NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH 12: CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG, BỊ ĐỘNG CHỌN LỌC, FREE

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 7: CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG, BỊ ĐỘNG
I. KHÁI NIỆM CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG, BỊ ĐỘNG
➢ Câu chủ động: là câu mà chủ ngữ là người hoặc vật thực hiện hành động.
Ex:

People speak English all over the world.

➢ Câu bị động: là câu mà chủ ngữ là người hoặc vật chịu sự tác động của hành động.
Eg:

English is spoken all over the world.

Lưu ý: Không phải cứ chủ ngữ là người thì là chủ động, chủ ngữ là vật thì là bị động.
Eg:

The students were punished yesterday.
Hanoi has changed a lot in the past five years.

Lưu ý: Chúng ta không dùng cấu trúc bị động với các nội động từ như “fit, suit, have,
resemble, look, like, hold, contain, mean,…”
Eg:

They have a nice house.
Don’t say: A nice house is had by them.

II. QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG SANG BỊ ĐỘNG
To be + Past participle
❖ Thể bị động của các thì:
Đơn
Tiếp diễn
Hoàn thành

Quá khứ
Was/were + V3
Was/were + being + V3
Had+ been + V3

Tương lai gần
am/is/are + going to be + V3

Hiện tại
Tương lai
Am/is/are + V3
Will + be + V3
Am/is/are + being + V3
X
Have/has + been + V3 Will have + been + V3

Động từ khuyết thiếu
Modal verbs (can/could/may/might/must/ought to/should)
+ be + V3

❖ Một số lưu ý quan trọng:
➢ Đôi khi “get” được dùng thay cho “be” để diễn đạt những sự việc gây bất ngờ hoặc kho
chịu:
Eg: There was an accident in the street but nobody got hurt. = nobody was hurt.
The eggs got broken. = The eggs were broken.
➢ Trong câu bị động, nếu tân ngữ không xác định (people, them, someone, him, her….) thì
bỏ đi.
Eg: We don’t water the flowers in the morning.
=> The flowers are not watered in the morning.

➢ Vị trí của trạng từ hoặc cụm trạng từ trong câu bị động:
• Đối với trạng từ chỉ cách thức của hành động, thì no sẽ đi theo động từ.
Eg: The problem has been carefully studied by the scientists.
• “By + O” sẽ đứng sau trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và đứng trước trạng từ chỉ thời gian:
Eg: He was found in the forest by the police.
The report was typed by the secretary this morning.
➢ Ta co thể dùng “with” (không dùng “by”) để chỉ dụng cụ, công cụ hoặc nguyên liệu được
sử dụng.
Eg: He was shot (by the policeman) with a rifle.
The room was filled with smoke.
1. Simple present

Eg:

We don't watch films in the evening.
=> Films aren’t watched in the evening.
They sweep the streets every night.
=> The streets are swept every night.

2. Present continuous

Eg:

They are building a bridge over the river.
=> A bridge idd being built over the river.
He isn’t decorating the room today.
=> The room isn’t being decorated.

3. Present perfect

Lưu ý: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn không co dạng bị động.


Eg:

They haven’t moved anything in your room since 1999.
=> Anything in the room hasn’t been moved since 1999.
=> Nothing in the room has been moved since 1999.
The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week.
=> Three hostages have been kept by the terrorist for a week.

4. Simple past

Eg:

The thieves broke into the house.
=> The house was broken into by the thieves.
They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
=> Tom wasn’t allowed to take these books home.

5. Past continuous

Eg:

They were doing a physical experiment when I was there.
=> A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there.
Tom was writing 2 poems.
=> 2 poems were being written by Tom.

6. Past perfect

Lưu ý: Không co bị động của thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn.
Eg:

Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital.
=> I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital.
They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came.
=> The victim had been taken to hospital before the police came.

7. Simple future


Lưu ý: Thì tương lai tiếp diễn không co dạng bị động.
Eg:

They will change the date of the meeting again.
=> The date of the meeting will be changed again.
The examiner will read the passage three times.
=> The passage will be read three times by the examiner.

8. Future perfect

Eg:

By the time you come back, they will have finished the project.
=> By the time you come back, the project will have been finished.
By the time you come back here in 5 years' time, they will have knocked down those

houses.
=> Those houses will have been knocked down by the time you come back here in 5
years' time.
9. Near future

Eg:

We are going to make him the monitor of our class.
=> He is going to made the monitor of our class.

10. Modals and Auxiliary in the passive voice
S + modal verbs (can/could/may/might/must/ought to/should) + V-inf + O.
=> S + modal verbs (can/could/may/might/must/ought to/should) + be + V3 + by + O.
Eg: He can’t repair my bike.
=> My bike can’t be repaired.
III. CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT
1. Verb with 2 objects


S + V + indirect object + direct object
S + V + direct object + preposition + indirect object
Eg: He gave the police some information.
=> The police were given some information.
He gave some information to the police.
=> Some information was given to the police.
Lưu ý:
- Một số động từ thường dùng trong cấu trúc này gồm: allow, award, ask, give, sell, send,
show, lend, pay, promise, tell, offer, teach, refuse, write.
Eg: Tom sent you some beautiful flowers.
=> You were sent some beautiful flowers by Tom.

=> Some beautiful flowers were sent to you by Tom.
2. Động từ nguyên mẫu
S + passive verb + to + V-inf

Eg: He asked me to send a stamp enveloped.
=> I was asked to send a stamped enveloped.
They advised us to come early.
=> We were advised to come early.
❖ Make/Help/Let
Active
Passive
Make sb do sth
Be made to do sth
Eg: -The teacher is making us work hard. Eg: -We are being made to work hard by our
- My parents made me study all day.
teacher.
- I was made to study all day by my parents.
Help sb (to) do sth
Be helped to do sth
Eg: - He helped me (to) repair the
Eg: - He helped me (to) repair the washing
washing machine.
machine.
- Ms Phoebe helps me study English.
- I am helped to study English by Ms Phoebe.
Let sb do sth
Be let do sth (or be allowed to do sth )
Eg: - His parents didn't let him buy a
Eg: He wasn't let buy (wasn't allowed to buy)
motorbike.

a motorbike by his parents.
3. See/Notice/Hear/Listen to/Watch


Active
See
Notice
Hear
Listen to
Watch

Passive
Sb do st
Sb doing st

Sb

Seen
Noticed
Heard
Listened
watched

to do st
doing st

Eg: Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police.
=> He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police.
They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost.
=> He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost.

4. Bị động tân ngữ
a) Khác chủ ngữ
S + V + Object + passive infinitive (tobe + V3)
Eg: I want you to repair the car now.
=> I want the car to be repaired (by you) now.
I’d like someone to take me to the Opera House.
=> I’d like to be taken to the Opera House.
b) Chung chủ ngữ
S + V + tobe + V3
Eg: He likes people to call him “Sir”.
=> He likes to be called “Sir”.
I prefer you to call me by my first name.
=> I prefer to be called by my first name.
5. Passive gerund
S + V + passive gerund (being + V3)
Eg:

I like people praising me.
=> I like being praised.
She hates people staring at her when she is in the street.
=> She hates being stared at when she is in the street.

Lưu ý: Với cấu trúc “need to + V-inf” mang nghĩa chủ động, thì khi chuyển sang bị động,
ta sử dụng cấu trúc need + V-ing = need to be + V3
Eg:

This car needs to be serviced/this car needs servicing.


I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/to be cleaned.

6. Động từ + mệnh đề THAT
Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand,
allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce co thể
dùng với một trong hai cấu trúc sau:
It is/was + V3 + that + clause
Chú ý: Cấu trúc trên chỉ tương đương với câu chủ động co chủ ngữ số nhiều với nghĩa noi
chung: people, everybody...
Eg:

People say that he is 100 years old.
=> It is said that he is 100 years old.
People expect that the strike will end soon.
=> It is expected that the strike will end soon.
Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses.
=> It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses.
S + tobe + V3 +

To Verb (1)
To be + V-ing (2)
To + Have + V3 (3)
To have been + V-ing (4)

• Dùng (1) khi động từ trong cả 2 mệnh đề CÙNG THÌ (hiện tại đơn – hiện tại đơn/ tương
lai đơn; quá khứ đơn – quá khứ đơn)
Eg:

People said that he was a dedicated worker.
=> He was said to be a dedicated worker.
People believe that he is/ will be 100 years old.
=> He is believed to be 100 years old.

• Dùng (2) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai
tiếp diễn (động từ ở mệnh đề chính ở hiện tại đơn)
Eg:

They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain
=> The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain.
People believe that she is studying abroad.
=> She is believed to be studying abroad.

• Dùng (3) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, hoặc quá khứ
Đơn, động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại - KHÁC THÌ
Eg:

People say that he escaped to a neutral country.


=> He is said to have escaped to a neutral country.
People think that she has made progress in her studies.
=> She is thought to have made progress in her studies.
People allge that he stole the money.
=> He is alleged to have stolen the money.
• Dùng (4) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn,
hoặc
tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn, động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại - KHÁC THÌ
Eg:

People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.
=> He is said to have been playing football since he was 5.

Lưu ý: Be supposed to (do) co thể được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:
Tương đương nghĩa với “be said to + V-inf” (Được cho rằng)
This film is said/supposed to be very interesting.
Why was he arrested? He was supposed to have kicked a policeman.
Để nói bổn phận hoặc nghĩa vụ ai đó phải làm gì tương đương với cấu trúc: “It’s
somebody's duty to + Vinf”
It’s her duty to make tea at 8 o’clock.
=> She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock.
It’s her duty to lock the door after the school finishes.
=> She is supposed to lock....
Đôi khi was/were supposed to còn được dùng để noi một kế hoạch, sự sắp xếp nhưng
thường
khác so với thức tế xảy ra:
The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it?
7. that ….should + V.inf
Một số các động từ như: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand,
determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge, prefer,
… thường được diễn đạt ở dạng bị động bằng mệnh đề“that” (clause)
S + V + that + S + (should) + V-bare + … (chủ động)
+
+ be + V3 (bị động)


Eg:

He insisted that she (should) write to him everyday.
He insisted that his son (should) be named after his grandfather.
They have decided to sell the house
=> They have decided that the house (should) be sold.

They suggested making the tests easier.
=> They suggested that the tests should be made easier.
She advised that we should keep the gate locked/She advised keeping the gate

locked.
=> She advised that the gate should be kept locked.
Lưu ý: Các mẫu câu này trong đề thi thường được lược bỏ SHOULD
Eg: Nancy asked that her husband _be___ home from work not too late.
A. is

B. be ()

C. was

D. will be

Ngoài ra, chúng ta còn co dạng bị động đặc biệt với một số tính từ, như: advisable, better,
desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary,anxious, determined
S + tobe + adj + that + S + (should)

+ V-bare + … (chủ động)
+ be + V3 (bị động)

It is essential that rare animals (should) be protected.
It is advisable that everyone have a map.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this./It is essential that he (should) be
prepared for this.
8. Động từ + tân ngữ+ bổ ngữ của tân ngữ.
Eg: They elected Mr. Sanderson president. => Mr. Sanderson was elected president.
9. Câu mệnh lệnh (V + O/Don’t + V + O)

Let + Object + be + V3
Eg: Write your name here. => Let your name be written here.
10. Câu bị động truyền khiến
Active
Have sb dosomething/get sb to do
something
- I have my younger brother clean the
floor.
- He has his hair cut.

Passive
have/get somethingdone (by sb)
- I have the floor cleaned by my younger
brother.
- He has the barber cut his hair.


Cấu trúc trên được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:
a. Để nói ta thu xếp để người khác làm giúp mình một việc gì (không tự mình làm).
Eg:

Jill repaired the roof. ( = She repaired it herself).
=> Jill had the roof repaired. (= She arranged for somebody else to repair it).

b. Để nói một sự việc không hay xảy ra với vật sở hữu của ai/cái gì:
Eg:

George’s nose was broken in a fight .
=> George had his nose broken in a fight.
Jack’s passport was stolen a few weeks ago.

=> Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago.