Một số phương tiện biểu hiện ý nghĩa tình thái trong câu ghép tiếng việt

DAI HOC QUOC GIA H A NQI
TRUC)NG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

NGO THI MINH

^

/^'

MOT s o PHUONG TIEN BIEU HIEN
Y NGHIA TINH THAI
TRONG CAU GHEP TIENG VIET

Chuyeii ngnnli: Ly lu^n ngdn ngur
Ma so

: 5.04.08

LUAN AN Tlf:N SI NGlJ VAN

NguM hir<yiig di>n 1>(;S. TS H O A N G

IUONG

PHIl^N

TS DAG THI THANH LAN

U__

V^WZMC

HANOI-2001


MUC LUC
Trang phu bia
Ldi cam doan
MLIC IUC

Quy udfc trlnh bay

PHAN MO DAU
1. Muc dfch, y nghia ciia de lai.

7

2. Ddi lugng nghien ciiu cua luan an.

|()

3. Phuang phap nghien ciJu.

10

4. Bd cue cua lu^n an.

13

5. Cai mdi cua lu^n an.

14

PHAN NOI DUNG
CHUONGMOT:
Nhfrng khai nieni lam ca sa ly luan cho luSn an.
] .0 Tmh tlnh Ihai Irong ngdn ngd" hgc.
Y ngliTa linh thai va phuong lien bleu hien ngliTa tinh thai.

16

2.0 Mgl sd phuang tien bi^'u hicn y nghTa linh thai trong tieng Viet.

37

2.1. NhOng van d^ ve phucfng lien bleu hien nghTa tlnh thai.

37

2.2. Cac phuang tien hiiu hien y nghTa tinh thai

39

2.2.1 Phucyng lien ngO Am.

39

2.2.2 Phuong lien lir vung-ngu phap

40

2.2.3 Phuong tien ngij phap.

46

3.0Tieuketchuang 1

53


CHUONG HAI:
Val tro cua cac tac tii thih thai trong cSu ghep tieng Viet.
1 .Nhirng vA'n de ve c^u.

54

2. Cuong vi cua cAu ghep lieng Vicl

60

3. Cau true cau ghep tieng Viet

63

4. Vai trd cua cac lac tii' linh thai Irong cfiu ghep tieng Viet

69

4.1 Dae diem liT loai ciia cac lac lu Irong C^LU true c^u ghep tieng Viet:

69

4.2 Sir tac dgng ciia cac tac lu Unh thai ddi vdi viec hinh thanh cac dac di^'m
ngir nghTa cua c^u ghep lieng Viet.

75

4.3 Su lac dgng cua cac lac liV tlnh thai ddi vdi vi6c hlnh thanh cac dac did'm
ngir dung cua cau ghep lieng Viet.

83

5. Tieu kel chucfng 2

92
CHUONG BA:

Mieu ta ngft ngliTa cua mot so cap tac tir trong cau ghep tieng Viet
A. Dinli hudng khao sat, mieu la cac cap lac tir thih thai trong c^'u true phal
ngdn CO dang cflu ghep lidng Vicl

94

B. Khao sal cac cap lac tu linh ihai Irong cA'u true phal ngdn c^u ghep cu
Ihd:
1. Khad sat cap tac lu: "Neu - llii" Hong c^u Iruc "Neu A lln B"

97

2. Khao sal cap lac lu: "He - Ihi/la" Irong cAu Iriic "Hg A - Ihi/la" B va cap tac
lir "Cii - Ihi/la" Irong cau true "Cu A Ihi/la B "

101

3. Khao sal cap lac tu: "Chi -(ihi ) mdi" trong cS'u true "Chi A (ihi) mdi B"
va cafl tac tu: "Co - mdi" trong cau true "Co A (ihi) mdi B":

107

4.

Khao sat cap tac tU:"Da- ihi" trong c^u truc:"Da A ihi B". 109

5.

Khao sal cap tac tu:"Gia- thV' Irong c^u lruc:'Xlia A thi B". Ml

6. Khao sal cap tac tu:"Bao gid- lln" Irong cau Uuc:"Bao gid A thi B" 118


7. Khao sat cap tac lui^Du- van" lix)ng cSu Uiic:"Dii/ mac du/ DSu A vln B". 119
8. Khao sal cap lac tir:'Tha- con hon" trong c^u U'uc:'Tlia A con hcfn B".

123

9. Khao sat cap tac tu: "Gang- cang" trong cS^u true:"Gang A cang B" 126
10.Khao sal cap lac tu: "Khdng nhung A ma con B" va cap lac tu*: "Da- ihi
chd" trong cSu true: "Da A ihi chd lai con B"

128

11. Kliao sat cap tac tu:"Kh6ng phai- ma la" trong ca'u lnJc:"Kh6ng phai A ma la

B." va tac lu:"chi} khdng phai" Ux)ng cA'u tiijc "A chd* khdng phai B"

133

12. Khao sat cap lac tir"Khdng- ihi cung" trong ca'u truc:"Kh6ng A ihi
cungB"

138

13. Khaasat cap tac lu:"Chua- da" trong cA'u truc:"ChUa A ma da B" va cap
lac lU:"Da- chua" Irong cau true:. Da A ma chua B".

141

14. Khao sal cap lactu:"Mdi- da" Irong cSfu truc:"Mdi A ma da B" va cap
lac lu:"Da- mdi" trong c^'u Uuc:"Da A mdi B."

145

15. Khao sat cap lac lir:"Cdn- da" Irong Cctu truc:"Cdn A da B" va cap lac
tu "Da- con" trong cA'u lruc"Da A con B".

147

16. Khao sal cap lac tir: "Nhung tudng - nao ngd" trong c^u truc"NhQng
tudng A nao ngd B".

150

17. Khao sat cap tac tu: "Co ihi- cijng cd th^" trong ca'u truc:"Cd the A

cung CO the B."

152

C. Tidu kel chuang 3

154

PHAN KfeT LUAN.

157


QUY U6C TRINH BAY
Ngoai lai ca cac each thiic trinh bay theo quy dinh chung, luan an cd
nhung quy udc rieng nhu sau:
1. Cac tai lieu trich din dugc gbi theo ihu tu : sd thir lu lac pham trong
thu muc luan an, sd trang. Ch^ng ban nhu: |sd Ihii lu ihu muc: 29, sd trang
98]
2. Cac vi du dugc dal trong ngoac vuong, dSu lien la ten tac pham trich
dSn dugc viel tdt b^ng chU' cai in boa, sau den sd trang. Vi du nhu:
[TTHCM,298|
3. Mot sd each viet tat trong luan an.
Cach viet t^t nhii'ng tac phaim van hgc hoac bao chi dugc trich dSn
trong luan an:

1.

TGN

2.

nCM 70 ; Hd Chi Minh. "Vi doc lap lu do -Vi chu nghTa xa hoi"

3.

HCM 30

H6 Chi Minh.Toan tap (1925-1930)

4.

HCM47

H6 Chi Minh.Toan lap (1945-1947)

5.

HCM 57

Hd Chi Minh.Toan tap (1954-1957)

6.

HCMTr

Hd Chi Minh Tuy^n lap.

7.

TTNC

Nam Cao. "Tuyen tap" Tap 2.

8.

DQ

Nguy6n Dinh Bon. "Dudi quy" (Tap truyen ngdn)

9.

CL

Nguyen Minh Chau. " Cd lau" (Tap truyen ngdn)

10.

BDC

Nguyen Cong Hoan. "Budc dudng ciang"

11.

TGCN

Nguyen Khai. "Thai gian cua ngudi"

12.

^ITNHl'

Nguydn Huy Thiep. "Tuyen lap Nguydn Huy Thiep".

: Chin tac gia nu*. "Truyen ng^n chgn Igc".


CT

14.

HMT

Nguyen Thi Nggc Tu. "Hai muoi truyen mi ni"

15.

HC

Phan 1 lij Vang Anh. "Hoi dig"

16.

NNP

:

To Hoai. "Nhirng ngo phd - Ngudi dudng phd"

17.

TN96

:

Truyen ngdn hay 1996. (Irich trong tuan bao Van nghe)

18.

TN97

:

Truyen ngdn hay 1997.(lrich Irong ludn bao Van nghe)

19.

TN 98

:

Truyen ngan hay 1998.(Irich Irong luan bao Van nghe)

20.

TN 99

:

Truyen ngdn hay 1999. (Thai Ha truyen chgn)

21.

:

Nguyen Thi Chau Giang. "Chg linh" (Tap truyen ngdn)

13.

VNQD 96

Truyen ngdn du thi 1996 chgn Igc trong lap chi "Van
nghe quan dgi"

22.

VNQD 98

23.

VN...

24.

TPM...

Truyen ngan hay trong "Van nghe quan dgi cudi tudn"

: Truyen ngdn dang tai lien bao "Van nghe"nam 96-2000
: Truyen ngdn dang tai tren tap chi "Tac pham

mdi" tu nam 1998-2000.


PHAN MO DAU
I .MUC DICH VA YEU CAU CUA LUAN AN:
1.1

Trong nhung nam cua nhung Ihap nien cudi the ky thii XX,

Cling vdi su phal irien cua cac nganh khoa hgc khac nhu ifn hieu hgc, tam ly
hgc, xa hoi hgc, van bgc.ngon ngil' hgc cdng dat dugc nhung ihanh tun rat
dang ke. Ngdn ngu' dugc xem xet khdng phai chi d gdc do he ihdng ky hieu
khep kin ma da chuyen sang mot ca che md, ral dgng. Ngdn ngu' dugc khao
sal nhu mgl ihuc ihe hoan chinh cua hai mat; hinh thuc va ngi dung; no
luon van dgng va phal Irien irong giao tiep cua ddi song xa hoi. Hinh thiic
cua ngdn ngir bao gid cung chua dung ngi dung ngu' nghla nhal dinh. Va
phai xuat phal lir ngu nghTa de nghien cuu cac cau Iruc hinh thuc. Cd nghTa
la phai di theo con dudng ngugc lai ciia cac xu hudng nghien cuu ngon ngir
dau the ky xx von "giai thich ngdn ngu nhu la mot he Ihdng hinh thuc ma tir
do ngu" nghTa bam vao"[36|.
M.A.K. Halliday Irong cong trinh "Ddn luan cua ngu phap chue nang",
khdng dinh can nghien cuu ngon ngu' "nhu la mgi he ihdng cac y nghTa,
dugc kem dieo bdi cac hinh Ihiic ma qua do cac y nghTa dugc hien thuc
hda."|36| Hudng nghien cuu nay ddi bdi cac nha ngon ngu' hgc phai tra ldi
cau hoi: Y nghTa cua mgl don vj nao do dugc the hien bdng nhung hinh ihuc
nao? Hg phai dal "cac hlnh thuc ngon ngCr nhu la mot phuong tien hudng tdi
muc dfch, cliir khdng phai la muc dich tu than". "Phuong lien" dugc cac nha
nghien cuu hieu la van d6 cua ngu phap va "muc dfch" la van de ciia ngir
nghTa. Va nhu vay, van di dat ra la khong the' lach idi phuong tien ra klidi
muc dfch, cung nhu khong the lach rdi giua cac binh dien ngu' phap, ngiJ

nghTa va ngu' dung trong boat dgng ngdn ngu. Xual phal tii nhung quan
niem nghien cuu ndi iren, luan an lien hanh khao sal "Mot sd phuung tien
bieu hien y nghTa tmh thai trong cau ghep tieng Viet".
1.2 Tmh thai la van dt von Ion lai phd qual iroug cac ngon ngir va hien
dang thu hul su quan lam ciia cac nha nghien cuu ngon ngii'. Tinh thai la
mot phdn ngir nghTa khong the ihie'u dugc ciia cau, phal ngon, "Qua cau
ngudi la nhan hieu id ngudi ndi cd thai do nhu the nao ddi vdi hien thuc,
ngudi ndi trinh bay hien thuc vdi su danh gia ciia minh (danh gia diing hay
sai, tin hay ngd, udc doan hay da tdn lai ihuc, khuyen bao hay ra
lenh...)"|76,3()| Cung nhu vdi bat ky ngon ngu' nao, trong tieng Viet van d6
linh ihai dugc the hien d mgi cap do cua cac dan vj ngon ngu". Tir ngii ^m,
tu vung cho den ngir phap; id' cac phal ngon, cac cau, doan van den van ban
ddu cd Ifnh linh thai. Ngudi ta cd the khao sal cac loai y nghTa tlnh thai
trong su" bieu hien bdng nhieu phuong lien da dang khac nbau. De lai chung
tdi xem cau ghep nhu mot loai dan vi phal ngon vdi linh chat dac thu la su
xuat hien cac lu ndi nhu lu each nbUng lac tu, tham gia true tiep vac ngi bg
cau true, cd tac dung chi phdi den ngu nghTa -ngu dung cua loai don vi nay.
Chung l6n lai nhu nhung phuong tien bieu hien thai do ciia ngudi ndi ve
di^u ndi den irong cau.
Cho den nay, cac phuong lien bieu hien linh Ihai trong tieng Viet chua
dugc nghien cuu sau sdc va loan dien. Ngu phap Iruydn (bdng von chi chu
trgng den cac hinh thuc bieu dal nen chua cd su quan lam dung muc den
viec mieu ta cac phuong tien linh thai mot each cd he thong. VI vay, luan
an nay nghien ciiu cac phuong tien ndi cau ghep bieu hien nghTa tinh thai,
nhung phuong lien dd ggi la cac tac lu linh ihai.


Luan an cd nhiem vu khao sat, ly giai nhijng phuong tien bieu hien

nghTa linh thai Irong cau ghep lieng Viet. Cong viec nay khdng nbiing cd y
nghTa ly luan ma con phuc vu cho viec giang day tieng Viet trong nha
trudng hien nay.
1.3 Cac lac tu tinh thai dugc nghien cuu d luan an nay la nhiTng lien
iix, hay la nhung cap phu lii" trong mot sd kie'u loai phal ngon cd dang cau
ghep. Mot vai cong trinh trudc day cd de cap den nhung chua toan dien,
nhal la viec nghien ciiu tac tu dudi gdc do phuong tien bieu hien nghTa tinh
thai thi hoan loan mdi.
Trong chuyen luan "Hu tu trong tieng Viet hien dai" (1986), NguySn
Anh Que cho rdng: Hu tir "tuy khong cd vai trd trung tam trong cac kieu
c^'u true nhung lai v6 cijng quan trgng trong viec the hien cac y nghTa ngir
phap, cac sdc thai ngon tij:..."|83,247| Cac loai y nghTa, cac sdc thai ngon tir
von ral tinh le nay khong phai liic nao cung cd the dd dang nhan th^'y,
khong phai Iuc nao chung cijng dugc danh dau trong cau. Theo Nguyln
Dixc Dan, nen xem xet su lien kel cac tir ndi v6 phuong dien ngu" dung, tuc
la lir gdc do cua ngudi sii" dung ngon ngiv. Cung vdi hudng khao sat nay,
trong bang loai bai bao dang tai Iren "Tap chf Ngon ngu" [30|, [31], [32],
Le Dong cung da chi r5 nhiing dac trung ve ngir nghTa - ngu dung cua hu tir
tid'ng Viat. Tac gid khdng dinh: "...trong y nghTa ciia nhidu lien tCr, giai tijr
(nhung, ma, keo, tai, du.„v^n...v.v.,.) ta ihay ngoai cai loi quan he 16 gich
la nhirng ngi dung tlnh thai danh gia khien cho chiing khdng phai chi la
phuong lien ndi kel don thudn la hlnh tbiic" |30| De lai ciia chiing toi ke
ihixa cac quan niem ndi tren va ti6'p tuc xem xet cac lac lii" tlnh thai trong su
hlnh thanh cac loai y nghTa tlnh thai ciia phal ngdn cd cau triic cau ghep.


2. DPI TU'ONG NGHIEN CUU:
Ddi tugng nghien cuu luan an la khao sal, bien giai mot sd phuong
lien bieu hien y nghTa tinh thai trong cau ghep lieng Viet. Dd la cac yeu to
kieu nhu: neu- thi; gia- thi; cii- thi; M- thi, da- thi; md^i- da; chua- da;

khdng nhung- ma con ; nhung tudng- nao ngd...Cac tac lir tinh thai nay
iham gia true tiep vao id chue ngi bg ciia cau tao nen tfnh da dang vt cau
triic va ngir nghTa ciia cau ghep. Trong thuc le, cac nha ngir phap da coi
cbiing nhu nhung phuong tien lien kel va la phuang lien de bieu thi nhiing
mdi quan he 16- gfch khac nbau nhu mdi quan he nguyen nhan - kel qua,
dilu kien - kel qua, nhugng bg, tang lien...Luan an nay xem xet cac tac tu"
tren vdi chue nang bieu hien y nghTa tlnh thai. Ngudi ndi the hien thai do
danh gia cua minh qua each chgn lua cac tac lu ddi vdi cac su kien, su tinh
trong phal ngdn- cau ghep. M6 hlnh ciia cac kieu loai cau ghep tren boat
dgng kha phong phu trong tieng Viet, tao nen mot bang mau tinh thai kha
da dang trong boat dgng ng6n ngO".
3.PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU:
Tien hanh nghien cilu de tai nay, luan an su dung nhieu phuang phap
nghien ciiu khac nbau:
3.1.Phuang phap quy nap:
Day la phuang phap chii yeu cua luan an. Chung toi di tir cu the den
trirn tugng, tii' viec ph^n tfch cac phat ngdn cu the de dua den kel luta
nhiJng van d6 ly luan cd tfnh khai quat.
3.2.Kv Ihuat xu ly lu lieu:
Chiing loi thong ke va phan loai hinh ihuc cau ihanh lung nhdm, dua
vao su xuat hien ciia cac cap lien tu, phu lii"; cac trg tii' hoac dua vao dac


n
diem y nghTa ciia toan cau. Tren ca sd lu lieu dd, luan an nghien ciiu nhiing
dac diim ngu' nghTa-ngir dung va khao sal chiic nang bieu bidn y nghTa tinh
thai cua chung trong phal ngdn cd dang cau ghep.
3.3.Mot sd Ihao tac thay the, cai bien.
Luan an su dung triel de mot sd thao tac cai bien, ihay the he hinh.
NhOng thao tac nay cd uu diem la phan tfch va ly giai dugc cac hien tugng

ng6n ngQ" theo hudng dfch cua ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe, tuc la theo chien
luge cua ngudi dung cau ghep. Su hien dien ciia moi lac lu trong phat ngdn
d6u bgc 16 rd Ihai do danh gia hien Ihuc ciia ngudi ndi. Su thay the chiing
trong mot ngu canh nao dd cd muc dfch lam tudng minh hoa ngu nghia
ciia cac tac tu cu the trong phat ngon, phat hien gia Iri nghTa dfch thuc cua
chung trong cau triic cau ghep. Chdng ban:
(l)"Bd ndm kia cd nghe thay "Khiic ludng niem" gigng ba-ry-tong
trang trgng dugc phu hga bdi mot dan ddng ca vdi nhung niJ tu kfn?

Gia

cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan v^ ban ai ca nay."
Trong cau ghep tren, cd the thay ihe "Gia" thanh "Phai chi"/"U'dc
gi"...:
"G/a cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan ve ban ai ca nay."
'Phdichi

cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan vi ban ai ca nay."

"t/d'c g/ cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan vi ban ai ca nay."
Tac lu Phai chi/ U'6c gi diu cd kha nang thay the trong cau ghep. Tat ca
deu cd tac dung bieu dat didu kien ngudi ndi gia dinh, cd tfnh dd'i lap vdi
hien thuc da xay ra trong thuc te. Qua dd, ngudi ndi mudn bay to su tiec
nudi, udc mudn khong dat dugc trong phat ng6n.
3.4. Mot sd thao tac ngir nghTa-ngu dung :


12

CCing vdi ihao tac thay the, cai bien, di tai cdn van dung mgl sd thao lac

ngii nghTa- ngu dung. Dd la dua vao mot ngd' canh dii rgng de khao sat cac
dac diem tinh thai cua mot sd cau Iriic cau ghep. Theo ibao tac nay, luan an
nghien ciiu cau ghep trong chu canh ciia cac phat ngon lien kel.
NghTa ciia cau bao gid cung hien ra tu" ngu' canh cu the. Chinh vi vay,
khi khao sat y nghTa va phuong tien tinh thai tdn tai Irong mot dan vi cu the
la cau ghep, luan an dat chung trong mot ngir canh rgng, hep khac nbau de
Ian lugl xem xet cac loai y nghTa tien gia dinh, nghTa ham dn cd tac dgng
true tiep hoac gian tiep den su hinh thanh ca che ngu' nghTa cua cau, phat
ngdn...Cac loai y nghTa nay cd the bgc 16 ro trong mdi luang tac vdi nhiing
dan vi ng6n ngir kliac trong ngu canh. Dac biet ddi vdi nghTa tlnh thai cua
cau, van di ngu canh lai cang quan trgng, nhi6u khi la nhan to quyel dinh
each ndi, each liep nhan cua cac ddi tugng ibam gia giao tiep. Chang ban
nhu doan ddi ihoai giira me con chi Chugt trong doan van sau:
"- A! Con biet rdi! khong phai che, cam ma bu bao la che!
Nhung me no dua mdt nhin no, lay ngdn lay chi ra phfa nha ngoai ndi
khe, nhung hai gdt:
(2)- Khe khe cai m6m mot tf! Reo mai len, thdng bd may no nghe ih^y
thi no chet. No da dm ndm day, ihudc kh6ng cd, ma lai con buc minh nfra
thi no chet."
(^rTNC,13)
Cac tac tu "da - ma lai con- thi" hien dien trong cau true cau ghep
"...da A ma lai con B thi C" bieu hien y nghTa bat thudng cua cac su kien,
Ngudi ndi dua ra nhiing ly le mot phdn de ihuyet phuc ngudi nghe, mot
phdn de bay to thai do khdng dinh chdc chdn vi dieu minh ndi trong cau,


13

cac tac tur hien dien Irong cau Iruc cau la phuong lien de chuyen ca che ngii
nghTa nay trong boat dgng giao tiep.

4. BO c u e CUA LUAN AN:
Luan an gom cd ba chucfng, ngoai phdn Md ddu va Kel luan, ngi
dung ciia tiing chuang dugc tdm lai nhu sau:
Phan Md dau gidi thieu nhung van de ca ban nhu muc dfch, y nghTa
cua de tai, pham vi ddi tugng nghien ciiu; gidi Ihuyei chii yeu ve ngi dung
va phuang phap liep can cua luan an.
4.1 Chuang I; Cac khai niem lam ca sd cho luan an.
Chuang nay gom 37 trang, Irong dd Irinh bay nhirng van de ca ban
nhal vi mat ly luan cd lien quan Iruc liep tdi luan an.
Tinh thai la mgl bg phan ngu nghTa cung vdi khung nghTa menh de tao
nen ca che nghTa ciia cau, phal ngdn. M6i ngdn ngii deu cd nhiing phuong
lien bieu hien y nghTa linh ihai khac nbau. Trong phal ngon cd cau true cau
ghep, cac tac lu iham gia true liep vao to chiic cau la phuang lien tai nghTa
linh thai, bieu hien ihai do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ve dieu ndi ra.
4.2 Chuang II: Vai tro tac dong ciia cac tac tu tinh thai trong cau
ghep tieng Viet.
Day la chuang tmc tiep di vao ngi dung ciia luan an, gom 40 trang.
Trudfc hel, cdn xac dinh cuang vj cua cau ghep vdi cac van de ve cau true cu
phap va ngir nghTa cua chung. Su hien dien ciia mgl SQ cap tac tu trong ca'u
iriic cd vai Ird lac dgng den ngii nghTa, ngu dung va ngii phap cua cau
ghep. Nhirng van de nay mang Ifnh khai quat, la djnh hudng cho viec khao
sat cac dac diem linh thai ciia nhung lac lu trong chm^g liep theo.


14

4.3 Chuang III: Cac dac diem ngur nghia - ngu dung cua mot so
tac tu tinh thai trong cau ghep tieng Viet.
Chuang nay cd 63 trang, irong dd chiing loi giai quyet nhiing van de

irgng lam ciia luan an la khao sal, bien giai mot sd cap lac lu linh thai
Irong cau Iruc cau ghep de chi ra nhiing dac diem ve ngii nghTa - ngii dung.
Diiu nay cd y nghTa quan trgng de di den kel luan: cac lac lu nay la phuang
lien bidu hien nghTa linh thai Irong phal ngdn cd cau Iriic cau ghep. Ngudi
ndi su dung cac tac tu trong cau Iriic cau nhu chien luge hanh ngdn de bieu
Ihi thai do danh gia hien ihuc Irong phal ng6n.
Phdn Kel lu^n la nhiing danh gia khai qual ve kel qua nghien ciiu cua
luan an. Cac lac lu hien dien Irong cau Iriic cau ghep kh6ng chi la phuang
lien lien kei cac ve cau ma cdn la phuang lien de ngudi ndi danh gia ngi
dung y nghTa linh ihai cua loan bg menh de Irong cau ghep. Ben canh do,
Ihong qua viec sii dung cac lac lii" linh thai Irong phal ngon, ngudi ndi con
hiiu hien sdc thai danh gia tfch cue hoac tieu cue, khen nggi hay che trach,
khdng dinh hay phu dinh... dieu dugc ndi ra trong phal ngon. Cudi ciing,
luan an dua ra nhung de xuat mdi, can liep tuc nghien ciiu ciia de tai.
5. CAI MCil CUA LUAN AN:
5.1 Day la luan an ddu lien nghien ciiu nghTa linh thai th6ng qua
viec khao sal, bien luan cd he (hong cac lac lii" nhu la phuang tien chuyen
diing bieu hien y nghTa linh thai trong cau ghep lieng Viel. Dd la cac cap
lien tir, phu lir hoac mgl sd Irg lii hien dien Irong cau true cau ghep vdi tu
each la tac lii linh thai bieu ihj ihai do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi. Chung cd
mgl vai Ird quan trgng trong viec hinh ihanh ngir nghTa va hieu lire giao liep
ciia cau ghep.


15

5.2 D^ lai cdn lam ro ihem ihem chiic nang tai nghTa ciia cac phuong
tien nay trong quan he vdi chu ng6n.
5.3 Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia luan an giup cho viec su dung diing cac
phuang tien linh thai trong c^u ghep va biet tri nhan ngi ham ngii nghTa cua

mgl sd mo hlnh cau ghep tieng Viet. Cac tac tii' nay cd vai trd nhu mdt
thanh to cau lao quan he va cd chiic nang mang nghTa bd sung, trong dd cd
nghTa tinh thai.


16

PHAN NOI DUNG
CHUONG MOT:
NHUNG KHAI NIEM LAM CO SOi CHO DE TAI.

1.0 Tinh tinh thai trong ngon ngu hoc:
1.1

Tinh thai trong 16 gich hoc va tinh thai trong ngon ngu hoc:

Tmh thai la pham trii cd tinh phd quat trong cac ngdn ngii va la ddi
lugng cua nhi^u nganh khoa hgc. Tmh thai kh6ng chi dugc nghien ciiu
trong ng6n ngir hgc ma cdn dugc cac nha 16- gfch hgc, tfn hieu hgc rat quan
tam.
Cac nha 16 gfch hgc la nhung ngudi ddu lien khai pha van di linh thai.
Chuyen luan "De L'^interpretation va Premiers analytiques" ciia Aristote
dugc xem nhu cong trinh sdm nhal cd nhieu chuang muc ban vi menh dd
tlnh thai va phep tam doan luan tinh thai. Ke dd la cac nha ky hieu hgc,
ng6n ngu hgc cung chu y den tfnh tinli thai. Hg xuat phat tii nhiing muc
dfch khac nbau, each tiep can khac nbau nhung lai din tdi nhung ket qua
gidng nbau.
Ca 16- gfch hgc va ng6n ngii" hgc deu dac biet chu y tfnh linh thai
trong ng6n ngir tu nhien. Mdi chuyen nganh diu xay dung he thdng thuat
ngii rieng; chdng ban, 16- gfch bgc cd khai niem phan doan tinh thai vdi hai

loai thdng tin: lh6ng tin ca ban va ibdng tin bd trg:
'Th6ng tin ca ban la th6ng tin vi cac ddi lugng va cac dau hieu cua
chiing, ve dac Irung sd lugng ciia chung (...); dugc bieu ibj trong chii ngu va
vi ngii cua phan doan, trong cac lien tii" 16 gfch va lugng lu. Th6ng tin bd trg


lien quan den dac diem cua ddi lugng vdi nhung dau bieu cua chiing (tat
yeu hay ngdu nhien), vi miic do tin cay ciia phan doan (tin cay hay xac
suat), lien cpian den nhung dac Irung ciia chung: danh gia, dieu chinh, thai
gian..."|29,72h
Thdng lin bd trg chfnh la dnh thai cua phal ng6n. Mgl Irong nhirng
phuang lien bieu hien th6ng tin nay la sir hien dien ciia cac tac tii' tinh thai
nhu: CO the, tat yeu, nhat thiet, ng^u nhien...trong phal ng6n:
Co the CO su song d sao Hda.
Co kha nans tdi nay mua.
Gid nay anh ta cd thedd den trudng.
Cac lii' tinh thai :"c6 the", "c6 kha nang" Irong cac vf du tren
kh6ng chi la ddi lugng ciia 16- gfch hgc, ma cdn la ddi lugng ciia ng6n ngii
hgc. Ng6n ngu lu nhien chiia dung rat nhidu tir ngu", hien lugng ndm trong
pham vi tinh thai, nhung itr nhu: Gia dinh, nghi ngd, c6 the, c6 kha nang,
dieu kien, lap luan, tat yeu, khong tat yeu, bat buoc, nghi van, phii
djnh, danh gia...deu chiia dung mot phdn ngi dung tinh thai [130,386] Ca
16 gfch hgc Idn ng6n ngii hgc deu chu trgng cac yeu to linh thai Irong ngon
ngii tu nhien. Su khac biet Idn giua hai nganh khoa hgc nay la mgl ben ihien
vi tinh thai khach quan, kh6ng quan tam deii vai lid ciia ngudi ndi trong
phat ng6n. Va ben kia lai danh gia cao linh ihcli cbii quan. "L6- gfch hgc
von chi quan lam nhieu tdi gia tri chan nguy ciia menh di cho nen cai am
giai tinh thai ciia no gidi ban trong tfnh hien (hue (xac ihuc), tfnh tat yeu va
tfnh kha nang vdi nhiing miic do khac nbau ciia tfnh cha't ay va su phdi hop
giiia cac tfnh cha'l ay"|40,50) Tuy nhien, d giai doan Irudc day thi giiia quan

niem ve tinh thai ciia 16- gfch hgc va ngon ngii hgc mdi cd su kliac biet chu

\u--.:- ,.,iv^

"^-J^ilfS


yeu nay. Hien nay, 16- gfch hgc cung chii ligng nhieu deii tinh thai chu
quan.
Ngdn ngii' hgc quan lam tinh thai khach quan Idn linii thai chii quan, luy
cd phdn nghien vi tinh thai chii quan nhidu ban. Cac nha ngon ngu' hgc cho
rdng: tinh thai la mgl pham tru "chi ra nhung dac diem ciia cac mdi quan he
khach quan dugc phan anh Irong ngi dung ciia cau (linh thai kliach quan) va
cbi ra muc do cua tfnh xac ihuc ve ngi dung ciia chfnh cau dd theo quan
niem ciia ngudi ndi (tlnh thai chii quan)."|Bondarko.A.V, Din theo Pham
Hung Viet,119|
Tinh thai khach quan d day dugc hieu trong mdi lien he giiia cai dugc
lh6ng bao vdi thuc le d binh dien hien thuc ifnh va phi hien thuc tfnh. Dd la
dau hieu nghia linh thai ciia bai ky phal ng6n nao.
Cdn tinh thai chii quan la mdi quan be giua ngudi ndi vdi dieu dugc
lb6ng bao; la dau hieu khong bdi bugc cua phal ng6n. Dung lugng cua tinh
thai chu quan cd tfnh chat rgng ban tlnh thai khach quan va kb6ng ddng
nhat. Thai do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi lam co' sd cho linh thai chii quan.
Ngudi ndi bao dam, cam ket tfnh chan thuc cua thdng lin dugc ndi d trong
phal ngon: Tdi ndi mot dieu nhu the. Toi khdng dinh hoac toi phii dinh
n6..,Va\ pham vi tinh thai khach quan, ngudi ndi chi ndi hoac gbi nhan mot
su kien nao dd trong phat ngdn. Do vay, phal ng6n ihugc tinh thai khach
quan thudng chiia cac thanh to phi danh gia.
Trong thuc le su dung ngdn ngir, y nghTa tinh ibai khach quan va tinh
thai chii quan kb6ng lach rdi trong mot phal ng6n. Ca hai deu la ddi lugng

khao sal ciia ng6n ngu" hgc.

L2 Mot sdauan niem ve tinh tinh thai cua ccic nha n^it hoc:


Khi ban ve tfnh tinh thai trong ng6n ngu", Panfilov viel ;"Kh6ng cd
pham Iru nao ma ban cbai ngon ngii hgc va cac Ihanh phan y nghTa bg phan
lai gay ra nhieu y kien khac biet va ddi lap nhu" pham Iru linh Unh thai."
Ngay lii nhung nam ciia thap ky bai muoi, O. Jespersen (1921) da danh
gia cao tfnh chii the trong giao liep. Ong cho rdng, cac Ihiic xac dinh
(indicative), ihiic gia dinh (subjunclive), Ihuc cdu khien (imperative) deu
bieu hien ihai do, quan niem cua ngudi ndi ve ngi dung cua cau; mac dd
trong nhieu trudng hgp, viec chgn lua thiic dugc xac djnh khong phai bdng
thai do thuc le ciia ngudi ndi ma bdng chii ihe ciia menh de va nd doc lap
vdi ngudi ndi.| I35,9|
Jespersen de xudt hai he thdng tinh thai. Mot be Ihdng bao g6m su
bdi bugc, cho phep, hiia hen,,...Va he thdng kia bao gdm su tai yeu, xac
djnh, gia dinh, dieu kien,...Dua vao each phan loai nay, quan niem ciia
Jespersen thuc cbai da dat nen mdng cho su phan chia hai pham trii n6i
dung y nghTa linh thai: tinh thai nhan ibii'c (epislemic modality) va tinh thai
dao nghTa (deontic modality).
Sau O.Jespersen, Von Wright (1951) dua ra cac kieu linh thai nhu:
-Tmh thai chan nguy (alethic)
-Tinh thai nhan ibiic (epislemic)
-Tmh thai dao nghTa (deontic)
-Tinh thai I6n tai (existential)
Ben canh dd, 6ng cdn chii y mot sd phuang tien bieu hien y nghTa tinh
thai, dac biet la he thdng dgng tir tinh thai. Chang ban, each diing cua
MUST va MAY:
You may be there by now.

(Bay gid ban dugc phep cd mat d dd.)


20

You may come in now.
(Bay gid ban dugc phep vao)
Va:
John niusl be there by now.
(Bay gid John phai cd mat d dd)
You must come in now,
(Bay gid ban bugc phai vao.)
Trong cac phat ng6n tren, MAY dien dal su cho phep. Cdn MUST mang
nghTa bat bugc. Mudn phan biet gia tri ngii nghTa cua hai dgng tii' nay, cdn
diing d gdc do cua ngudi ndi, muc dfch cua phal ngon. Trong thuc le', nghTa
ciia phal ng6n chi cd the bgc 16 qua each su dung ngdn tu ciia ngudi ndi.
Ben canh cac pham trii tinh thai nhan ihuc, tinh thai dao nghTa, tinh
thai idn lai...,Von Wright cdn dua ra khai niem tlnh thai dgng Iuc (dynamic
modality). Khai niem linh thai dgng Iuc dugc hieu la su ket hgp giiia nang
Iuc (ability) va thien chf (disposition) ciia ngudi ndi. Chdng ban nhu trong
phat ngon:
John can speak German.
(John bie't ndi tieiig Diic.)
Dgng tu CAN ( nghTa la c6 the] cd kha nang) nhu mot hinh thiic bieu
hien ciia tinh thai dgng Iuc, chi kha nang, nang Iuc cua ddi tugng.
Ngudi ndi cd vai trd quan trgng Irong viec id chue va bie'u hien cac
thdng lin linh thai Irong phal ngon. John Lyons (1979) cho rdng "tinh thai
la thai do ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi ngi dung menh de ma cau bieu ihj hay tinh
trang ma menh de dd mieu la."[133,452] F.R.Palmer (1986) cung cho rdng
linh thai la lh6ng lin ngir nghTa cua cau bieu ihi thai do (attitude) hoac y

kien (opinion) cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu dugc ndi ra.[ 135,14], Ong quan
niem cd bdn kieu tlnh thai:
- Tinh thai chu quan (Subjectivity)
- Tmh thai hien thuc (Facluality)
- Tmh thai nhan thiic va dao nghTa ( Epistemics and deonlics)
- Tmh thai kha nang va tat yeu (Possibility and necessity)
John Lyons va F.R.Palmer la nhiing ngudi quan tam nhieu den cac
pham lin n6i dung y nghTa ciia tfnh tlnh Ihai. Cac lac gia nay cho rdng c6
hai pham trii tinh thai ca ban: tinh thai nhan thiic va tinh thai dao nghTa.
+ Tinh thai nhan thuc (epistemic modality):
Khai niem linh thai nhan thiic, theo quan niem ciia J, Lyons cd nghTa la
"su hieu biet" (understanding), "kien thuc" (knowledge) va su lin tudng cua
ngudi ndi. Day la ngi dung tinh thai the hien mice do cam ket ciia ngudi
ndi ve tinh chdn thuc cua dieu ndi ra trong phat ngon. Cd nghTa la hg
hieu ca sd thuc te nhu la cac dieu kien cdn Ihiel cua phat ngon. Hg tin, hg
khang dinh dieu hg ndi la chan thuc. Day la each trinh bay the' gidi theo
quan diem cua ngudi ndi, "cd lien quan den sir dien dal hien thuc nhung dd
la hien thuc lien quan hda giiia ngudi ndi va ihe gidi khach quan,"[133,407]
Pham trii tinh ihai nay gdm cac ngi dung sau:
-Tinh thai thuc (factive):
Ngudi ndi cam kel dieu minh ndi la dung vdi hien ihuc, mang tfnh tat
yeu. Tfnh xac thuc ciia cau, phat ngdn dugc phan anh th6ng qua lang kfnh
chu quan ciia ngudi ndi; dugc can cii lii' sU hieu biei hay trai ngbiem thuc te
ciia hg hoac lu su suy luan hoac true liep hoac gian liep cua ngudi ndi tren
ca sd cac luan cii' trong cau. Chdng ban,
(3) Chac chan nd se den, khong sdm thi mugn.

22

Th6ng qua phat ng6n lien, ngudi ndi cam kei ifnh chan thuc ciia dieu
hg ndi, Hg qua quyel ve su kien, su linh xay ra Irong phat ng6n dua tren
kinh ngbiem hoac dua uen mot sd lh6ng lin cd lien quan den ddi tugng.
-Tinh thai phi thuc (non factive):
Ngudi ndi khong cam kei dieu minh ndi Irong phal ngdn la diing hay
sai, ma chi dua ra su phdng doan, gia djnh ve tfnh cd kha nang hay tfnh tat
yeu ciia hien ihuc. Dieu nay dua nen nhung kien giai chu quan ciia ngudi
ndi hoac su mong mudn chii quan nao dd cua hg. Loai y nghTa tinh thai
khdng ihuc huii nay Ihudng kel hgp vdi cac sac ihai danh gia tfch cue hoac
tieu cue ciia ngudi ndi. Sdc thai danh gia ifch cue ihudng gdn vdi su mong
mudn chu quan ciia ngudi ndi. Cdn sdc thai danh gia lieu cue lai di kem vdi
su nghi ngd, e ngai ciia ngudi ndi. Chdng han,
(4) Toi khong ch^c minh cd the di Ha Ngi dgt nay hay phai ddi chuyen
di vao mot djp khac.
O day ngudi ndi bgc 16 thai do chua diit khoal ve hai sir linh: di Ha Ngi
hoac khong. Xac suat ve thuc le cd the xay ra giua A va B deu nhu nbau.
Ngudi ndi d irong trang thai bap benh, dao dgng va dang chd dgi mgl dieu
xac dinh.
- Tinh thai phdn thuc (contra factive): Ngudi ndi bac bd tfnh chan
thuc ciia dieu dugc ndi trong phat ng6n, Hg cam kel dieu minh ndi la sai,
kh6ng cd kha nang xay ra, kh6ng cd tfnh tai yeu. Chdng ban,
(5) Gia nd cdn me thi khdng den ndi phai khd.
Trong phal ng6n tren, ngi dung menh de hoan loan cd tfnh trai ngugc
vdi Ihuc le, day la hinh anh the gidi khach quan dugc ngudi ndi kien tao nen
va do vay, nd khdng phan anh nhung su kien duang nhien la hien thuc. "Gia


23

nd cdn me..." , Irong thuc te thi me chau da qua ddi, ngudi ndi the hien dieu
nay de bay to su thuang xdt, se chia trong phat ngdn.
+Tinh thai dao nghia ( Deontic modality):
Loai tinh thai nay gdn vdi nhirng quy tdc, che djnh cua dao diic, luan ly
hoac cac nguyen tdc khi thuc hien hanh dgng Irong phal ng6n ciia cac ddi
tac Iham gia giao tiep. Nhiing che djnh nay mang ifnh bdt huge, tfnh quy
udc cua cong ddng xa hoi va ngi dung tinh thai dao nghTa ihudng dugc xem
xet dudi gdc do hanh vi:
-Bdt huge hay khong bdi bugc.
-Cain doan hay khdng cam doan.
-Dugc phep hay kh6ng dugc phep.
-Mien trtr hay kh6ng mien tru".
Chdng ban,
(6) Con phai di hgc, khdng dugc tu y bd hgc.
'

Phal ngon litn la ldi yeu cdu, cd ifnh bdt bugc ciia ngudi me d6'i vdi

con, Theo su danh gia cua ngudi ndi, viec ngudi nghe phai thuc hien hanh
dgng di hoc mang tfnh cbai che djnh chung cua xa hoi, cd ifnh ta't nhien,
Cdn nhd phai chiu khd hgc tap thi mdi by vgng lam dugc viec cd fch sau
nay. Tfnh cbai dao nghTa, do vay, bieu hien ro irong phal ngdn. Tuong tu
nhu,
(7) Neu trdi mua thi con nhd mang qudn ao vao nha day nhe!
Hanh vi dan dd ciia ngudi me dugc ngudi con ihuc hien khi cd dieu
kien: Tr&i mua. Neu khdng thuc hien diing Idi dan ciia me, qudn ao se bi
udt...
Trong thuc le, cau dieu kien gdn vdi nhiing khuyen lenh ciia ngudi ndi:
nhd, nen, bdt bugc, cdn phdi... ihudng thugc pham tru linh thai dao nghTa.

24

Mai khac, su" phan chia cac ngi dung y nghTa linh thai nhan ihiic hoac
tinh thai dao nghTa irong tiing phal ngdn chi mang linh tuong ddi, can gdn
vdi liing hoan canh phal ng6n cu the. Doi khi cung mgl lac lii" "cd ihe" dugc
xep vao hai pham Irii tinh thai khac nbau. Chi cd the phan biet nhiing
trudng hgp nay neu can cii' vao cac linh hudng giao liep khac nbau. Chdng
ban,
(8) Tdi CO the ndi lieng Anh.
Phat ngdn (8) neu xet d gdc do tfnh kha nang, ihi ibugc pham trii tinh
thai nhan thuc. Ngudi ndi cam kel rdng minh biel ndi lieng Anh, Cdn neu
dugc hieu trong mot ky Ihi van dap vdi nhieu loai ngoai ngQ" khac nbau, khi
cd phal ng6n; "Toi cd the ndi lieng Anh" kei hgp ciing vdi ngii dieu cao ban
mot chut. Thi ngudi nghe se nhan ra dayla hanh vi xin phep, dugc xep vao
pham trii tlnh thai dao nghTa,
Cling mot phuang lien bieu hien cd Ihe chuyen chd nhieu loai y nghTa
tinh thai, ngugc lai ciing mdt y nghTa lai cd the dugc the hien cirng mot liic
nhieu kieu phuang tien. Dieu nay tao nen mot dien rgng lai yeu trong qua
trinh sir dung ngon ngii. Trong phat ngon, cac ngi dung linh thai dugc dan
cai, hda quyen vdi nbau. Do vay viec phan nhdm cac phuang tien bieu hien
nghTa linh ihai irong nhung phal ngdn cd dang cau ghep theo ngi dung y
nghTa tinh thai nhan ihiic hay tinh thai dao nghia, hay cac y nghTa linh thai
phii dinh, khdng djnh; lieu cue, ifch cue... chi mang Ifnh luong ddi.
Nhin chung, each liep can va phuong phap nghien cuu ve linh tinh thai
trong ng6n ngii cd khac nbau nhung diem chung ciia cac nha ngon ngu hgc
la hg deu danh gia cao tfnh chii quan ciia ngudi ndi, iuc chii ihe Unh thai
trong phat ng6n. Chfnh day la lien de cd tfnh ly luan de giai quyel nhieu van

25

de ve mdi quan he giiia ngudi ndi vdi hien ihuc, thai do ciia hg ddi vdi dieu
ndi den trong phat ngon va ddi vdi cac ddi lac iham gia giao tie'p.
1.3 Quan diem chinh ciia luan an ve tinh tinh thai, y nshia tinh thai vd
phuans tien bieu hien tinh thai trans n^on n^ic
1.3. 1 Tinh tinh thai va v nghTa tinh thai ciia phat ngon:
Ngii nghTa ciia cau la su kei hgp ciia hai ihanh phan: phdn ng6n lieu
(diclum) va phan Unh thai (modality). Ng6n lieu la bg phan ngtr nghTa
truyen dat cai ngi dung menh de ve cac su kien, su Unh, la ngi dung ca ban
ciia th6ng bao. Cdn tinh thai la bg phan ngir nghTa gdn chii quan ciia nguoi
ndi ddi vdi th6ng bao va ngudi ddi thoai.
NghTa Unh thai dugc xac djnh bdng qua trinh ngii' phap hda, la each
ngudi ndi bieu thi thai do (attitude) trong phal ngon, Khai niem "thai do",
theo T. Givdn bao gdm hai ngi dung:
- Danh gia nhan ibiic (epistemics) ve tfnh chan ihuc, tfnh kha nang, tfnh
chdc chdn, tfnh cd can cu,
- Danh gia gia tri (evaluaUves) ve udc mudn, su ua thfch, y dinh, nang
lire, trach nhiem hay su dieu khien.
Cach danh gia ciia ngudi ndi cd tfnh chii quan, ca nhan nhung cung chiu
su che dinh ciia cac deu chf chung cua xa hoi. Nguyln Due Dan cd dua ra
nhiing thang do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi theo cac lieu chf:
- Danh gia iheo gia trj chan ly: diing hay sai.
- Danh gia Iheo gia tri tham my: dep hay xau.
- Danh gia ve gia tri linh thdn; ldi hay xau.
- Danh gia theo phuang dien thuc dung hay hudng thu.
Nhung lieu chf nay ihugc ly le chung, cd Uic diing chi phdi den lung
each danh gia ciia ca nhan trong phat ngdn. Chdng han,