Lecture Organizational behavior - Chap 3: Introducing organizational behavior
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Chapter 3
Perception, Attribution,
and Learning
A discerning eye tells
the story
Chapter 3 Study
Questions
What is perception and why is it important?
What are the common perceptual distortions?
What is the link between perception, attribution,
and social learning?
What is involved in learning by reinforcement?
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What is perception?
Perception
• Process by which people select, organize, interpret,
retrieve, and respond to information from the world
around them.
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Figure 3.1: What is
perception?
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What do you see?
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4-5
What is perception?
Attention and selection
• Selective screening
Lets in only a tiny portion of all the
information available.
• Two types of selective screening
Controlled processing
Screening without conscious awareness
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What is perception?
Schemas
• Cognitive frameworks that represent organized
knowledge developed through experience about a given
concept or stimulus.
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What is perception?
Script schemas
• A knowledge of framework that describes
the appropriate sequence of event in a
given situation.
Self schema
• Contains information about a person’s
own appearance, behavior, and
personality.
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What is perception?
Person schemas
• Refer to the way individuals sort others into categories
such as types of groups in terms of similar perceived
features.
Personinsituation schema
• Combines schemas built around persons and events.
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What is perception?
Interpretation
• Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli
are grouped.
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What is perception?
Retrieval
• Attention and selection, organization, and interpretation
are part of memory.
• Information stored in memory must be retrieved in order
to be used.
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What is perception?
Impression Management
• Systematic attempt to behave in ways that will
create and maintain desired impressions in the eyes
of others.
When well done, impression management can help us to
advance in jobs and careers, form relationships with
people we admire, and even create pathways to group
memberships.
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Stereotypes
• Occur when we identify someone with a group or
category, and then use the attributes perceived to
be associated with the group or category to describe
the individual.
Individual differences are obscured.
Managers may not accurately understand the needs,
preferences, and abilities of others in the workplace.
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Common Stereotypes
• Racial
• Ethnic
• Gender
• Ability
• Age
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Halo effects
• Occur when one attribute of a person or situation
is used to develop an overall impression of the
individual or situation.
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Selective perception
• The tendency to single out those of a situation,
person, or object that for attention those aspects
of a situation, person, or object that are consistent
with one’s needs, values, or attitudes.
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Projection
• The assignment of one’s personal attributes to
other individuals.
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Contrast effects
• The meaning or interpretation of something is arrived
at by contrasting it with a recently occurring event or
situation.
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What are the common
perceptual distortions?
Selffulfilling prophecy
• The tendency to create or find in another situation
or individual that which one expected to find in the
first place.
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What is the link between
perception and
attribution?
Attribution
• Process of developing explanations or assigning
perceived causes for events. Can be classified as
internal or external:
Internal causes – Believed to be under an individual’s control.
External causes – Seen as coming from outside a person.
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Figure 3.2 Attributions of
Causes for Poor
Performance
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What is the link between
perception and
Attribution Errors:
attribution?
• Fundamental Attribution Error – overestimates internal
factors and underestimates external factors as
influences on someone’s behavior.
• Selfserving Bias – underestimates internal factors and
overestimates external factors as influences on
someone’s behavior.
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What is the link between
perception and
attribution?
Social learning theory
• Describes how learning takes place through the
reciprocal interactions among people, behavior,
and environment.
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Figure 3.3 Simplified model of
social learning
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What is involved in
learning by
Reinforcement
The administration of a reinforcement?
consequence as a result of a
•
behavior.
• Proper management of reinforcement can change the
direction, level, and persistence of an individual’s
behavior.
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