Lecture Organizational behavior - Chap 13: Power and politics

Chapter 13

The Leadership Process

Leadership springs from 
relationships


Chapter 13 Study Questions





What is leadership?
What is followership?
What do we know about leader-follower
relationships?
What do we mean by leadership as a collective
process?

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What is leadership?


Leadership
• An influence process generated in and from

combined acts of leading (influencing) and
following (deferring) as social agents work
together to understand and agree about what
needs to be done and how to do it.

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Figure 13.1 The role of “willing
followership” in leadership.

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What is leadership?
Formal leadership 


Exerted by persons appointed (or elected) to
positions of formal authority in organizations.

Informal leadership 


Exerted by persons who become influential

because they have special skills that meet the

of others.
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© 2014 Johnneeds
Wiley & Sons,

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What is leadership?



Upward Leadership
• Occurs when leaders within
the organization influence
those at higher levels in ways
that create change.

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What is leadership?


Leadership as Social Construction
• Socially Constructed

 Leadership is constructed and produced in
social and relational interactions among
people acting in context.

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What is leadership?
Leadership as Identity Construction
• Identity Construction Process

 This process involves individuals negotiating
identities as leaders and followers.
• Claiming refers to actions people take to assert
their identity as a leader or follower.
• Granting refers to actions people take to
bestow an identity of a leader or follower onto
another person.

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Figure 13.2 DeRue and Ashford
Leadership Identity Construction
Process

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What is leadership?


Motivation to Lead
• The extent to which individual choose to
assume leadership training, roles and
responsibilities.

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What is leadership?


Implicit Leadership Theories
• Our beliefs or understanding about the attributes

associated with leaders and leadership.

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What is followership?


Followership
• The capacity or willingness to follow a leader.

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What is followership?



Romance of Leadership
• Refers to the tendency to attribute organizational

outcomes (both good and bad) to the acts and
doing of leaders.

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What is followership?


Follower Role Orientation
• Defined as the beliefs followers hold about the way they

should engage and interact with leaders to meet the
needs of the work unit.


Power Distance Orientations
• The extent to which one accepts that power in

institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.


Constructive Follower Orientations
• Reflects the belief that followers should act in ways that

are helpful, useful and productive to leadership
outcomes.

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Figure 13.3 Followership in
context

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In your experience…


In your current or former job, did your
manager behave the same way with each
of the people he/she managed?
• A=Yes, B=No



If no, what was different about the
relationships between the manager and
each employee?

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What do we know about
leader-follower relationships?



Leadership categorization theory
• Implicit leadership theories ­ preconceived notions about the

attributes (e.g., traits and behaviors) associated with

leaders.
 They reflect the structure and content of “cognitive
categories” used to distinguish leaders from
nonleaders.
 Attributes or leadership prototypes are mental images of the
characteristics that make a “good” leader, that a “real”
leader would possess.

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What do we know about leaderfollower relationships?
Leader­Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
 The study of manager-subordinate
relationship quality.

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What do we know about leaderfollower relationships?


Social Exchange Theory
• Describes how relationships initiate and develop through

processes of exchange and reciprocity.

• Norm of reciprocity
 Says that when one party does something for another,
that party is not indebted to the other until the
obligation is repaid.

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What do we know about leaderfollower relationships?


Equivalence
• Whether the amount given back is roughly the same as

what was received.


Immediacy
• How quickly the repayment is made.



Interest
• The motive behind the exchange.

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What do we know about leaderfollower relationships?


Idiosyncrasy Credits
• Refer to our ability to violate norms with others based on 

whether we have enough “credits” to cover the violation.

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What do we mean by leadership as
a collective process?


Collective leadership
• Represents view of leadership not as a property of

individuals and their behaviors but as a social
phenomenon constructed in interaction.

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What do we mean by leadership as
a collective process?


Distributed Leadership
• Sees leadership as a group

phenomenon that is distributed
among individuals.

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What do we mean by leadership as
a collective process?


Co­Leadership
• Occurs when leadership is divided so that

on one person has unilateral power to lead.

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What do we mean by leadership as

a collective process?


Shared Leadership
• Dynamic, interactive influence process among

team members working to achieve goals.

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