxylon formosum (Jack.) Benth.&Hook. f. ex Dyer, Sapium baccata Roxb,
Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb, Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell-Arg,
Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muell-Arg., Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex
Blume) Endl. ex Hassk..
Shurbs: Callicarpa erioclona Schauer in DC., Helicteres hirsuta Lour,
Solanum album Lour., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC., Euodia lepta
(Spreng.) Merr., Randia fasciculata var. velutina Pierre, Mussaenda erosa
Champ. ex Benth., Maesa montanaA.DC., Maesa acuminatissima Merr., Ficus
simplicissma Lour., Melastoma normale D. Don, Mallotus apelta (Lour.)
Muell.-Arg., Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook.f., Aporosa macrostachya (Tul.)
20

Müll.-Arg. in DC., Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston, Tabernaemontana bovina
Lour.
Grasses: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., Microstegium vagans (Steud)
A. Camus, Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Schotz, Fimbristylis gracilenta
Hance, Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Crotalaria incana L., Argyreia acuta
Lour., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hatt, Lygodium
scandens (L.) Sw., Pteris linearis Poir., Colysis digitata (Baker) Ching.
3.2.3.4. Evergreen broad leaved forests, subtropical low rain forests (7001.800 m)
In Pu Hoat this type of vegetation is mainly sub-tropical low mountain
belt: The forest consists of 5 floors, of which there are 3 layers of trees, low
shrubs and vegetation grass; This type of vegetation is distributed in the
broadleaf natural forests of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve at an altitude of over 700m,
the species composition is mostly tropical and subtropical plant families.
3.2.3.5. The subtropical moist mixed broad- leaved and conifer low
mountain forest (700-1.800 m)
This type belongs to the sub-tropical low mountain belt. Distributed at
an altitude of 700-1,800 m. The forest consists of 5 floors, of which there are 3
floors of woody trees, low shrub layers and vegetative grass layer; This type of
carpet is quite common in the natural forest types of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve at
an altitude of over 700m in Tri Le, Nam Giai, Hanh Dich and Thong Thu
Communes. tropical and subtropical wide.
3.2.3.6. Pants cold upland vegetation (mountain pinnacle >1,800m)
This type of vegetation is often found in dry, cold clam zone, usually on
the top of Pu Hoat mountain, which is over 1,800m high. The composition of
plants consists of 3 main layers: woody layer, shrub layer and grass layer. It is
mainly dwarf tree because the wind is very high at this height.
3.3. Proposing solutions for biodiversity conservation in Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve

3.3.1. Causes of threats to plant diversity in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
- Illegal conversion of forest use purposes
- Exploit wood
- Illegal exploitation of forest products:
- Constructing roads in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve
- Grazing of
- Construction of hydroelectric plants
- awareness of the people are Limited
3.3.2. Advantages in the conservation of plant diversity
- Natural conditions and economic social
- Regarding mechanisms, policies, programs and projects of the state
and localities
21


3.3.3. Difficulties in the conservation of plant diversity
- Natural conditions and economic social
- Regarding mechanisms, policies, programs and projects of the state
and localities
3.3.4. Proposing solutions for management of flora in Pu Hoat NR
3.3.4.1. Insitu preservation
3.3.4.2. Economic development and income enhancement for local community
3.3.4.3. Enhancement of forest management and protection
3.3.4.4. Actively reviewing, assessing and strictly controlling plannings and
projects about socio-economic development that affect area and quality of the
forest
3.3.4.5. Enhancement of scientific study activities
3.3.4.6. . Enhancement of mechanisms, policies and supervision
3.3.4.7. Enhancement staff capacity in forest protection and management
3.3.4.8. Strengthening the coordination among branches and border posts of

People's Committees of communes in the area
3.3.4.9. Promote cooperation and international integration in the field of forest
management, protection and development

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
1. Conclusion
1. The flora of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve has been identified 2,425 species
and varieties belonging to 885 genera, 208 families of 6 vascular plant Division,
Psilotophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Pinophyta and
Magnoliophyta.
2. Describe three new species for science, the proposed names: Camellia
ngheanensis Do N.D., Luong V.D., Ly N.S., Le T.H. & Nguyen D.H., Camellia
puhoatensis Luong V.D., Ly N.S., Le T.H., Nguyen D.H. & Do N.D., Loxotigma
puhoatensis Ly N.S., Le T.H., Nguyen D.H. & Do N.D.
New recorded 4 species to the Vietnamese flora: Zingiber nudicarpum D.
Feng, Zingiber neotruncatum T.L. Wu, K. Larsen & Turland, Amomum glabrum
S.Q. Tong; Spatholobus pulcher Dunn.
3. The most diverse families are: Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae,
Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae, Moraceae, Araceae, Rutaceae.
4. The most diverse genera are: Ficus, Litsea, Cinnamomum, Asplenium,
Selaginella, Bauhinia, Smilax, Syzygium, Fissistigma và Lasianthus.
5.Use value: medicine (1,103 species), wood usage (348 species), edible
(263 species), ornament (205 species), essential oil (197 species), fodder (38
22


species), tannin (30 species), fat oil (29 species),yan (22 spesies), spice (21
species), Dyeing (13 species) and Sap and toxic (7 species).
6. The life -form of the flora of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve: SB = 73.44% Ph
+ 14.80% Ch + 2.10% Hm + 3.51% Cr + 6.14% Th.

7. The flora of Pu Hoat Nature Reserve has 8 geographical element, of
which Asian tropical elements account for 52.82%, proprietary elements
account for 29.24%, ancient tropical elements account for 6.60%, temperate
factors accounted for 4.74%, inter-tropical factors accounted for 2.89%, crop
factors accounted for 2.80%, global factors accounted for 0.25% and
unidentified factors accounted for 0.66 %.
Old Tropical element having 160 species (6,60% ). This is the element
that the species spread from Australia to Asia and Africa.
Temperate zone element including 115 species (4,74%), They are
distributed mainly in old temperate zone of the world with 1 species, Eurasian
temperate zone with 6 species and Northeast Asia to Japan with 107 species.
- Global element with 6 species, accounting for 0.25%. These species are
widely distributed in the world.
- Crop element with 68 species (2.80%). These species have been
acclimatized and are now widely distributed in the wild.
- Among tropical elements, the Asian tropical element is the largest with
436 species (17,98%), followed by Southeast Asia-Malezi with 241 species,
accounting for 9.94%; Southeast Asia-India with 218 species (8.99%);
Indochina Endemic factor with 134 species, accounting for 5.53%; IndochinaSouth China with 130 species, accounting for 5.36% and the lowest is Southeast
Asia-Himalaya with 112 species, accounting for 5.03%.
- Endemic and close Endemic element with 709 species ( 29.24%), old
tropical element (6.60%), temperate element (4.74%), inter-tropical (2.89%),
Crop element (2.80%), Global element (0.25%) and Unidentified element
(0.66%).
8. Identified 129 species and varieties risk of extinction, the Red Data
Book of Vietnam (2007) with 112 species, IUCN (2017), in Decree 06/2019
in Vietnam Red Data Book (2007), List of Decree 06/2019/ by
Government (2019). with 25 species and IUCN (2017) with 15 species.
Mapping the distribution of endangered species in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve..
9. The forest vegetation in Pu Hoạt Nature Reserve has been classified

and described, including 6 mainly vegetation types based on at the tropical
moist closed evergreen forests, rain forest (<700 m), Tropical moist closedleaved forests (<700 m); Grassland, shrubs, trees scattered (<700 m); Evergreen
broad leaved forests, subtropical low rain forests (700-1,800m); The subtropical
moist mixed broad- leaved and conifer low mountain forest (700-1,800m);
Pants cold upland vegetation (mountain pinnacle >1,800m). A vegetation map
23