Thi pháp chức năng nhân vật nông dân trong văn học hiện thực giai đoạn 1930 1945

DAI HOC QUdc GIA HA Ndl

TRirdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA H 6 I VA NHAN VAN

THIPHAP CHirc NANG NHAN VAT NONG DAN
TRONG VAN HOC HIEN THlJC PHE PHAN
GIAIDOAN 1930-1945
(De tai nghien curu khoa hoc cap Dai hoc Quoc gia)

Ma so: QX.2002.07
HO va ten chu tri de tai: TS. Pham Phu Ty

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Ha npi 12/2003

• I


MUCLUC
PHANMdDAU

3

Npi dungchmh

18

Chuong 1. Khai niem chu nghia hien thuc va de tai nguoi nong dan trong
van hoc hien thiic phe phan giai dean 1930 - 1945

18

1.1.Khai ni6m chu nghiahien thuc

18

1.1.1.Chu nghIa hien thuc la mot pham tru t6ng hgp, c6 noi ham rat
rong

18
1.1.2.Hat nhan tao nen noi ham khai niem chu nghia hien thuc la vai

tro quyet dinh cua hoan canh xa hoi

:

23

1.1.3.Tinh nh^n v£it va cam hiing nh^n dao la siJc manh cua chu nghia
hien thuc

31
1.1.4.Xoa bo nguyen tdc ly tuang hoa la nen tang thi phap cua chu

nghTa hien thuc

37

1.2.De tai ngudi nong dan trong van hoc hien thuc phe phan giai doan 1930
- 1945

41
1.2.1.Nhung tiln dl van boa lich su

41

1.2.2.Nhung dac diem rieng mang tinh dan toe ve de tai ngucfi nong
dan trong van hoc hien thuc phe phan Viet Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945

46

Chuong 2. Vai van hoc va chiic nang mieu ta hoan canh cua hinh tugng
nguoi nong dan trong van hoc hien thuc giai doan 1930 - 1945
2.1.Vai van hoe cua hinh tugng ngudi nong dan
2.1.1.Van 66 vai van hoc cuahlnh tugng nh^n vat

57
57
57

2.1.2.Vai nha nho, vai thuan phat chan que, vai tri don cua hinh tugng
ngucfi nong dan trong van hoe trung dai va van hoe lang man

61

2.1.3.Vai eung dinh cua hinh tugng ngudi nong dan trong van hoe hien
thuc phe phan

67

2.2.Hinh tugng ngudi nong dan va chiie nang phan anh hoan canh xa hoi 71
2.2.1 .Ngudi nong dan va ea che cua hoan canh xa hoi
2.2.2.Ngudi nong dan va mau thuSn cua hoan canh
1

72
,... 80


2.2.3.Nguai n6ng dan va su the hi6n khong khi cua hoan canh

85

Chuong 3. Churc ndng khai quat tinh each va van de loai hinh hoa nhan vat
ngudi nong dan trong van hoc hien thuc giai doan 1930 - 1945

95

3.1.Hinh tugng ngudi nong dan trong van hoe hien thuc phe phan va chiie
nang mi6u ta tinh each
3.1.1.Tinh each la m6t pham trij lich su

95
95

3.1.2.Cac dang tinh each pho bien duge khai quat qua hinh tugng
ngudi ndng dan trong van hoc hien thuc phe phan

102

3.1.2.1.Con ngudi nhan nhuc

102

3.1.2.2.Con ngudi tha boa, luu manh

112

3.1.2.3.Con ngudi phan khang

121

3.1.2.4.Con ngudi vdi nhung phdm cha't tot dep ngan ddi cua quSn
ehiing laodong

128

3.2.Va'n dl loai hinh boa nhan vat ngudi nong dan trong van hoc hien thue
giai doan 1930- 1945

135

3.2.1.Tinh uu troi cua nhan vat loai hinh va nhan vat ehiie nang

136

3.2.2.SU xua't hien cua nhan vat "tinh each"

142

Chuong 4. Nguyen tac tiep can va cac thu phap xay dung nhan vat
4.I.Nguyen tac tiep can nhan vat

148
148

4.1.LQuan diem nhan dao cua Nguyin Cong Hoan

14S

4.1.2.Quan diem nhan dao cua Ngo Ta't To

ISA

4.1.3.Quan diem nhan dao cua Nam Cao

16C

4.2.Nhung thu phap xay dung nhan vat

16:

KETLUAN

19^

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

19^


PHAN M 6 DAU
1. Trong nhilu c6ng trinh nghi6n ciiu ve van hoc Viet Nam
nhung nam dSu the ky XX, phin Idn va'n d l duge cac nha nghien
eiiu tap trung lam ro la: bang nhung eon dudng nao van hoc Viet
Nam da dSn d^n triit bo ht thong thi phap cu, tirng bude hien
dai hoa va nhap vao tid'n trinh van hoc nhan loai; Nhiing the loai
nao, nhiing tac gia nao da giu" vai trd tao da, di ti^n phong trong
qua trinh nay; Qua trinh do da diln ra nhu the nao v.v. va v.v...
Ban than cac va'n de tren ra't thu vi va khong he dan gian va vi
vay, du nhirng thanh tuu dat duge ra't dang tran trong, song
khong phai ehiing deu da duge giai quyet thau dao va y kien cua
giai nghien ciiu khong phai da hoan toan nha't tri vdi nhau [77],
[88], [89].
Chu nghia hien thuc vdi tu each la mot trong trao luu quan
trong (neu khong noi la quan trong nha't d mot so phuang dien)
da gop phan hoan ta't qua trinh hien dai hoa nen van hoe dan
toe. Khong ai c6 the phu nhan nhung dong gop cue ky to Idn
cua Tha mdi, ciia van xuoi Tu lue van doan nhung khong mot
nha nghien ciiu nao lai khong thira nhan mot thuc te la: chi c6
den van hoc hien thuc vdi nhiJng tac gia tieu bieu cua no, qua
trinh hien dai hoa nin van hoe dan toe mdi di den chang cuoi
ciing d nhung phuang dien quan trong nha't, c6 nhieu dong gop
nha't. Tren phuang dien ly thuyet cung la nhu vay. Tiec rang,

lau nay gidi nghien curu d ta thudng tap trung vao viee khao sat
tCrng tac pham, tii'ng tac gia, eung eo khi la ea trao luu van hoc
nhung khao sat mot each biet lap, khong chu y diing miic den ea
tien trinh hoae ft quan tarn tdi boi canh van hoa- lich six da lam
nay sinh nhung hien tugng van hoc ay. Them nua, con eo mot
thuc te la, do khoa nghien ciiu van hoe cua ta phat trien mudn,


do vide chiu anh hudng kha thu d6ng khi tia'p nhan mot khung
ly thuyet tCf bSn ngoai vao nen trong kha nhilu cdng trinh
nghien ciiu it tha'y nhiing khai quat ly luan tijr thuc tiln ddi song
van hoc. Va h6 qua ta't yeu cua each lam nay la danh gia qua
cao hi6n tugng van hoc nay va d l "bo sot" hoae khCng biet xep
vao dau nh(ing hidn tugng van hoc phong phu khac.
Khi noi tdi thanh tuu cua trao luu van hoc hitn

thuc,

khong th^ khong nhac den hinh tugng ngudi nong dan. TSm
quan trong cua nhan vat ngudi nong dan khong phai chi vi vi
the ehinh tri- xa hoi cua no ma eon vi, vdi tu each la van de xd
hoi va van de van hoc, ngudi nong dan c6 mat trong ra't nhieu
tac pham van hoc Idn nha't cua van xuoi Tu luc van doan va van
hoe hien thuc. Gdn vdi ngudi nong dan va nhan vat nong dan
con CO van de dan toe, ban sde dan toe cua van hoe. VI mat ly
thuyet, nhan vat nong dan trong van hoe la diem hoi tu nhieu
va'n de thii vi, trong do the hien ea chinh tien trinh iSn ket qua
eiia qua trinh hien dai hoa nin van hoe dan toe.
Khi nghien ciiu van hoe hien thuc vdi tu each la mot trao
luu van hoe, mot kidu tu duy nghe thuat, khong the khong xem

xet nhung thanh tuu cua no trong viee mieu ta, xay dung nhan
vat. Ngudi nong dan trong van hoc dan toe da tirng xua't hien d
cac sang tac dan gian, qua van hoe trung can dai va dac biet d
van xuoi Ti( luc van doan. Nhung chi ed den van hoc hien thuc
no mdi thuc su cd mot ddi song thuc nhu nhung "eon ngudi nay"
(Heghen)- vij:a in dam da'u an lich su, vijfa nhu mot con ngudi ea
nhan trong ddng xoay do. Dinh cao cua van hoe dan toe trong
each tiep can va mieu ta ngudi nong dan d thdi diem budc ngoai
cua lich su trude khi ed chii nghia hien thuc la Van te nghTa s\
Can Giugc cua Nguyin Dinh Chieu. Tuy nhien, tijr gdc do nhar
vat van hoe, nhung ngudi dan chan dat ao vai xua't hien tron^


Van te,,. chu y^u chi vdi tu each tap th^ va d khia canh anh
hung xa than vi nghTa Idn. Con tiif gdc dd cua mot kieu tu duy
nghe thuat thi tac phim nay lai nam ngoai pham trii ma de tai
eiia ehiing tdi de cap den. Noi gon iai thi no chua dat tdi do eiia
mot loai hinh nhan vat van hoc da trudng thanh. Do la chua ke
mue dieh eiia nha tha mii khi viet tac ph£m nay khac ra't xa vdi
cac nha hi6n thuc song sau dng gSn hai phin ba th6' ky. Do do,
nghien eiJu va'n d l nhan vat ndng dan trong van hoc hien thuc it
nhieu se ed y nghia ea vl mat van hoc su lan ly thuyet. No vCra
gop phSn vao viee nhin nhan dien mao cua ti6'n trinh van hoc,
vira lam rd han ea ve phuang dien ly thuyet chiie nang, lich su
cua loai hinh nhan vat, cua trao luu van hoe.
Xet vl mat y nghia lich su, trao luu van hoe hien thuc
khong bi ddng khung bdi mot bien gidi qudc gia nao ma no
mang y nghia toan the gidi. Hau bet cac nIn van hoc da trudng
thanh, khi i\x bd truyin thong cu, thoat ra khdi y nghia khu vue
cua no d6 hoa nhap vao tien trinh van hoe ehung cua nhan loai,

d vao giai doan cuoi ciing cua qua trinh hien dai hoa deu phai
trai qua kieu sang tac hien thuc. Day la mot dau hieu, hay diing
han, la mot tieu chi ciia qua trinh hien dai hoa ddi vdi mot nIn
van hoe. Nhung cho den may thap nien cuoi cua the ky XX lai
xuat hien mot xu hudng (trong gidi nghien ciiu van hoc phuang
Tay) ma neu can cii vao van dl nhan vat de xet thi lai ed mot su
thut ICii. Xu hudng phii nhan nhan vat truyen thong cua tieu
thuyet da de ra khai niem "phan tieu thuyet", "phi nhan vat".
Theo ehiing toi, khi xu hudng nay duge tung ra da ed anh hudng
It nhieu den su phat trien cua tieu thuyet. d ta, trong thdi ky
dau eiia eong cuoc ddi mdi noi ehung va xu hudng doi mdi
trong van hoc mdi xuat hien ciing thay thap thoang do day mol
cai nhin khong may tich cue ea vl phuang dien tu tudng iSr


phuang di6n khoa hoc: khi dat vKn de xem xet lai van hoc giai
doan 1945- 1975, c6 ngudi da iSn Ion giua vi6c tim kiem mot
each ly giai mdi xung quanh quan niem nghe thuat ve con ngudi
ciia nghe si va thi phap tieu thuyet mdi d ho vdi su phii dinh
(thieu can cii) nhiing nguyen tac nghe thuat bi coi la cu. Va'n dl
khong dan gian nhu vay. Cho n6n khi dat ra nhi6m vu ly giai
va'n de nhan vat ngudi ndng dan trong van hoc hien thuc tr6n cai
nen cua truyin thdng van hoc dan tdc, trong cac mdi quan he
van hoe- lich sir vdi thdi dai cua no, ehiing toi eung edn mong
mud'n lam sang to mot vai khia canh cua ly thuyet thi phap chiie
nang khi ap vao van hoc giai doan hien nay.Va'n de nay, theo
ehiing toi, khong the khdng giai quyet tir ea yeu eau tu tudng
lan tCr yeu eau noi tai cua tien trinh van hoe.
2. Ban than van dl nong dan trong van hoe hien thuc Viet
Nam trong gidi nghien ciiu hien nay khdng phai la hoan toan

mdi me nhung nd eung khdng h i cu va edn kha nhilu khoang
trong. Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang nay ed nhilu va de tranh
trung lap, d cac phan tiep sau, khi giai quyet nhung van dl cu
the, ehiing toi edn quay trd lai. De tien theo doi, ehiing toi trinh
bay lich sii van d l thanh hai giai doan.
2.1. Tinh hinh nghien curu van de ngudi nong dan trong
van hoc hien thuc giai doan trudc 1945.
Cd the dl di den mot nhan dinh rang, khoa nghien ciiu van
dan toe ehi thuc su phat triln va ed thanh tuu iix trong Idng che
do mdi, chinh xae han, chi tir sau 1945. Trudc nam 1945 chua
hi cd mot edng trinh chuyen biet nao danh rieng cho van hoe
hien thuc vdi tu each la mot trao luu van hoe cd tuyen ngdn
rieng, cd nhiing nguyen tac nhan thiie va phan anh rieng, ed he
thong quan niem vl nghe thuat va eon ngudi khac vdi cac xu
hudng khac. Cac tac gia Nguyin Cong Hoan, Ngo Tat To, Vu


Trong Phung, Nam Cao... cung da trd thanh ddi tugng duge xem
xet, binh gia, gidi thi6u nhung ho vSn bi xem xet kha biet lap,
chu y6'u iix gdc dd phe binh ban la duge nghien ciiu mot each
tdng thi, toan dien. Ngay Vu Ngge Phan trong mot eong trinh
ra't Idn Nha van hien dai [117 de'n 121] cung la nhu the. Truang
Chinh cung khdng khac Vu Ngoc Phan bao nhieu trong each
tiep can ddi tugng, trong he tieu chu^n danh gia tac pham. Vu
Ngoc Phan khen truydn ngan cua Nguyin Cong Hoan dac sac
han cac truydn dai bdi su lua ebon chi tiet kheo, bo cue gidi,
gay eudi cd duy6n ban ngudi, de quan sat tinh vi. Cdn Truang
Chinh cung nhan xet ve nha van nay la "cd tai quan sat ra't tinh
vi", "each diing chQ ngo nghlnh" va "each ke truyen tu nhien".
[23, tr.203].

Gidi phe binh liic bay gid (ke ea nhdm cua Hai Trilu)
danh gia cao y nghia xa hoi, y nghia nhan sinh cua cac nha van
viet vl ndng thdn va ngudi nong dan thuoe xu hudng hien thuc
(chu nghia ta chan). Hai Trilu [137], [138], Lan Khai [81], Vu
Ngoc Phan [117], [118], Truang Chinh [24] da budc dau quan
tarn den "cac hang ngudi thuge cac giai cap, dia vi khac nhau"
[24, tr.91], trong dd noi bat nhat la dam ngudi "liie nhiie", "den
tdi, ngu xuin, ich ky, tan nhSn va dam dat mot each v6 ciing Id
bich" [81,tr.l56]. Cac nha phe binh nay da tha'y su khac nhau ea
ban giQa cac nha van hien thuc vdi cac cay but ciia Tu luc van
doan. VQ Trong Phung [124] trong bai viet vl Tat den ciia Ngo
Tat To da ed mot phat hien that sac sao, rat tinh te cai y nghia
cao nha't ciia tac pham ndi tieng nay d chd, nd "hoan toan phung
su dan que" va vdi tu each la mot tac pham, nd la "kiet tac, tung
lai chua tijng cd". Cd le ehi Le Van Truang khi viet tua cho Doi
Ilia xung doi cua Nam Cao la neu ra duge cai khac la, doe dao,
hudng di mdi ciia nha van "Nam Cao da manh bao di theo mot
7


161 ridng, ... khdng bat chudc ai, khdng ndi ra nhiJng cai ngudi
ta da ndi, khdng di cai 16i ngudi ta da di" [141, tr.393].
Chiing tdi c6 gang trich ra mot s6 nhan xet tieu bi^u nha't
cua gidi ph6 binh trudc nam 1945 de mudn ndi rang: nhung
danh gia dd rS^t chinh xac, rit dang tran trong nhung dii sao vSn
chi la nhiing y kien ph6 binh chii khdng phai la k6't qua ciia cac
edng trinh nghidn ciiu. Han niia, ehiing lai kha biet lap, dan le,
tap trung vao nhiing tac

pham cu thi ma thieu tinh he thong,

tinh van de, va ngudi ndng dan vdi tu each la hinh tugng nhan
vat van hoc dudng nhu chua duge phan tieh den.
2.2. Tinh hinh nghien curu van de ngudi nong dan trong
van hoc hien thuc phe phan tir 1945 den nay.
Van hoc hien thuc chi thuc su duge tim hieu, khao sat,
danh gia g^n vdi ban cha't cua nd nhat la iix sau 1945 ciing vdi
su khang dinh tai nang va ban llnh ciia mot the he von la cac
nha giao, nha van dong thdi tham gia boat ddng nghien ciiu phe
binh nhu Truang Chinh [24], Nhu Phong [123], Ha Minh Diic
[43], [44] (...), Phan Cu De [33 den 36], Van Tarn, Nguyin
Dang Manh [100 den 103], Nguyin Diie Dan [28 den 30], Phong
Le [89 den 94], Nguyin Hoanh Khung [82], [83], Le Thi Diie
Hanh [60 den 66]. Trong cac giao trinh dai hoc, ph^n viet ve
chu nghia hien thuc vdi tu each la phuang phap sang tac hoae
mot trao luu, mot giai doan cua tien trinh van hoc nhan loai,
van hoc Viet Nam eung duge gidi nghien ciiu dem ra so sanh,
danh gia, xep loai. De dam bao tinh khai quat cua giao trinh, d
thdi diem nhung nam 60 va dau nam 70, phan Idn nhirng edng
trinh ay da tap trung vao viee khai quat nhiing van de ehung
nhat, nhung tac gia chu yeu nhat, nhung tac pham xuat sac nhat,
khien dien mao cua ea nIn van hoc hien hinh. Cong lao ciia cac
nha nghien ciiu that dang tran trong va thanh tuu thu duge qua
8


that khdng nho, nhS^t la cSn nhin nhan trong dilu kien "lich siicu the" cua nd. Cd th^ tha'y, d mdi mdt edng trinh, cang ve sau
chat nghien ciiu ngay cang dam ban, tinh khoa hoc sau ban, ket
qua nghien ciJu, cac phat hien cung dang tin cay va thii vi han.
Nhiing nam 60- 70, Nguyin Cong Hoan duge gidi nghien

ciiu chii y nhilu, trong dd phSn nghe thuat truyen ngan (phSn
thanh edng nha't) duge khai thac nhilu nha't. Gidi van nghe (cac
nha nghien ciiu, cac nha van) diu thdng nha't danh gia cao each
kl chuyen ed duyen, cd siic Idi cud'n, ngdn ngu ddi thoai giau
cha't kich, each lua ebon (va sang tao) tinh hudng doe dao, ke't
ca'u truyen chat che, ke't thiic ba't ngd dac biet la cac truyen
ngan trao phiing. Nguyin Minh Chau khang dinh, ngdi biit
Nguyin Cdng Hoan "cd dii siic vira eudi cgt, va lot tran moi thdi
ae, thdi tham, thdi rdm trong cai xa hoi thuc dan phong
kien"...[l 11, tr.205]. Nguyin Dang Manh ndi tdi "siic to cao
eiia ngdi biit Nguyin Cdng Hoan manh liet, y nghia khai quat
cLia hinh tugng rgng Idn, sau sac" [100, t r . l 6 7 ] . Phong Le nhan
tha'y "Nguyin Cdng Hoan xuat hien vdi mot biit phap la, mot
each nhin la, mot giong dieu la: hai va bi, eudi cgt va nghiem
trang, diia ma tinh tao"...[91, tr.l39]. Nguyin Hoanh Khung lai
phan tich nhiing thanh edng va khang dinh "trude Bu&c dudng
Cling, chua cd tac pham van hoc nao phai bay tdi ae ciia giai cap
dia chii mot each sau sac, toan dien the'...; Nguyin Cdng Hoan
khdng nhiing da di sau mieu ta ndi khd cue nhilu mat dan tdi
"bude dudng ciing" khdng gi cudng noi cua ngudi ndng dan bi
ap biic bde lot tham te ma edn ed gang the hien su phan khang
tich cue ciia ho de gianh quyin song" [111, tr.236]. Ben canh
phan thanh cdng, cac nha nghien eiiu cung chi ra nhung diem
yeu, nbCrng lam lan khi ehgn ddi tugng gay eudi cua nha van.


Tie'c rang, it cd nhiing cdng trinh tap trung vao va'n d l ndng dan
va nhan vat ndng dan trong tac phdm cua dng.
Vdi Ngd Ta't T6, va'n de duge chu y dudng nhu tap trung
ban. Cd le mot phSn do Tat den ndi bat len nhu mdt khau dot

pha trong boat ddng sang tac ciia Ngd Ta't Td', mot phin do hinh
tugng nhan vat ehi Dau qua dep, ndi dung ciia Tat den cd nhilu
dilm thuan Igi de khai thac. Ca Nguyin Tuan [144], [145], Phan
Cu De [40], [41], Phong Le [92], nhdm Le Qui Ddn [107] va
cac nha nghien ciiu xua't hien gin day dIu ndi tdi ea ve dep ve
hinh thiic iSn cac pb^m cha't ben trong ciia nhan vat ehi Dau, tdi
siic sdng manh me, tdi y thiic phan khang cua ngudi ndng dan
(Nguyin Tuan, Phong Le...) hoae "nghe thuat di vao ehilu sau,
vao cai tinh tuy, ban chat", "nghe thuat tap trung, ed diie" [40,
tr.l65] eiia nha van. Mat khac, khia canh tieu cue ciia hoan canh
sdng cQng duge khai thac nhieu. Cd the ndi, y nghia xa bdi ciia
tac pham da duge khang dinh triet de, hSu bet cac bai nghien
ciiu tap trung vao khai thac khia canh phe phan, td cao cai xa
hoi thuc dan niia phong kien va thii thue than ndi rieng, che do
suu thue ndi ehung da day xeo ngudi luang thien, day ho vao
bude dudng ciing "tdi den nhu mue".Vl phuang dien ca'u triie
nghe thuat ciia tac pham, dac biet la hoan canh (dien hinh) duge
don nen d may ngay suu thue', so phan dien hinh eiia ngudi ndng
dan (nhat la ngudi phu nii ndng dan) eung ludn duge ndi tdi de
khang dinh thanh edng ciia tac pham.
Rieng vdi Vu Trong Phung, cd le vi Va de it noi tie'ng ban
cac phdng su, cac tieu thuyet Giong to, So do va it van de ban
nen nd rat it duge cac nha nghien eiiu quan tam. Thuc te, Va de
viet ve de tai ndng thdn nhung khdng ed nhan vat ndng dan rd
net, sac sao nhu trong tac pham ciia Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Ngd
Ta't Td, Nam Cao va ngudi ta thudng chi ke den nd nhu mdt
10


mang d l tai khdng phai la sd trudng ciia Vii Trong Phung. Cdn

Thi Mich va cai lang que cua nhan vat nay (Giong to) lai khdng
phai la muc tieu hudng tdi d l nhan thiic va phan anh vl ndng
thdn va ngudi ndng dan cua nha van.
Sang tac ciia Nam Cao duge khai thac nhieu ban ea, nhat
la trong thdi gian gin day. Cd thi ke de'n mot mat dd day nhiing
nghien eiiu, nhiing bai vie't va ngudi ta se cdn ndi them, cdn
nghi tiep ve Nam Cao. DSu thap ky 60, Ha Minh Diie trong
chuyen luan Nam Cao- Nha van hien thuc xuat sac [64], da dl
cap tdi nhieu phuang dien ddc dao ciia ngdi biit Nam Cao tiir
each phat hien cac va'n dl xa bdi, tu tudng nghe thuat cho de'n
each thiic xay dung nhan vat, cha't trie't ly va su cd dong, chat
Igc cLia cac chi tie't, phat hien ra mdi quan he che' ngu cua hoan
canh ddi vdi tinh each, nghe thuat mieu ta tarn ly v.v... Dl tai
ndng thdn va ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam da la mot trong hai "ddi
tugng" nghien eiiu eiia cdng trinh nay. Trong nhiing edng trinh
mdi nha't ciia dng ve Nam Cao, nhiing va'n d l tren van duge dao
sau them va phong phii ban.
Cac nha nghien eiiu khac nhu Nguyin Dang Manh, Phong
Le, Nguyin Van Hanh, Nguyin Hoanh Khung, Trin

Dang

Xuyin [151], [152], Ha Van Diie [56],... eung cd nhilu ddng
gop, dac biet la cac giao su Nguyin Dang Manh va Phong Le.
Nhilu phat hien thii vi ciia Nguyin Dang Manh vl the gidi nghe
thuat doe dao ciia Nam Cao ed khi ehi tir nhung chi tie't rat nho
(chang ban, van d l mieng an) da ggi nhiing suy nghl tie'p vl
Nam Cao ciia gidi nghien eiiu. Theo Nguyin Dang Manh thi siic
hap dan ciia nhiing tu tudng, nhiing y nghl cua Nam Cao rat Idn
va tai hoa eiia Nam Cao cang trd nen rd ban, hap dan ban vi dng

"cd kha nang "du lich" trien mien trong the gidi ndi tarn cua
nhan vat de theo doi nhiing qua trinh tam ly phiic tap, quanh eo,
11


nhilu khi that khd phan biet la vui hay buon, eudi hay khdc, say
hay tinh, ghet hay thuang" [103, tr.276-277]... Nhung luan diem
ciia Phong Le, Nguyin Van Hanh, Nguyin Hoanh Khung vl van
xudi tam ly cua Nam Cao sau nay duge Trin Dang XuyIn, Ha
Van Diic, Vu Tua'n Anh va nhilu ngudi khac tie'p tuc khai pha.
La Nguyen cung cd mot y kie'n ra't thii vi vl cac chuyen kl trong
ke't ca'u truyen ciia Nam Cao. Dd Diic Hieu [69], [70], Trin
Dinh Sir [127], Dang Anh Dao [31], [32], Vuang Tri Nhan
[105], Lai Nguyen An [14], Phan Trong Thudng [129], Pham
Quang Long [96],... da tie'p can tac phdm Nam Cao tii gdc do thi
phap hoc. Cd the ndi, trong vai ehuc nam nay, Nam Cao noi len
nhu mot dai bilu xuat sac nha't trong sd cac nha hien thue Viet
Nam, trd thanh mot "hien tugng" ha'p dan cac nha nghien ciiu.
Sang tac eiia nha van da duge soi sang tir nhilu gdc do va binh
dien khac nhau va mdi ngudi, mdi liic lai tim tha'y nhiing dilu
mdi me, thii vi. Ndi nhu vay eung cd nghia, trong khoa hoe
khdng ed tieng ndi eudi edng. Va theo ehiing tdi, mot trong
nhiing dilu can phai tiep tuc la can phai nghien eiiu van dl
ngudi ndng dan trong truyen eiia Nam Cao tir gdc do ly thuyet
cua cbii nghia hien thuc Viet Nam va trong he thdng nghe thuat
eiia dng.
Ngoai nhiing dai bieu xua't sdc nhat cua van hoc hien thuc
ke tren, cac tac gia khac nhu Nguyen Hong, Td Hoai, Biii
Hiln... ciing duge gidi nghien eiiu chii y tdi. Song, phan vi cac
tac gia tren chua cd that nhilu thanh tuu trong chu d l ma ehiing

tdi quan lam va chinh ban than cac nha van ciing hudng su chii
y ciia minh vao nhiing pham vi khac, vi vay chiing tdi khdng di
sau vao viee gidi thieu lich sii van de nghien eiiu ve ho. Dii sao
cac bai viet eiia Nguyin Dang Manh, Ha Minh Diic, Phan Cu
De... ve Td Hoai, Nguyen Hong, Biii Hien vin la nhiing phat

12


hien dang tin cay nha't ggi md cho nhung ngudi nghien ciiu tre
tie'p tuc nghien ciiu.
Chiing tdi mud'n danh phSn eudi d l ndi ddi dilu ve cac nha
nghien ciiu Nguyin Diic Dan [28], [29], H6ng Chuang [27], Vu
Diic Phiic [122]. Ho la nhiing ngudi cd cdng trinh sdm vl van
hoc hien thuc, ve chii nghia hien thuc cung nhu vl cac nha van
d giai doan nay. Cd le vi sdm xua't hien ma cac va'n d l neu ra d
day chua duge giai quye't tha'u dao hoae ddi khi sa vao nhiing
va'n dl ngoai tac pham, hai dan gian trong phuang phap tie'p can
ddi tugng. Gidi nghien eiiu tim de'n cac cdng trinh eiia ho chii
yeu la de hilu ve mdt tie'n trinh nghien ciiu va gia tri ciia cac
edng trinh ay phin nhilu mang y nghia da'u a'n cua mot thdi .
Nhin ehung, cac edng trinh nghien ciiu vl tiing tac gia
hoae mdt sd tac pham thudng sau ban cac edng trinh nghien eiiu
ehung vl cbii nghia hien thue. Mot so chuyen luan vl cac tac
gia nay cung chua vugt duge vl siic khai quat so vdi cac giao
trinh dai hoc, tuy vl ehi tiet, vl cu the cac chuyen ed dilu kien
di sau han. Va nhu vay edng trinh ciia chiing tdi se gdp mdt
tieng ndi khang dinh nhiing thanh tuu, gdp phan nghien ciiu ea
ve mat ly thuyet iSn van hoe sir vl mot giai doan van hoe rat
quan trong va rat thii vi nay.

3. Nha phe binh dan chii each mang Nga N.G.Secnusepxki
da ed mot luan diem rat noi tie'ng la: nghien ciiu mot ddi tugng,
dilu quan trong hang dau la phai xac lap cho duge mot he thdng
ly thuyet de dSn dudng cho cac thao tac nghien ciiu cu the.
Nuang theo su ehi dan ed tinh chat phuang phap luan nay,
ehiing tdi cd gang dua tren nhiing thanh tuu cua gidi nghien eiiu
de' xae lap mot "he thdng edng cu" (theo each hieu ciia ehiing
tdi) nham cho viee trinh bay ciia minh nhat quan ban. Vi vay
khd tranh khdi cd chd chiing tdi bude phai khdng tan thanh vdi
13


ngudi nay hoae chua ddng tinh vdi ngudi khac. Chiing tdi dac
biet coi trong viSc khai quat mdt va'n d l gi dd phai dua tren thue
te' van hoc va d l lam rd ban y ciia minh, cd ddi sanh vdi khung
ly thuy^ft da 6n dinh d phuang Tay cbii khdng mac nhien coi
khung dd la chan ly va chi di tim vi du minh hoa.
Ca sd ly luan quan trong nha't cin phai dua vao de nghien
ciiu van hoc hien thuc la vai trd quye't dinh ciia hoan canh ddi
vdi tinh each, mdi trudng ddi vdi con ngudi. Song va'n d l la d
chd cin lam cho ro ban mdi quan he nay, chi ra ca che' eiia nd
trong ca trao luu ndi ehung va trong tirng hien tugng cu the.
Day se la diem xua't phat de ly giai chiie nang hinh tugng ngudi
ndng dan vdi tu each la nhan vat ehinh cua van hoc hien thuc
phe phan Viet Nam, la khau quan trong de lam rd thi phap ciia
van hoe hien thue trong viee the hien mdi quan he giiia hoan
canh va tinh each.
Thanh tuu Idn nhat eiia van hoe hien thue khdng phai d
chd nd dua nghe thuat lai g^n vdi tinh than khoa hoc ban cac
trao luu khac, mac dii d dd dau an ciia tu duy khoa hoc dac biet

dam net. Dilu quan trong ban d day la nd tao ra mot hinh thiic
khai quat mdi, mang tinh each tan ra't rd. Dilu nay da duge nha
nghien ciiu qua cd Trin Dinh Hugu ly giai rat thuye't phuc trong
edng trinh rat ed gia tri ciia dng [78]. Chiing tdi tiep tuc tu
tudng nay ciia dng khi cd gang ehi ra nhiing nguyen tac thi phap
chiie nang nhan vat eiia cac nha van hien thue 1930- 1945 trong
toan bd he thdng nhat quan eiia van hoe hien thuc, ddng thdi
cung chiing minh su da dang eiia phong each trong su nhat quan
vl phuang thiic phan anh.
4, Day la cdng trinh chuyen biet d^u tien xem xet va'n dl
ngudi ndng dan trong van hoc hien thue phe phan mdt each ed
he thdng. Do tinh chat ciia edng viee, chiing tdi vira phai ke
14


thCra nhung thanh qua ciia cac nha nghien ciiu ve ly thuye't ciia
chii nghia hien thuc, dac biet la y kie'n ciia cac nha kinh dien
eiia chii nghia Mac va dua vao dd de xac lap nhiing va'n de ly
thuye't thie't ye'u nha't dSn dudng cho cdng viee ciia minh. Cd the
su tie'p nhan va cac ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia chiing tdi edn chua
hoan chinh, song d l trien khai cac thao tac nghien ciiu tiep sau
cho nha't quan chiing tdi phai ebon each tie'p can dd.
Day cung la cdng trinh diu tien nghien ciiu nhan vat ngudi
ndng dan trong van hoc hien thuc tii gdc dd thi phap. Va gdc do
thi phap ling dung cua chiing tdi cQng ed nhiing diem mdi.
Chiing tdi xua't phat tii gdc do thi phap chiie nang de ly giai va'n
dl. Tir gdc dd nay, bude ehiing tdi phai nghien ciiu ehinh qua
trinh md hinh boa euge sdng, md hinh boa cac y dd tu tudng va
nghe thuat cua nha van, cung ed nghia la nghien ciiu ca'u triie
eiia ndi dung, ca'u triie chiic nang ciia moi thanh td trong tac

pham, dac biet la ehiie nang ciia nhan vat van hoc. Tii gdc do
ay, chiing tdi dat ra cac nhiem vu cu the sau:
Nghien eiiu cac vai van hoc ciia hinh tugng ngudi ndng
dan trong van hoc dan toe. Chiing tdi nhan tha'y, cho den van
hoe hien thue 1930- 1945, hinh tugng ngudi ndng dan da xua't
hien trong cac vai nha nho, ngudi chan que, ngudi tri don va
ngudi ciing dinh. Va chi den vai edng dinh, van hoe hien thue
mdi xoa bd duge khoang each giiia vai van hoe va vai xa hoi.
Chung tdi khang dinh rang, eung chi bang vai ciing dinh nay,
van hoc mdi phan anh duge ban chat cua hoan canh dien hinhmot trong hai nhan td quan trong nhat cua mdt hien tugng van
hoc duge goi la hien thue theo each hilu ciia F.Angghen. Dilu
nay chua tiing cd trong van dan tgc trudc va cung thdi vdi nd.
Ddng thdi chiing tdi cung ehi ra ea che ciia hoan canh diln hinh
(trong dd noi bat nha't la khia canh bao luc, tran ap), tinh cha't

15


xung ddt cua hoan canh, khdng khi ciia hoan canh. Nhiing ye'u
td nay dac biet ndi trdi trong van hoc hien thue,
Khi ndi d^n tinh each dien hinh, chiing tdi khang dinh: ehi
ed van hoc hien thuc mdi mieu ta duge tinh cha't xa bdi ciia tinh
each. Ca che' trS^n ap phai ed ngudi tra'n ap va ngudi bi tra'n ap,
tiic loai ngudi nhSn nhuc, se de ra loai ngudi tha hoa bie'n cha't
va thiic dly eon ngudi phan khang. Bang viee sang tao ra va the
hien vai ngudi ciing dinh, van hoc hien thuc da xoa bd xu hudng
ly tudng boa hoae khdng diing ban cha't khi mieu ta con ngudi,
tao ra nhiing nguyen tac mdi khi tie'p can nhan vat, nhiing thao
tac mdi khi xay dung nhan vat, hoan canh, mdi trudng. Nhiing
dilu nay se duge ehiing tdi mieu ta trong ba tac gia tieu bieu

nhat la Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Ngd Ta't Td, Nam Cao.
5. Mot sd nha nghien ciiu cho rang, khdng cd ranh gidi
phan chia diit khoat van hoc hien thuc va van hoc lang man
1930- 1945. Chiing tdi cung hoan toan tan thanh quan diem dd.
Chang ban, Nguyin Cdng Hoan bat dau su nghiep bang nhiing
sang tac hien thuc, sau dd lai cd tieu thuyet lang man {Tat lua
long), roi den nhiing tac pham hien thuc xuat sac nhat. Vu
Trong Phung cd Diit tinh. Nhiing sang tac dau tay ciia Nam Cao
cung chiu anh hudng ciia van chuang lang man trong khi Thach
Lam lai ed nhilu truyen ngan gan vdi van hoe hien thuc phe
phan nhu Doi, Nha me Le, Hai dua tre. Tuy nhien, hieu khai
niem chii nghia hien thue mot each chat che, theo tinh than
khoa hoe thi khdng the xep sang tac ciia mot so cay biit eiia
nhdm Tu luc van doan vao cbii nghia hien thuc. Do dd edng
trinh cua ehiing tdi chi tap trung khao sat hinh tugng ngudi
ndng dan trong sang tac ciia cac nha van lau nay von da duge
xem la nhiing cay biit thuoe khuynh hudng "ta chan", tiic la
ddng van hoe hien thuc phe phan vdi ba chii soai la Nguyin
16


Cdng Hoan, Ngd T^t T6, Nam Cao, ben canh dd la Vu Trong
Phung, Td Hoii, va phin nao d Nguyen Hong, Biii Hien.
Van hoc hien thuc la mdt pham vi vd ciing rdng Idn, bao
gom nhilu the loai nhu ky su, biit ky, phdng su, tilu thuye't,
truyen ngan, tha trao phiing v.v...Tuy nhien chi trong cac tac
ph^m thudc t h i truyen, tieu thuye't, nha van mdi tap trung xay
dung hinh tugng nhan vat. Bdi vay, nhiing tac pham thudc the
ky va tha trao phiing ban nhien nam ngoai pham vi khao sat eiia
chuyen luan nay. Cdng trinh chi phan tich nhiing hinh tugng

nhan vat, trude he't la nhiing nhan vat dien hinh trong tac pham
truyen hien thuc vie't vl dl tai ndng thdn va ngudi ndng dan.

'ICI

•^ DT/ill

17


NOI DUNG CHINH
CHirONG 1
KHAI NIEM CHU NGHIA HIEN TUJjC VA DE TAI v £
NGirCJl

NONG

DAN TRONG VAN HOC HIEN THlTC

PHfe PHAN GIAI DOAN 1930- 1945

1.1.KHAI NIEM CHU NGHIA

HI£N THUC

1.1.1. Chu nghia hien thuc la mot pham tru tong hgp, c6
noi ham rat rong
Trong llnh vue ly luan nghe thuat, chii nghia hien thue chii
ye'u duge su dung nhu mdt khai niem my hoe. Nhung ngay d day,
khai niem a'y eung khdng phai la khai niem dan nghia.

Ndi ehung, cac nha nghien ciiu xae nhan rang, thuat ngir Chii
nghTa hien thuc do Sangflari dua ra lan dau tien nam 1857 trong
cudn sach nhan de Chu hien thuc nghTa (xem [29]). Trong quan
niem ciia Sangflari va nhiing nha van ciing trudng phai vdi dng,
chii nghia hien thuc yeu eau loai bd moi yeu td hu eau va tudng
tugng trong sang tao nghe thuat. Cd le vi the' ma thdi ay, ngudi ta
thudng dong nhat hai khdi niem chu nghTa hien thuc vd chu nghTa
tu nhien. Bielinxki va gidi phe binh Nga nira sau the ky XIX da

dung khai niem chu nghia tu nhien de ndi vl cac nha van hien thuc
nhu Gdgdn, Tudegheniep, L.Tdnxtdi... Sau nay d Trung Qudc va d

Viet Nam, ngudi ta ggi chii nghia hien thuc la chii nghTa td chan,
phai chang chiu anh hudng cua quan niem tren.

Tu nhiing nam 30 cua the ky XX, li luan nghe thuat sir dung

khai niem ehii nghia hien thue de chi mot phuang phap sdng tdc.

Hai cudn Ly luan van hoc do hai Khoa van thudc hai trudng Dai
18


hoc Su pham Ha ndi va Dai hoc Tdng hgp, nay la Dai hoc Khoa
hoc xa hdi va nhan van bien soan, deu vie't vl Chil nghia hien thifc
phi phan tit gdc dd cua mdt phuang phap sdng tdc nhu vay. Theo
giao su Phuang Luu, "Phuang phap la mdt he thdng hoan chinh,
hiiu ca nhiing nguyen tac tu tudng, nghe thuat duge xae dinh bdi
mdt the' gidi quan nha't dinh trong nhiing dilu kien lich sir - xa bdi
nha't dinh, diing d l phan anh (lua ehgn, binh gia, khai quat) cude

sdng bang hinh tugng" [97, tr.470]. Vdi each hieu a'y, Phuang Luu
phan tieh ca'u triie cua chii nghia hien thuc phe phan d 3 phuang
dien ca ban: a)Nhan vat trung tam va cam hiing chii dao; b)Tinh
each diln hinh trong hoan canh dien hinh; c)Thi phap [97, tr.523544].
Tien si Dd Van Khang phe phan gay gat quan niem cho rang
phuang phap la mdt he thdng nguyen tac tu tudng - nghe thuat.
Theo Dd Van Khang, quan niem nay duge G.L. Abramdvich dl
xudng vao dau nhiing nam sau muai, trong cudn Ddn luan nghien
cicu van hoc va td ra ed anh hudng sau sde tdi gidi nghien eiiu d
Viet Nam [51, tr.236]. Dd Van Khang d l xua't each hilu "Phuang
phap sang tac la linh hon ciia mot ndi dung boat ddng sang tao
nghe thuat- duge bieu hien thanh cac binh dien mang tinh chat giai
phap tham ml nham khac phuc trd ngai de tii chan li ddi sdng tdi
chan li nghe thuat mdt each tdi uu" [51, tr.241]. Xuat phat tir each
hieu nhu the, Dd Van Khang cho rang, phuang phap sang tac hien
thuc phe phan ed trudng tham my, tu tuang sdng tao, phong each
va 4 nguyen tac sang tac, bao gom nguyen tdc ton trong chi tiet
chan thuc, chu trong moi quan he bien chiing giQa tinh each dien
hinh vd hoan canh dien hinh, tinh khuynh huang ro ret va nguyen
tac khong duge Sile hod md quen mdt

Secxpia.

Chung tdi khdng cd y dinh thao luan vdi hai nha khoa hoe vl
each hieu pham trii phuang phap. Cai ma ehiing tdi mudn ndi tdi d
day la, mdi chi cd hai nha nghien eiiu trinh bay ma ndi ham ciia
19


khai niem chu nghia hien thuc da cd ra't nhieu d i l m xa nhau. Vay

ma trong li luan nghe thuat va thuc t i l n sang tac, khai niem chii
nghia hien thuc cdn duge sir dung de chi mdt trudng
khuynh

phai,

mot

hudng, mdt trao luu van hoc, mdt kieu sdng tdc hoae mdt

he thdng nghe thuat.

Trong mdi each sir dung nhu vay, khai niem

chii nghia hien thuc cd mdt y nghia, mdt ndi dung cu t h i . Chang
ban, trong cud'n My hoc cua lu. Bdrep, mdt hoc gia kha quen thudc
d Viet Nam, chii nghia hien thuc phe phan va chii nghia hien thuc
xa hdi cbii nghia duge nghien ciiu nhu la nhiing khuynh
nghe thuat.

hudng

Theo Bdrep, su thay the" eiia cac khuynh hudng nghe

thuat la su van ddng, phat trien cua cac loai hinh quan niem

nghe

thuat. Do dd, dng khao sat cac khuynh hudng nghe thuat, trudc he't
la chii nghia hien thue phe phan va chu nghia hien thuc xa hdi chu

nghia, de lam noi bat quy luat van ddng bien chiing, dinh ky lich
sii, quy luat phan chia giai doan ciia tien trinh nghe thuat [3.
tr.270- 309].
Trong n h i l u chuyen luan, nha't la trong cac edng trinh nghien
ciiu lich sir van hoc va ly luan van hoc, chii nghia hien thuc thudng
duge trinh bay nhu mot trao luu nghe thuat

xuat hien dudi dang

dien hinh nhat d chau Au vao khoang giiia the ky XIX. Dd la mot
phong trao sang tac ram ro, ed tuyen ngdn nghe thuat, ed cac chii
soai, ed md dau va ket thiic. Hieu theo nghia nhu the', chii nghia
hien thuc la mot hien tugng lich sir. Nd xuat hien giong nhu la su
thay the cac trao luu tinh cam chii nghia, lang man chu nghia trudc
dd.
Ben canh khai niem trao luu, khuynh hudng, phuang phap,
gidi nghien ciiu cdn sir dung khai niem chii nghia hien thuc nham
chi mot kieu sdng

tdc, ton tai song song vdi kieu sang tac lang

man chu nghia. Vien si L.Timdpheep la ngudi dau tien cho rang,
chii nghia lang man va chu nghia hien thue khdng ehi la nhiing
phuang phap nghe thuat cu the duge hinh thanh trong nhiing dieu

20


ki6n lich six nhSft dinh ma cdn la nhiing kilu (type) sang tac xua't
hien d nhflng thdi dai khac nhau. Dd la hai k i l u sang tac ca ban

xac dinh tinh cha't va nhiing dac dilm quan trong nha't ciia toan bd
qua trinh van hoc.Theo y kie'n L.Timdpheep, nhiing kieu sang tac
nay "dudi nhiing hinh thiic ra't da dang va trong nhiing mdi tuang
quan khac nhau se duge the hien trong ba't ky mdt phuang phap
nao nay sinh trong qua trinh phat trien lich sir van hoc, bdi vi
chiing bieu hien nhiing dac tinh ehung eiia su phan anh cude sdng
bang hinh tugng" [11, tr.60]. Trong cud'n Thi phdp chu nghTa hien
thuc Nga, nha nghien ciiu ndi tie'ng G.M. Phritlendera edn diing
khai niem cbii nghia hien thuc de ban vl mdt he thdng nghe thuat.
Se khdng tha'y he't duge ndi ham vd ciing rdng Idn ciia khai
niem chii nghia hien thuc, ne'u khdng tim hieu each su dung khai
niem a'y cua cac vi kinh dien cua chii nghia Mac. Ta dIu bie't,
Mae, Angghen va Lenin, tiing phan tich ra't sau sac sang tac eiia
cac nha van

nhu

Latxan,

Haeeanetxa,

Ogien

Xuy,

Banzac,

Tdnxtdi... Phan tieh sang tac cua nhiing nha van a'y, cac vi kinh
dien eiia chii nghia Mac da dl xua't nhilu luan diem quan trong vl
chii nghia hien thuc trong van hoc nghe thuat. Angghen goi Banzac

la "bae thay eiia ehii nghia hien thuc". Trong Thu gui M.
Haeeanetxa dau thang 4 nam 1888, Angghen viet: "Banzac, ngudi ma tdicho la mdt bae thay cua chii nghia hien thue Idn ban
ta't ca moi Dola qua khii, hien tai vd tuang lai- trong Tan trd ddi
da cap cho ta cai lich six hien thuc tuyet dieu nhat cua xa hdi
Phap..." [99, tr.35]. Cung ehinh trong biic thu a'y, Angghen da dua
ra y kien ma sau nay gidi nghien ciiu thudng xem la dinh nghia
kinh diln vl ehii nghia hien thue: "Theo tdi, ngoai ehi tie't chan
thuc, chii nghia hien thuc edn ddi hdi mot su tai hien chan thuc
nhirng tinh each dien hinh trong nhixng hoan canh dien hinh" [99,
tr.283- 284]. Lenin thudng ndi tdi "Di san hien thuc va sang sud't"
trong sang tac ciia cac nha van Nga. Ngudi goi chu nghia hien thue
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trong sang tac ciia L. Tdnxtdi la "chii nghia hien thuc sang sud't
nhaft" [99, tr.l96]. Nhac lai nhu the' de tha'y, cac vi kinh diln eiia
chii nghia Mac cung sir dung khai niem de chi mdt hien tugng my
hoc.
Nhung trong each su dung ciia Mac, Angghen, nhat la Lenin,
Chtl nghTa hien thuc cdn la mot hien tugng tdng hgp, bao triim
nhilu llnh vue boat ddng tinh thin cua con ngudi, nhu xd hoi hoc,
kinh td hoc, chinh tri hoc, va tham chi, ca tridt hoc.
Nam 1897, Lenin vie't bai luan chie'n ndi tieng: Ban ve dac
diem ciia chii nghTa Idng man kinh td. Bai bao vach tran each giai
thich day gia ddi cua cac nha dan tuy vl hang loat va'n d l cua xa
hdi hien dai. Lenin ggi cac nha dan tuy la nhiing ke "khoac ta'm ao
cua "nha hien thue" mdt each each vung vl che day d ben trong
mot nha lang man dieh thue" [8, tr.l92]. Cung chinh trong bai
luan chie'n a'y, sau khi nhan xet bai Dien tii ve tu do thuang mqi
eiia Mac, doc tai Brucxen vao nam 1848, Lenin ggi Mae la "nha

hien thuc triet de" [8, tr.261].
Trong bai bao cao Chung ta tu: chdi di sdn ndol Lenin phe
phan "Enghenhac (1832- 1892) - nha hien thuc da bien thanh
Enghenhac - nha lang man" [8, tr.527]. Theo Lenin, viee cac nha
dan tuy "ly tudng boa mot each gia ddi ddi sdng hien thuc cua
nude Nga hoan toan mau thuSn vdi truyin thdng eiia di san hien
thuc va sang sudt" [8, tr.533], vi khi "ddi sanh thuc tai ciia ehii
nghia tu ban vdi su tuang tugng vl nhiing trat tu tien tu ban" [17,
tr.532], trong edng trinh ciia cac nha dan tuy bao gid ciing "vdng
bong ehii nghia hien thuc xa hdi" [8, tr.539], "vang bdng chii
nghia hien thuc trong cac van dl xa hdi hoc" [8, tr.537].
Tom lai, chii nghia hien thuc la khai niem my hoe. La khai
niem my hoe, chii nghia hien thuc duge sir dung de ehi mot phuang
phap sang tac, mdt trudng phai, trao luu, khuynh hudng van hoc,
mdt kieu sang tac hoae mot he thdng nghe thuat. Chii nghia hien
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thuc cdn Ik khai niem tri^t hoc, chinh trLhgc, khai niem kinh te'
hoc, xa hdi hoc. O mdi llnh vue nhu thi", khai niem chii nghia hien
thue dIu cd mdt ndi dung cu the. Nhung lam the' nao de tranh duge
thai dd tuy tien, cam tinh khi su dung va giai thich khai niem ehii
nghia hien thuc. Chiing tdi tin rang, hoan toan cd the xac dinh
duge hat nhan tao thanh ndi dung ca ban ciia khai niem chu nghia
hien thue ndi ehung. Mat khac, xac dinh hat nhan tao thanh ndi
ham khdi niem chu nghTa hien thuc a nhiing ITnh vuc khdc nhau la
ca sd de tim hieu nhiing bieu hien doc ddo, dac thu cua chu nghTa
hien thuc trong sdng tdc van hoc. Mudi nam trudc day, khi cdng
cude ddi mdi da't nude mdt each toan dien viia duge khdi xudng,
khdng it ngudi td ra nghi ngd nhilu chan ly da tiing duge ehiing ta

xem la rat thieng lieng. Do dd edng trinh eiia chiing tdi se dua vao
y kien ciia cac vi kinh dien ciia chii nghia Mac de tim chia khoa
giai quye't nhiing van dl tren. Cac vi kinh dien ciia ehii nghia Mac
thudng phan tich nhiing va'n dl my hoc tii gdc do nhan thiic luan,
phan anh luan trie't hgc. Dong thdi, de ed cai nhin tuang ddi toan
dien vl chii nghia hien thuc, chiing tdi khdng the khdng tham khao
y kien eiia mot sd nha my hoc, nha nghien ciiu van hgc trong va
ngoai nude.
1.1.2. Hat nhan tao nen noi ham khai niem chu nghia hien
thuc la vai tro quyet dinh cua hoan canh xa hoi.
He thdng quan diem vl chii nghia hien thuc ciia Mae,
Angghen va Lenin duge hinh thanh va phat triln trong sudt quang
thdi gian tii nua sau the ky XIX cho den thap nien dau eiia the ky
XX.
Trong nhiing tac pham cua Mae va Angghen, chiing ta khdng
tha'y cac vi ban de'n ehii nghia hien thue mot each quy md, dudi
dang md rdng va cd he thdng, ma chi thdng ke duge mot sd y kien
trong cac bai bao, biic thu, khi Mac va Angghen ban vl nhixng tac

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phim cu thi. Cd the k l ra day mdt sd tac pham tieu bilu trong dd
Mac va Angghen d^ cap tdi chii nghia hifn thuc.
- Gia dinh thdn thanh, hay "Phe phan su phe phdn cd tinh
chat phe phdn". Trong tac phim nay cd mdt chuang phe phan cud'n
Bi mat thanh Pari ciia Ogien Xuy (1845).
- Tuyen ngdn cua Ddng cdng sdn (1848)
- Thu ciia Mac va Angghen gtri cho Latxan vie't nam 1859.
- Thu ciia Angghen giri cho M.Cauxki nam 1885.

- Thu cua Angghen gui cho M.Haeeanetxa nam 1888.
Tuy Mac va Angghen khdng ban mdt each he thdng, nhung
qua cac tac ph£m ciia hai dng, ta vSn ed the riit ra nhiing diem he't
siic quan trgng.
Yeu cdu quan trgng hang dau cua chu nghTa hien thuc la
nhan thuc vd the hien ddi sdng mot cdch chinh xdc vd khdch quan.
Nhan thiic ddi sdng mdt each khach quan trude he't la phai
dung lai bd mat lich sU mot cdch chan thuc, tdi hien diing ddn,
trung thanh quan he giai cap, tinh hinh, vi tri giai cap cua thdi
dai, phdn dnh dung chieu hudng van ddng cua lich sU. Yeu eau
nay duge dl cap ndi bat nha't trong thu ciia Mac va Angghen gui
cho Latxan. Nam 1859, Latxan cho xuat ban d Diic tac pham bi
kich lich sii Faranxa

Vdn Xichkinghen.

Tac pham lay dl tai tii

cude khdi nghia cua ling Idp hiep si chdng lai vua ehiia, quy tdc
nam 1552. Ngudi cam dau la Phaanxa Xichkinghen bi tii thuang va
Hutten phai trdn ra nude ngoai. Van dl dat ra la vi sao phong trao
nay bi that bai. Latxan cho rang khdi nghia that bai vi nhiing
ngudi cam diu thie'u nhiet tinh va muu tri. Mae va Angghen ehi ra,
khdi nghia tha't bai vi ngudi diing dau ciia phong trao nay la nhirng
ngudi dai dien cho mdt giai cap da suy tan. That bai eiia ho la tha't
bai ta't yeu vi hg la mdt lire lugng xa hdi da thudc ve qua khii. Do
dd, khdng nen giai thich su that bai ciia mot phong trao xa hdi
bang li do ea nhan, ma phai giai thich bang li do lich sir. Phong
24