ôn tập tiếng anh chuyên ngành 2 question ( for writting )

Question ( for writting )
1. What are functions of corporate finance ?
One of the core functions of corporate finance is to make wise use of the financial
resources available to the company. The functions may include the management of
investments, creating and managing the process for issuing shares of stock or
offering corporate bonds, and acquisitions of property or other companies, mergers,
corporate restructures, or the selling of the company assets.
2. What are objectives of corporate finance?
Some main objectives of corporate finance are making wise use of financial
resources, developing an operating budget for all financial needs of the company,
tracking income generated together with other departments of the company. The
general goal of corporate finance is to ensure that the company is achieving the
maximum profits while incurring the minimum amount of expenditure.
3. How can a company raise capital?
A company can raise more capital in two ways: Debt financing and equity financing.
A company can increase its equity by issuing new shares. In addition, a company
can get debt financing by issuing new bonds, or borrowing money from banks, or
other financial institutions.
4. What are advantages and disadvantages of owner's capital?
Owner's capital is the most exposed form of capital because a return is received only
after all other calls on company's profits have been satisfied. In the case of
bankruptcy, the owner's equity will be repaid only after everyone else including
employees, creditors, banks .. . On the other hand, in successful times, the owners
have a claim on all the net profit of the company.
5. What are advantages and disadvantages of venture capital?
The advantage of venture capital is that the venture capital company does not
usually interfere in the running of the company. However, the venture capital
company usually demands a much faster and higher rate of return than an owner
would expect from his/her own capital.
6. What are advantages and disadvantages of long-term loans?
Long term loans provide companies opportunities to raise more capital. In times of

prosperity, long term loans can give the owners much better returns because net
profits will be a much higher percentage of equity after interest payments on the long
term debt. However, in harder times, the owner' s earnings will drop dramatically as
interest payments soak up most of the company’s profits.


7. What are advantages and disadvantages of listed security markets ( Stock
Exchange) ?
The listed security market has the advantage of providing the long-term opportunity
of raising capital by issuing fresh shares . However , at least 25 % of the equity must
be in public hands-thereby reducing the control of the original owners.
8. How is working capital of a company classified?
Working classified into 2 types: Permanent working capital and temporary working
capital. Permanent working capital is tied up keeping the business flowing
throughout the year, while temporary working capital is needed from time to take
account of seasonal, cyclical or unexpected fluctuation in the business.
9. What is the task of finance manager in managing inventories?
It's the job of the finance manager to minimize the stocks of raw materials, the level
of the work in progress and the quantity of finished goods.
10. What is the task of finance manager in managing debtors?
It's the task of finance manager to see that generous credit terms are negotiated with
suppliers, but minimal credit terms are offered to customers. A balance must be
achieved between getting and giving good credit terms to attract customers and
maintain positive relationships with suppliers on the one hand, and minimizing cash
outlay on the other hand.
11. What is the task of finance manager in managing cash?
It's the task of finance manager to ensure that adequate cash is always available for
meeting the company's day-to-day debls and that there is also a small reserve on
hand to meet contingencies .
12.What are differences between 'selling' and 'marketing' concept?

The "selling concept" assumes that resisting consumers have to be persuaded by
vigorous hard-selling techniques to buy non-essential goods and services. Products
are sold rather than bought. The "marketing concept"', an the contrary, assumes that
the producer's task is to find wants and fill them. Producers make products that will
be bought.
13.What are 4Ps in the marketing mix ? What are included in each element of
marketing mix ?
4Ps of the marketing mix are product, place, promotion and price. Products include
quantity, features, style, brand name, size, packaging, services and guarantee. Place
includes distribution channels, location of points of sale, transport, inventory size.
Promotion groups together advertising, publicity, sales promotion and personal
selling. Price includes the basic list price, discounts, the length of the payment
period, creadict terms,...


14.What are the most common mistakes in setting the price?
Companies usually make common mistakes in setting prices. Pricing is too cost
oriented. Price is not revised often enough to capitalize on market changes. Price is
set independently of the rest of marketing mix rather than as an intrinsic element of
marketing- positioning strategy. Price is not varied enough for different product items
and market segments.
15.How are prices set in different types of organizations / corporations?
Prices are set in different ways in different types of organizations. In small
companies, prices are often set by top management. In large companies, prices are
handled by divisional and product-line managers. In industries prices are determined
by a pricing department.
16.What is financial accounting information? For what purposes is financial
accounting information used?
Financial accounting refers to information describing financial resources, obligations
and activities of an economic entity. Financial accounting information is designed

primarily to assist investors and creditors in deciding where to place their scarce
investment resources (for people outside the organization)
17. What are the tasks of accountants in general?
Accountants record daily business transactions in a journal. Periodically, they
transfer figures from the journals to ledgers. They maintain financial records in order
to find out if the businesses are making a profit.
18. What is management accounting information? For what purposes is
management accounting information used?
Management accounting information involves the development and interpretation of
accounting information. Management accounting information is designed to assist
management in running the business in setting the y's overall goals, evaluating the
performance of departments and individuals, deciding whether to introduce a new
line of products, and in making virtually all types of managerial decisions.
19.What are differences between financial accounting and management
accounting ?
Financial accounting refers to information describing financial resources, obligations
and activities of an economic entity. Financial accounting information is designed
primarily to assist investors and creditors in making their investment decisions,
whereas management accounting information is designed mainly to assist
management in running the business.


20. What is financial analysis? For what purposes is financial analysis used
internally and externally?
Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of financial data,
along with other pertinent information, to assist in investment and financial decision
making. It is used internally to evaluate issues such as employee performance,
efficiency of operations and credit policies, and externally to evaluate potential
investments and the credit-worthiness of borrowers, among other things .
21. What do three types statements show / indicate?

Three types of financial statement are the balance sheet, the income statement and
the cash flow statement. The balance sheet shows the company's financial situation
on a particular date. It lists the company's assets, its liabilities and shareholders'
funds. The income statement shows earnings and expenditures. It usually gives
figures for total sales or turnover and costs and overhead. The cash flow statement
shows the flow of cash in and out of the business between balance sheet dates.
22.What are sources of data available for financial analysis?
They are financial statement data, market data, and economic data. The primary
source (financial statement data) is the data provided by the company in its annual
reports and required disclosures. Second source (market data) such as the market
prices of securities is found in the financial press and the electronic media daily.
Another source is economic data such as GDP or CPl that is readily available from
government and private sources.
23.What are the tasks of internal auditors?
Internal auditors continuously review operating procedures and financial records and
report to management on the current state of the company's fiscal affairs. They also
make suggestions to management for improvement in the operating procedures.
They check the accounting records in regard to completeness and accuracy, making
sure that all irregularities are corrected. Overall, the internal auditors seek to ensure
that the various departments of the company follow the policies and procedures
established by management.
24. What is internal auditing? What are advantages and disadvantages of
Internal auditing?
Internal auditing is done by accountants accounting department of the company.
Thanks to internal audit, the management knows the current state of the company's
fiscal affairs, and any deviations from the standard operating procedures, as well as
receives suggestions for improvements in the standard operating procedures.
However, a weakness exists in internal auditing. Ifa report is unfavorable, it may not
be shown to the person in management who can correct the problem. As a result,
management receives the false impression on the company's operation.

25.Why do governments encourage exports? What should governments do to
encourage exports?
Governments encourage exports because a country enjoys an advantage if it
exports more than it imports and wealth accrues to the exporting country. They have
special programs to encourage exports such as providing marketing information,
establishing trade missions, subsidizing export and providing tax benefits or
incentives
26. How should governments restrict imports? For what purposes?
Governments restrict imports by imposing taxes and quotas. The governments
restrict imports to protect the domestic industries and provide employment for the
population.
27. Name trade barriers? What are the reasons for imposing trade barriers?
They are tariffs on imports, quotas on imports, subsidies and embargoes. Nations
commonly use trade barriers to protect domestic employment, to protect relatively
young domestic industries, to prevent unfair trade practices foreign firms, to prevent
dumping, and to protect firms and industries that produce output vital to the security
and defense of


Complete sentences
UNIT

TOPIC

16
Corporate
finance

1. Corporate finance is a broad term that is used to collectively
identify the various financial dealing undertaken by a
corporation.
2. One of the core functions of corporate finance is making wise
use of financial resources available to the company.
3. Finance can be collected from many sources such as shares,
banks, financial institutions and so on
4. Two types of corporate finance are fixed capital and working
capital.
5. Fixed capital is used to purchase fixed assets such as land,
buildings, machinery and so on.
6. Working capital is used to purchase raw materials and pay the
day-to-day expenses like salaries, rent, taxes electricity bill, etc.
7. A company can raise finance from various sources such as
issuing shares, debentures or taking loans and advances

17
Funding the
business

1. The advantage of venture capital is that the venture company
does not usually interfere in the running of the company
2. Gearing /relationship /equity capital / invested/ business /longterm debt.
3. In harder times, the owners' earnings may drop dramatically
because interest payments soak up most of the company’s profit
4. At least 25 percent of the equity must be in public hands,
thereby reducing the control of the original owners
5. Venture capital is available for investment in an enterprise that
offers the probability of profit along with the possibility of loss

19
Maketing

1.”Place “ involves using the best possible channels of
distribution such as leading supermarket chains.
2. “ Market opportunities “ means possibilities of filling un
satisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably
produce goods or services.
3.Target consumers are people or a group of people who are
targeted to buy a certain product.
4.It is the job of a product manager or a brand manager to look
for ways to increase sales by changing the marketing mix.


5. Market segmentation is dividing a market into distinct group
of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits.
6. Sales representative are people who contact existing and
potential customers and try to persuade them them to buy
goods or services.
7. market environment refers to factors and forces that affect a
firm’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with
customers .
8. Information from an organization’s marketing department
would be used to guide the actions of other department within
the firm.
9. Four elements of the marketing mix are product ,place
,promotion and price
10. In the marketing , products include quality,feature and style.
20
Setting the

price

1 . Through most of history, price were set by buyers and
sellers negotiating with each other.
2. Sellers would ask for a higher price than they expected to
receive , and buyer would offer less than the expected to pay
3. Non-price factors have become relatively more important in
buyer -choice behavior in recent decades.
4. Price still remains one of the most important in buyer - choice
behavior in recent decades
5. Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces
revenue, the other element represent cost
6. In small companies , prices are often set by top management
rather than by the marketing or sale department
7. In Large companies, pricing is handled by divisional and
product-line managers

21
What is
accounting?

1 . Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of the
organization’ financial information to external users of the
information.
2. One of the function of accounting is to provide certain types of
quantitative information that management and others can use
make decisions
3. The term “financial accounting , management accounting ,
and tax accounting “ are often used in describin the types of
accounting information most widely in the business community

4. Accounting is simply the mean by which we measure and
describe the result of economic activities
5. Financial accounting refer to information describing the
financial resources , obligations and activities of an economic
entity


6. Tax accounting means anticipating the “ tax effect “ of
business transactions and structuring these transactions in a
manner that will minimize the income tax burden
22
Financial
statements

1.The balance sheet is a financial statement that summarizes a
company’s assets, liabilities and shareholder equity at a specific
point in time
2. Three major categories listed in the balance sheet are assets,
liabilities and owner’s equity
3. Examples of asset accounts that are reported on the balance
sheet include cash, petty cash, temporary, investments,
supplies, land, building, etc
4. The annual report comprises the income statement, the
balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows, as well as
footnotes to these statement
5. The profit and loss account shows earnings and expenditures
6. The balance sheet shows the financial situation on a particular
date, generally the last day of a financial year
7. The balance sheet lists the company’s assets, its liabilities
and shareholder’s funds

8. The company’s net asset consists of share capital,,share
premium and the company’s reserves including the year’s
retained profits
9. The ledger is an accounting book containing all the accounts
of a company
10. Financial statements which assist owners in assessing the
performance and position of their business can guide their
investment decisions
11. These reports are usually presented to the top management
as one of their bases in making business decisions
12. Income statement and balance sheet accounts are
compared with each other to see how efficiently company is
using its assets to generate profits

25
Financial
analysis

1. A turnover ratio is a measure of the gross benefit, relative to
the resources expended.
2. A return on investment ratio provides information on the profit,
relative to the assets employed to produce that profit.
3. A liquidity ratio provides information on a company’s ability to
meet its short-term obligations.
4. Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation, and
interpretation of financial data, along with pertinent information,
to assist in decision-making.
5. A component percentage is the ratio of a component of an

item to the item.
6. A profitability ratio provides information on the amount of
income from each dollar of sales.
7. A financial ratio is a comparison between one bit of financial
information and another.
8. A ratio is a mathematical relation between one quantity and
another.
9. In financial analysis , you need to examine events that help
explain the company’s present condition and may have a
bearing on its future prospects.
10. A coverage ratio is a measure of a company’s ability to
satisfy particular obligations.
11. A return ratio is a measure of the net benefit , relative to the
resources expended.
12. Financial analysis is performed by professionals who
prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken
from financial statements.
13. The external financial analysis is done on the basis of
published financial statements by those who do not have access
to the accounting information.
14. An activity ratio provides information on a company’s ability
to manage its resources efficiently.
15. A financial leverage ratio provides information on the degree
of a company’s fixed financing obligations and its ability to
satisfy financing obligations.
16. A shareholder ratio describes the company’s financial
condition in terms of amounts per share of stock.
26
Auditing

1 . Auditing is an accounting function that involve the review
and evaluation of financial records
2 . Internal auditor make suggestions to the management for
improvements in the standard operating procedures.
3. Internal auditors review operating procedures and financial
records and report to management.
4.Internal auditors check the accounting records in regard to
completeness and accuracy, making sure that any irregularities
are corrected
5. Auditing is the task of checking and affirming the fairness and
reliability of financial records on the basis of accounting
standards
6. The emphasis placed on different parts of the internal
auditor’s report varies from company to company


7. An audit is an objective examination and evaluation the
financial statement of an organization to make sure that records
are done fairly and accurately
27
International
business

1 . International trade develops because certain countries are
able to produce some goods more efficiently than other
countries
2. a certain climate in particular country may allow that country
to grow agricultural product in abundance
3. A basis for mutually beneficial trade is that one country has a
comparative advantage

4. Wealth accrues to the exporting country if it exports more than
it imports
5. Dumping is the selling on a foreign market at a price below
the cost of production
6. The governments want to protect important domestic industry
because that industry provides employment for the population.
7. International trade not only result in increased efficiency but
also allows countries to participate in a global economy .

29
Trade
barriers

1 .Trade barriers are any of a number of government-placed
restrictions on trade between nations .
2. Free trade refers to the theoretical removal of all trade
barriers , allowing for completely free and unfettered trade
3.Trade barriers prevent the country from depending on these
imports and allow greater reliance on domestic production
4. Trade barriers prevent the reduction of domestic production
and domestic employment
5. A specific tariff is a certain amount of tax for each unit of the
product
6. Embargoes are used to prevent the import and export of
anything with another country
7. A tariff increases the price of item , raise revenue for the
government , and controls consumption through market forces.
8. The balance of payments is the amount of money that goes in
and out of a country

30
Trade
surpluses
and deficits

1 . A trade surplus is an economic measure of a positive
balance of trade, where are country’s exports exceed it imports.
2. The merchandise trade balance looks at visible goods such as
wine, videocassette recorders and motorcycles.
3. A trade deficit is an economic measure of a negative balance
of trade in which a country’s imports are more than its exports.
4. All of these payments and transfers of funds are added up in a


country’s capital account.
5. Visible goods are tangible goods that can actually be loaded
on a ship, airplane or whatever means of transport
6. Balance of payments includes not only payments abroad, but
the goods, services, and all transfers of fund that cross
international borders.
7. Trade surplus means that the value of a country’s exports
exceeds the value of its imports.
8. Trade balance is the different in value between the goods a
country buys from abroad and goods it sells abroad.
9. The current account tells us which countries have been
profitable and unprofitable traders by that time.