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INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW

Treaties, Cases and Analysis

International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases
and Analysis introduces law students to the international legal instruments and
case law governing the substantive and procedural dimensions of international
human rights and humanitarian law, including economic, social, and cultural
rights. The textbook also discusses the history and organizational structure of
human rights and humanitarian law enforcement mechanisms. Relevant to U.S.
audiences, a chapter is devoted to the issues surrounding the incorporation of
international law into U.S. law, including principles of constitutional and statutory interpretation, conflict rules, and the self-execution doctrine. Questions and
Comments sections provide critical analyses of issues raised in the materials. The
last chapter addresses theoretical issues facing contemporary international human
rights and humanitarian law and its enforcement.
Francisco Forrest Martin is the president and founder of Rights International, The
Center for International Human Rights Law, Inc.
Stephen J. Schnably is the vice-chair and legal director of Rights International,
The Center for International Human Rights, Inc. He is also the associate dean and
professor of law at the University of Miami School of Law.
Richard J. Wilson is professor of law and director of the International Human
Rights Law Clinic at American University Washington College of Law. He is also a
legal director of Rights International, The Center for International Human Rights
Law, Inc.
Jonathan S. Simon is associate dean and professor of law at the University of
California at Berkeley School of Law.
Mark V. Tushnet is the Carmack Waterhouse Professor of Constitutional Law at
Georgetown University Law Center.

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International Human Rights
and Humanitarian Law
TREATIES, CASES AND ANALYSIS

Francisco Forrest Martin
Rights International

Stephen J. Schnably
University of Miami School of Law

Richard J. Wilson
American University Washington College of Law

Jonathan S. Simon
University of California at Berkeley School of Law

Mark V. Tushnet
Georgetown University Law Center

Rights International

Published under the auspices of

The Center for International Human Rights Law, Inc.

iii


  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521858861
© Martin, Schnably,Wilson, Simon, and Tushnet 2006
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2005
-
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guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.


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. . . about
Rights International
This book is published under the auspices of Rights International, The
Center for International Human Rights Law, Inc. Rights International is
a not-for-profit organization devoted to protecting and furthering the
rights recognized in the Universal Bill of Human Rights and other human
rights and humanitarian instruments. It seeks to accomplish this mission
in two ways.
First, Rights International provides legal assistance to victims of human
rights and humanitarian law violations before international tribunals,
including those established by the United Nations, the Council of Europe,
the Organisation of African Unity, and the Organization of American
States.
Second, Rights International trains lawyers and law students in international human rights law and practice. This book represents one component of Rights International’s training program.
If you are interested in learning more about Rights International or
working on one of our international cases, please visit our website for
information about the following programs:
Cooperating Attorney/Firm Program
Frank C. Newman Internship Program
Eric Neisser Project on International Human Rights Law in the United
States
Law School Consortium Program
www.rightsinternational.org

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We dedicate this book to
Frank and Jonathan Askin
David Fathi
Andrea L. Teitler
– from Francisco Forrest Martin
To my wife, Ann
– from Richard Wilson
Christina
– from Jonathan Simon

ACLU National Prison Project
– from Mark Tushnet

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Contents

Table of Selected Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Selected International Instrument Citations
xxi
Selected Cases, General Comments, & Advisory Opinions
xxiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
Researching International Human Rights Law
xxx
Note Regarding Editing
xxxi
Acknowledgments
xxxi

1. An Overview of International Human Rights
and Humanitarian Law Development and Their
Protection Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. The Historical and Conceptual Development of International Human
Rights and Humanitarian Law
1
1.2. Overview of International Protection Mechanisms: History, Organization,
and Operations
6
1.2.1. United Nations Mechanisms
6
1.2.1.1. UN Treaty-Based Tribunals

7
International Criminal Court
8
Human Rights Committee
8
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
10
Committee Against Torture
10
Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women
11
Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
11
1.2.1.2. UN Charter-Based Tribunals and Other Mechanisms
11
International Court of Justice
11
International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
11
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
12
Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No. 1503
12
Philip Alston, The Commission on Human Rights in Alston (ed.) The
United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal 126
(1992)
13
Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution No. 1235
14
Thematic and Country Mechanisms

15
International Labour Organisation
15
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
16
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Contents

1.2.2. Regional Tribunals
European Court of Human Rights
Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights
African Commission and Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights
Caribbean Court of Justice
1.2.3. Other Tribunals
Human Rights Commission for Bosnia and Herzegovina

Hybrid National-International, Criminal Tribunals

16
16
17
19
19
20
20
20

2. Formal Sources and Principles of International
Human Rights and Humanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1. Formal Sources
ICJ Statute, art. 38
Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 3, 4
(4th ed. 1990)

22
22
23

2.1.1. Treaties
Reservations
U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings to the ICCPR
(1992)
Questions & Comments

23
25

2.1.2. Customary International Law
Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 5–7, 10
(4th ed. 1990)
Questions & Comments

28

2.1.3. Jus Cogens

31

Francisco Forrest Martin, Delineating a Hierarchical Outline of
International Law Sources and Norms, 65 Sask. L. Rev. 333 (2002)
Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1993)
Questions & Comments
Advisory Opinion, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency,
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1987)
2.2. Principles of Interpretation
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, arts. 31 and 32

26
28

29
30

31
39
40

40
46
46

Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on
Land, Martens Clause
ICC Statute, art. 21

47
47

Advisory Opinion, “Other Treaties” Subject to the Consultative
Jurisdiction of the Court (Art. 64 of the American Convention on
Human Rights), Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1982)
Questions & Comments

48
54

Paul Mahoney, Judicial Activism and Judicial Self-Restraint in the
European Court of Human Rights, 11 Hum. Rts. L.J. 57 (1990)
Laurence R. Helfer, Consensus, Coherence and the European
Convention on Human Rights, 26 Cornell Int’l L.J. 133 (1993)
Questions & Comments

54
56
68

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2.3. Principles of Liability
Dinah L. Shelton, Private Violence, Public Wrongs, and the
Responsibility of States, 13 Fordham Int’l L.J. 1 (1990)
Questions & Comments
2.3.1. State Liability
Instruments
Vel´asquez Rodr´ıguez v. Honduras, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1988)
Questions & Comments
Francisco Forrest Martin, “U.S. Opposition to the International
Criminal Court: What Now?” 1 Accountability 2–8 (2002)
Questions & Comments
X. and Y. v. The Netherlands, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)
Questions & Comments
Andrew Clapham, Human Rights in the Private Sphere 93–104
(1993)

Questions & Comments
2.3.2. Individual Liability: State and Non-State Actors
Instruments
Superior Responsibility
Memorial Amicus Curiae submitted by Rights International,
Benavides Cevallos v. Ecuador, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1998)
Questions & Comments
Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, ICTR (2001)
Questions & Comments
2.3.3. Conspiracy and Corporate Responsibility
Judgment for the Trial of German Major War Criminals, International
Military Tribunal (1946)
Questions & Comments
Steven R. Ratner, Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal
Responsibility, 111 Yale L. J. 443 (2001)
2.3.4. Defenses
Statute of the International Criminal Court, Articles 31 and 33
State and Official Immunity
Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2001)
Questions & Comments
Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium, ICJ (2002)
Questions & Comments
Combat Immunity
Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Protection of Prisoners
of War
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed
Conflicts (Protocol I)
Questions & Comments

71
71
74
75
81
86
90
96
96
99
100
102
103
110
110
114
115
121
122
122
131
132
147
147
148
148
159
159
163
164

164

165
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Contents

Superior Orders, Coercion, and Duress
In re Ohlendorf and Others (Einsatzgruppen Trial), IMT (1948)
Questions & Comments
Other Viable and Non-Viable Defenses

168
168
171
171

3. Incorporation of International Human Rights and
Humanitarian Law in U.S. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
U.S. Constitution
175
3.1. Construction Rules
175
3.1.1. Constitutional Construction
175
3.1.1.1. Mandatory International Legal Construction Rule
176
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New
Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an
Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings
Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)
176
Questions & Comments
189
3.1.1.2. Persuasive Authority Rule
189
Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)
189
Questions & Comments
191
3.1.2. Federal and State Statutory Construction
191
3.1.2.1. Federal Mandatory Rule: The Charming Betsy and Rossi Rules
191
Weinberger v. Rossi, 456 U.S. 25 (1982)
191

Questions & Comments
192
Curtis A. Bradley, The Charming Betsy Canon and Separation of
Powers: Rethinking the Interpretive Role of International Law, 86 Geo.
L.J. 479, 495–533 (1998)
192
Questions & Comments
203
3.1.2.2. Persuasive Authority Rule
203
Laurence R. Helfer and Alice M. Miller, Sexual Orientation and
Human Rights: Toward a United States and Transnational
Jurisprudence, 9 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 61 (1996)
203
Questions & Comments
205
3.2. Conflict Rules
205
3.2.1. Treaties and Federal Statutes: The Last-in-Time Rule
205
Chae Chan Ping v. United States (The Chinese Exclusion Case), 130
U.S. 581 (1889)
205
Questions & Comments
212
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New
Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an
Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings
Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)
212

3.2.2. Customary International Law and Other Federal Law: The Garc´ıa-Mir
Rule
216
Garc´ıa-Mir v. Meese, 788 F.2d 1446 (11th Cir. 1986)
217
Questions & Comments
219


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Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New
Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an
Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings
Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)
3.3. Self-Execution Doctrine
3.3.1. Treaties

Francisco Forrest Martin, Challenging Human Rights
Violations: Using International Law in U.S. Courts (2001)
Questions & Comments
John C. Yoo, Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties,
Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding, 99 Colum. L.
Rev. 1955 (1999)
Questions & Comments
John C. Yoo, Rejoinder, Treaties and Public Lawmaking: A Textual and
Structural Defense of Non-Self-Execution, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 2218,
2233 et passim (1999)
Questions & Comments
Francisco Forrest Martin, Our Constitution as Federal Treaty: A New
Theory of United States Constitutional Construction Based on an
Originalist Understanding for Addressing a New World, 31 Hastings
Const. L. Quart. 258 (2004)
3.3.2. Customary International Law
Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 124 S. Ct. 2739 (2004)
Questions & Comments

4. International Human Rights Tribunal Procedure and Remedies
4.1. Jurisdiction
Advisory Opinion, Interpretation of the American Declaration of the
Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the
American Convention on Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1989)
Bankovi¸c and Others v. Belgium and Others, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2001)
Francisco Forrest Martin, The International Human Rights Aspects of
the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine, 35 U. Miami Inter-Am. L.
Rev. 101, 106–109 (2003)
4.2 Standing
A group of associations . . . v. Italy, UNHRC (1990)

Questions & Comments
4.3. Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies
Vel´asquez Rodr´ıguez v. Honduras, Preliminary Objections, Inter-Am.
Ct. H.R. (1989)
Questions & Comments
Advisory Opinion, Exceptions to the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies
in Cases of Indigency or Inability to Obtain Legal Representation
Because of a Generalized Fear Within the Legal Community, Inter-Am.
Ct. H.R. (1990)
Questions & Comments

219
220
220
221
235

236
239

240
244

246
254
254
267
270
270

271
276

284
286
287
288
289
291
294

295
301


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4.4. Remedies and State Compliance
Restitution
Satisfaction
Indemnity
Questions & Comments

301
302
304
305
305

5. Substantive International Human Rights and
Humanitarian Law Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
5.1. Fundamental International Human Rights Protections
307
5.1.1. Rights to Life and Humane Treatment
307
Instruments
Torture; Cruel, Inhuman, Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and
Sexual Violence
315
Ireland v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1978)
315
Questions & Comments
320
Hern´andez Rivas v. El Salvador, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R.
(1994)
322
Questions & Comments

326
UNHRC General Comment 20 (Article 7)
326
Abortion
329
“The Baby Boy” Case, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1981)
330
Questions & Comments
332
Vo v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2004)
333
Questions & Comments
338
Death Penalty
339
Instruments
Domingues v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (2002)
339
Questions & Comments
351
Soering v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1989)
351
Questions & Comments
357
Judge v. Canada, UNHRC (2003)
361
Questions & Comments
364
Abductions, Disappearances, and Summary Executions
364

Sald´ıas de L´opez v. Uruguay, UNHRC (1981)
365
Questions & Comments
369
Vel´asquez Rodr´ıguez v. Honduras, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.
(1988)
370
Questions & Comments
370
5.1.2. Rights to Personal Security and Liberty
371
Instruments
Murray v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1994)
374
Questions & Comments
389
Su´arez Rosero v. Ecuador, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1997)
391
Questions & Comments
398


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Advisory Opinion, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency,
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1987)
Questions & Comments
5.1.3. Right to Freedom from Discrimination
Instruments
Intentional Discrimination
Advisory Opinion, Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization
Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (1984)
Questions & Comments
Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1999)
Questions & Comments
Unintentional and Disparate Impact Discrimination
Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v. The Czech Republic,
UNHRC (1995)
Questions & Comments
Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R.
(1985)
Questions & Comments
Affirmative Action
Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, Eur. Ct. J. (1997)
Questions & Comments
5.2. International Humanitarian Law Protections and Human Rights-Related
International Crimes

5.2.1. Genocide
Instruments
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR (1998)
Questions & Comments
5.2.2. Crimes Against Humanity
Instruments
Prosecutor v. Tadi¸c (Final Judgment), ICTY (1997)
Questions & Comments
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR (1998)
Questions & Comments
5.2.3. War Crimes
Instruments
International and Noninternational Conflicts
Prosecutor v. Tadi¸c (Final Judgment), ICTY (1997).
Questions & Comments
The Proportionality Rule and Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary
Suffering (SIrUS) Rule
Francisco Forrest Martin, Using International Human Rights Law for
Establishing a Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict,
64(2) Sask. L. Rev. 347 (2002)
Questions & Comments

399
399
404
407
407
414
416
420

421
421
425
425
444
447
447
452
453
453
454
473
475
477
490
492
502
503
522
522
527
529

529
533


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Contents

Rights International Memorial Amicus Curiae in Prosecutor v. Gali¸c,
ICTY (2003)
Questions & Comments
Francisco Forrest Martin, Challenging Human Rights
Violations: Using International Law in U.S. Courts 130–41
(2001)
5.3. Criminal and Civil Procedural Rights
Instruments
Presumption of Innocence
Allenet de Ribemont v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1995)
Questions & Comments
Assistance of Legal Counsel
Grant v. Jamaica, UNHRC (1994)
Questions & Comments
Advisory Opinion, The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in
the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.
(1999)

Questions & Comments
Judicial and Jury Impartiality
Andrews v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R.
(1997)
Questions & Comments
Equality of Arms: Examination of Witnesses and
Documents

534
542

543
552
563
563
567
568
568
573

577
589
590
590
604
604

Harward v. Norway, UNHRC (1994)
Questions & Comments
Edwards v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1992)

604
606
609

Questions & Comments
Kostovski v. The Netherlands, Eur. Ct. H.R (1989)
Questions & Comments
Prosecutor v. Kayishema & Ruzindana, ICTR (2001)
Questions & Comments
Self-Incrimination
Funke v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)

619
619
630
632
634
634
634

Questions & Comments
Length of Proceedings
Firmenich v. Argentina, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1989)
Questions & Comments
Retrospective Criminal Laws
Welch v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1995)
Questions & Comments
Punishment

639
640
640
644
646
646
652
653


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Instruments
Prosecutor v. Kambanda, ICTR (2000)
Questions & Comments
5.4. Rights to Privacy and Respect for Family Life
Instruments

Surveillance, Search and Seizure, and the Exclusionary Rule
Peck v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2003)

655
657
659
662
662

Questions & Comments
Klass and Others v. Germany, Eur. Ct. H.R.
(1978)

670

Questions & Comments

676

Garc´ıa P´erez v. Peru, Inter-Am. Cm. H.R. (1995)

678

Questions & Comments
Cr`emieux v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)

680
680

Questions & Comments

Sexual Orientation and Practice
Toonen v. Australia, UNHRC. (1994)
Questions & Comments
Transgendered Persons
Goodwin v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2002)
Questions & Comments

670

684
685
685
689
692
692
711

Parental Rights and the Right to Familial Integrity
Fei v. Colombia, UNHRC (1995)

711
711

Questions & Comments
Abortion

719
724

Br¨uggemann and Scheuten v. Federal Republic of Germany,

Eur. Cm. H.R. (1977)
Questions & Comments
Paton v. United Kingdom, Eur. Cm. H.R. (1980)
Questions & Comments
5.5. Freedom of Conscience
Instruments
Kokkinakis v. Greece, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1993)
Questions & Comments
5.6. Freedom of Expression
Instruments
Defamation
Lingens v. Austria, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)
Questions & Comments
Offensive Expression
J.R.T. and the W.G. Party v. Canada, UNHRC. (1983)
Questions & Comments

724
727
729
734
734
736
747
750
753
753
762
768
768

770


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Contents

M¨uller and Others v. Switzerland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1988)
Questions & Comments
Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland,
Eur. Ct. H.R. (1992)
Questions & Comments
National Security
The Observer and Guardian v. United Kingdom (“The Spycatcher
Case”), Eur. Ct. H.R. (1991)

772
786
790

800
803
803

Questions & Comments
Media Access and Licensing, and Commercial Expression
Barthold v. Federal Republic of Germany, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1985)
Questions & Comments
5.7. Freedom of Association and Assembly
Instruments
¨
Plattform ‘Artze
f¨ur das Leben’ v. Austria, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1988)

822
825
825
840
844

Questions & Comments
5.8. Right to Marriage
Instruments
Goodwin v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (2002)

849
851

Questions & Comments
Johnston v. Ireland, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)

Questions & Comments

854
855
864

846

852

5.9. Right to Vote
Instruments
Statehood Solidarity Committee v. United States, Inter-Am. Cm H.R.
(2003)

866

Questions & Comments
5.10. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
Instruments
The Nature of States Parties Obligations, ECOSOC Ctte. General
Comment No. 3 (1990)
Questions & Comments
Five Pensioners Case, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2003)

880
881

Questions & Comments
5.10.1. Employment

Advisory Opinion, Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented
Migrants, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2003)
Questions & Comments
5.10.2. Property
Instruments
The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua,
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (2001)
Questions & Comments

869

891
894
895
899
900
900
911
911

913
915


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xix

James v. United Kingdom, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986)
Questions & Comments
Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece (Merits),
Eur. Ct. H.R. (1994)
Questions & Comments

6. Theory and Critique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Richard Falk, the end of World Order: Essays on Normative
International Relations (1983)
Questions & Comments
Louis Henkin, the Age of Rights (1990)
Questions & Comments
Yash Ghai, Universalism and Relativism: Human Rights as a
Framework for Negotiating Interethnic Claims, 21 Cardozo L.
Rev. 1095–1102 (2000)
Abdullah Ahmen An-Na’im, Human Rights in the Muslim World:
Socio-Political Conditions and Scriptural Imperatives, 3 Harv. Hum.
Rts. J. 13 (1990)
Questions & Comments
Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chinkin & Shelley Wright, Feminist
Approaches to International Law, 85 Am. J. Int’l L. 613 (1991)

Questions & Comments
Thomas M. Franck, Legitimacy in the International System, 82 Am. J.
Int’l L. 705 (1988)
David Kennedy, The International Human Rights Movement: Part of
the Problem?, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 101 (2002)
Questions & Comments
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

916
930
931
936

. 938
938
940
941
943

944

949
956
956
958
958
967
986
. 987

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Selected International Instrument Citations
UN Instruments

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, G.A. Res. 39/46, 39 UN GAOR, Supp. (No. 51), UN Doc. A/39/51, at
197 (entered into force June 26, 1987).
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Dec. 18,
1979, G.A. Res. 34/180, 34 UN GAOR, Supp. (No. 46), UN Doc. A/34/46, at 193 (entered into
force Sept. 3, 1981).
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Dec. 21, 1965, 660
U.N.T.S. 195 (entered into force Jan. 4, 1969).
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, 78
U.N.T.S. no. 1021 (1951).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered
into force Mar. 23, 1976).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21
UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force
Jan. 3, 1976).
Statute of the International Court of Justice, 59 Stat. 1005, T.S. 993 (June 26, 1945).
Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998, UN Doc. 2187 UNTS 90 (entered
into force July 1, 2002).
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal, S/Res/808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 (May 3,
1993).
Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, U.N. Doc. S/Res/955, Annex (1994),
reprinted in 33 I.L.M. 1598, 1602 (1994).
United Nations Charter, June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. 993, 3 Bevans 1153 (entered into
force Oct. 24, 1945).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Dec. 10, 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), UN Doc. A/810
(1948).
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (entered into
force Jan. 27, 1980).
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Table of Selected Authorities

African Union Instruments
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, June 27, 1981, O.A.U. Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3
Rev. 5 (entered into force Oct. 21, 1986).

Commonwealth of Independent States Instruments
Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Council of Europe doc. H(95) 7 rev. and Human Rights Information Sheet
No. 36 (Jan.–Jun. 1995) H/Inf (95) 3, pp. 195–206.

European Instruments
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in Treaty Establishing a Constitution
for Europe, Dec. 16, 2004, II, 47 Official Journal of the European Union (C 310).
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,
Nov. 4, 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 221 (entered into force Feb. 3, 1953).
Protocol No. 1, Mar. 20, 1952, E.T.S. 9 (entered into force May 18, 1954).
Protocol No. 11, May 11, 1984, E.T.S. 155 (entered into force 1998).

OAS Instruments
American Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 22, 1969, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123 (entered into force
July 17, 1978).
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), Nov. 14, 1988, OAS Treaty
Series No. 69.
Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty,
Dec. 15, 1989, OAS Treaty Series, No. 73.
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, OAS Treaty Series No. 67 (entered
into force 28 February 1987), reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights
in the Inter-American System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc.6 rev.1 at 83 (1992).
Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence
Against Women (“Convention of Belem Do Para”), June 9, 1994, available at oas.org/en/prog/juridico/english/treaties/a-61.htm> (visited 24 July 2000).
Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons, June 9, 1994, available
at < (visited 24 July 2000)
(entered into force 28 March 1996).
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, May 2, 1948, O.A.S. Res. XXX,
reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American
System, OEA/Ser.L.V/II.82 doc. 6 rev.1 at 17 (1992).

U.S. Instruments
United States Constitution, Sept. 17, 1787 (entered into force June 21, 1788).


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Humanitarian Instruments
Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in
Armed Forces in the Field, August 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 31 (entered into force October 21,
1950).
Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, August 12, 1949, 75
U.N.T.S. 135, 6 U.S.T. 3316. T.I.A.S. No. 3364 (entered into force October 21, 1950).
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, August 12,
1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 287, 6 U.S.T. 3516, T.I.A.S. No. 3365 (entered into force October 21, 1950).
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the
Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), December 7, 1978,
16 I.L.M. 1391, (entered into force December 7, 1978).
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the
Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), June 8, 1977,
16 I.L.M. 1442, (entered into force December 7, 1978).
Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, with Annex of
Regulations, October 18, 1907, T.S. No. 539, 1 Bevans 631, 36 Stat. 2277 (entered into force
January 26, 1910).

Selected Cases, General Comments, & Advisory Opinions
A

Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United
Kingdom, 424
Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Educ., 850
Agrotexim and Others v. Greece, 289
Airey v. Ireland, 414
Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, 148,163
Allenet de Ribemont v. France, 563,824
Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname, 39
Andrews v. U.S., 590
Arizona v. Hicks, 684
Arkansas v. Texas, 363
Artico v. Italy, 306
Assenov v. Bulgaria, 99
Atkins v. Virginia, 350
Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers
Ltd., 765
Aumeerruddy-Cziffra v. Mauritius, 444
Autronic AG v. Switzerland, 844
Avena Case, 589
B
Baby Boy Case, 329,727
Ballantyne, Davidson, McIntyre v. Canada,
414

Bankovic¸ and Others v. Belgium and Others,
276,400
Barfod v. Denmark, 767
Barker v. Wingo, 645
Bates v. Bar of Arizona, 840
Barthold v. Fed. Rep. Germany, 825

Bautista de Arellana v. Colombia, 87,89
Belgian Linguistics Case, 414
Benavides Cevallos v. Ecuador, 110
Berry v. Jamaica, 575
Bigelow v. Virginia, 801
Bilka-Kraufhaus GmbH v. Hartz, 445
Boddie v. Connecticut, 865
Bognor Regis Urban District Council v.
Campion, 765
Bomchil and Meliton Ferrari v. Argentina,
850
Boner v. United Kingdom, 573
Boyle and Rice v. United Kingdom, 576
Brady v. Maryland, 608
Branzburg v. Hayes, 842
Bravo Mena v. Mexico
Bruggemann and Scheuten v. Fed. Rep.
Germany, 332,724
Burstyn v. Wilson, 788