Nghiên cứu nấm colletotrichum spp gây bệnh thán thư trên cây cà phê chè và biện pháp quản lý bệnh tại tỉnh sơn la tt tiếng anh

MI NISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAI NI NG

MI NISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

----------

HOANG VAN THANH

RESEARCHING ON COLLETOTRICHUM SPP. CAUSING
ANTHRACNOSE ON COFFEA ARABICA AND DISEASE
MANAGEMENT MEASURES IN SON LA PROVINCE

Major: Plant protection
Code: 9.62.01.12

SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL DOCTORAL THESIS

Ha Noi – 2020


The research work is published at:
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Supervisors:
1) Dr. Trinh Xuan Hoat
2) Prof. Nguyen Van Tuat
Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:
The thesis is defended by the Academy Assessment Council at:
Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Date ………. month……….. year ………..
It is possible to learn more about the thesis at:
1. National Library of Vietnam
2. Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
3. Library of Plant Protection Research Institute


INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the thesis
Coffee (Coffea) plants play an important role in the
production and trading of agricultural products on domestic and
foreign markets. In the world today, there are 80 countries
planting coffee with a total area of over 10 million hectares and
an export value of over 10 billion USD. In Vietnam, coffee
trees are grown mainly in the hilly areas of the North and the
Central Highlands. In the crop year 2016/2017, the whole
country has a total area of 592,000 ha of Robusta coffee, the
production reached 1,536,000 tons of coffee bean. Coffea
arabica is grown mainly in Lam Dong, Son La, Dien Bien and
Quang Tri with an area of about 46,000 ha and modest
production. In recent years, Vietnam has exported stable coffee
beans about 24-25 million bags /year. In Son La, the coffee
growing area in Son La has tended to increase sharply in recent
years and along with the increase in the area and production,
coffee trees pests have been growing, causing significant
damage in main planting coffee regions, causing reduces yield
and quality of coffee. According to the Son La Crops and Plant

Protection Department, pests and diseases on coffee trees in this
region are common species: Colletotrichum sp.; Cercospora
coffeicola Berk & Cooke; Hemileia vastatrix B. & Br;
Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudococcus mercaptor; Planococcus
citri; Xylotrechus quadripes; Hypothenemus hampei. In
particular, the object of serious damage on coffee trees in Son
La is anthracnose caused by some species of the fungus
Colletotrichum. In order to contribute to the effective
management of pests on coffee trees, implementing the project
"Researching on Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose
on Coffea arabica trees and disease management measures
in Son La province ” is urgently theoretical and practical.
2. Aims of the thesis
Identify the composition of species Colletotrichum sp.
causing anthracnose on cofea arabica trees; study the
characteristics of Colletotrichum and disease control measures
to contribute to improving productivity, quality, increasing
economic efficiency, protecting the environment in coffee
growing areas in Son La.
3. The new findings and contributions of the thesis

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- Identified 05 species of Colletotrichum fungus causing
anthracnose on coffee trees, some biological characteristics of
fungi.
- Evaluate the percentage of coffee cherries lost due to
anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) accounting for 42.63-52.83%
of the total number of berries in Son La.

- Research to identify technical methods of pruning to
create canopy, balanced fertilizer, weeding in combination with
collecting and destroying diseased branches with high
efficiency in order to eliminate coffee anthracnose.
- Anvil 5SC (hexaconazole active ingredient), Antracol
70WP (proneb active ingredient), and CFO (curcumin active
ingredient extracted from yellow turmeric) were evaluated to
have a effectiveness of 72.53-79.14% anthracnose control
(Colletotrichum sp.) on tea plants.
4. Significance of the thesis
4.1.Science significance
- Research results on the composition of 05 species of
Colletotrichum fungus causing anthracnose on coffee trees as a
basis for disease management; basis for research to select and
use suitable coffee varieties with high tolerance to anthracnose.
- The research data of the topic is the reference for the
follow-up studies related to harmful anthracnose on coffee
plants in other production areas.
4.2. Practical significance
- The results of the research on identification of species of
Colletotrichum fungus causing anthracnose on coffee trees, the
degree of harm and some measures to prevent anthracnose in
Son La region have contributed to the help of specialized
agencies in making recommendations, guide sustainable and
efficient coffee cultivation; It emphasizes the main methods
such as pruning, fertilization, weeding, weed management and
diseased crop residues to control coffee berry disease.
- Coffee berry disease management model initially affirms
the results of research on pathogens, some ecological biological
characteristics and disease control measures and serves as a

basis to build a complete process of coffee berry disease control
in Son La region in particular and the Northwest area in
general.

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5. Objectives and research area
5.1. Objectives
The object of the research was the fungus causing harmful
anthracnose on coffee trees (Coffea arabica) grown in Son La.
5.2. Research area
- Identification of harmful Collectotrichum fungi on coffee
trees in Son La. Experimental study of plant protection
fungicides against harmful anthracnose on coffee trees in Son
La. Surveying and evaluating the level of harmful anthracnose
on coffee trees in Son La province.
- Research period: from 2015-2019.
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
1.1. General introduction about coffee trees
Coffee is an industrial tree with high economic value and
an important commercial product in the international market. In
the world today, coffee is grown in over 80 countries in Central
and South America, Africa and Asia. Annual value of goods
from coffee reaches about 70 billion US dollars. In the 20152016 inter-season, coffee production of 53 countries producing
and exporting coffee reached 143,306 thousand bags (60 kg /
bag); of which, Vietnam reached 28,737 thousand bags (Man,
2013; FAO, 2016).
1.1.1. Some key features in the classification of coffee
plants

Coffee of the Class: Dicotyledoneae; Sub-class:
Sympetalae or Metachlamydeae; Department: Rubiales;
Family: Rubiaceae; genus: Coffea. Chevalier (1947) grouped
Coffea species into four main groups: Agrocoffea, Paracoffea,
Mascarocoffea and Eucoffea. The Eucoffea group is divided
into 5 subgroups based on a number of very diverse criteria
such as tree height (Nanocoffea), leaf thickness (Pachycoffea),
fruit color (Erythrocoffea) and geographical distribution area
(Mozambicoffea) ( Chevalier, 1947).
1.2. Situation of coffee production and consumption in
the world and in Vietnam
1.2.1. Situation of coffee production and consumption in
the world
Over the past 50 years, both coffee production and
consumption have increased significantly. Consumers have
gained some profit through the variety of coffee products,

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improved quality and reduced prices. Currently, more than 50%
of production comes from the three countries Brazil, Vietnam
and Colombia. From the 2013/14 to 2017/18 inter-season, the
total output of coffee exporting countries was quite stable,
ranging from 148,559-159,047 bags, total export turnover from
105,492-114,596 bags.
1.2.2. Situation of coffee production and export in
Vietnam and Son La
The country's coffee area is most concentrated in the
Central Highlands, in provinces like Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Gia

Lai, Kon Tum and Lam Dong accounting for 72% of the total
area and 92% of the total coffee output of the whole country,
and the varieties are mostly Robusta coffee. According to the
statistics of FAO (2018), Vietnam's total green coffee output
from the 2013/14 to 2016/17 crop tended to decrease from
27,610 bags to 25,540 bags. In the 2017/18 crop, the output
increased to 29,500 bags. In Vietnam, arabica coffee production
accounts for about 4% of total coffee production and about 6%
of the national coffee area. In Son La and Dien Bien provinces,
the area of arabica coffee has increased in recent years from
16,000 to over 18,000 hectares (USDA, 2018), Catimor arabica
coffee varieties are grown mainly.
1.3. Situation of research on coffee berry disease in the
world and Vietnam
1.3.1. Harm of coffee berry disease
For coffee, anthracnose caused by fungus Colletotrichum
sp. causing is the second most important disease after rust
disease. The disease causes fruit to dry, branches, leave, flower
blight and flower death. The disease is a major cause of reduced
productivity in African coffee. In Vietnam, according to the
Notice of Plant Protection Department in January 2017, the
country had 14,195 hectares of coffee trees infected with
anthracnose, 240 hectares of heavily infected areas, and 867
hectares of control in Dien Bien. Son La, Quang Tri, Gia Lai,
Dak Nong, Binh Phuoc Dong Lai, and Lam Dong (Plant
Protection Department, 2017).
1.3.2. Symptoms of the disease
Colletotrichum pathogenic fungi on coffee plants often
produce symptoms such as brown or dark brown marks on
flowers and fruits; creates irregularly shaped dead spots on the

leaf margins and if infected is severe, the leaves will fall off;

4


create black stains on branches and if seriously infected make
branches dry (Waller et al., 2007). On fruits, symptoms are
necrotic spots with brown contours; causing rot, failure of
fruits, fast-falling fruits when infected. In the fruiting season,
fungi survive on plant parts such as leaves and branches and are
non-invasive and cause harm (Graaff, 1992).
1.3.3. Research on the causes of coffee berry disease
1.3.3.1. Classification location of Colletotrichum
Colletotrichum (sexual phase called Glomerella) belongs
to Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Glomerellales and
Glomerellaceae families are important pests of many crops in
general and coffee in particular in the world and Vietnam at
pre- and post-harvest stages (Corda, 1831).
1.3.3.2. Species of the fungus Colletotrichum causing
coffee berry disease
Among the species of the fungus Colletotrichum, only a
few are harmful in coffee (Stephen, 1991). Waller (1993)
described the pathogen on coffee cherries in Africa and named
it C. kahawae. Species such as C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum
and C. coffeanum cause anthracnose on coffee plants in Asia
and South America (Chen et al., 2003; Prihastuti, 2009a). In
Vietnam, two species of C. coffeanum and C. capsici are
thought to be the main causes of anthracnose on coffee plants
(Tran et al., 1998). Nguyen Thi Hang Phuong (2010) recorded
C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, C. capsici C. boninense on

coffee trees.
1.3.3.3. Identify the causative agents of coffee berry
disease based on the morphological characteristics of the
fungus
According to Prihastuti's (2009) study of 34
Colletotrichum fungus samples collected from some coffee
growing locations in Northern Thailand and C. acutatum, C.
gloeosporioides and C. kahawae. Morphological differences of
spores, fungal characteristics and growth among isolates allow
them to be classified into 3 different groups. In Vietnam, 46
isolate has been isolated from different ecological regions. On
artificial media, the hyphae of the isolate are dark gray to light
gray, some isolates produce many sclerotia, some other isolates
form the sexually active spore. All isolate is divided into 3
groups based on spore shape (Phuong, 2010).

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2.3.3.4. Methods to identify anthracnose agents using
molecular techniques
Molecular techniques have been successfully applied to
distinguish between species and genetic characteristics of
Colletotrichum obtained from host plants. Based on the
sequence comparison of genomic regions, the method is being
widely used to detect and classify species of Colletotrichum
(Cannon et al., 2008; Hyde et al., 2009; Than, 2006). A
combination of morphological characteristics, specific primers
and sequence analysis of mtSSU and ITS areas have recorded
C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, C. capsici and C. boninense

together causing anthracnose on coffee trees in Vietnam
(Phuong, 2010).
1.3.3.5. Assess the toxicity of species belonging to
Colletotrichum
The pathogenicity test of Colletotrichum fungi isolated on
coffee trees in Northern Thailand shows that both wound and
non-wound pathogens using green and ripe berries have
infected results disease (Prihastuti, 2009a). Most
Colletotrichum isolates of Vietnam are of medium toxicity,
mainly causing lesions with smaller severity and lesions than
anthracnose fungi (C. kahawae).
1.3.3.6. Conditions arising and causing harm of the
disease
Occuring of anthracnose on coffee plants vary among
regions and seasons depending on the susceptibility of the
coffee plant, disease inoculum, weather conditions. Humidity
near saturation and temperature in the range of 20-22o C is a
favorable condition for germination of spores and pressure plate
(Gibbs, 1969; Masaba and Waller, 1992). If the protein content
of the leaves is 4% or more, the coffee tree is not infected by
Colletotrichum sp.
1.3.3.7. Solutions to control coffee berry disease
On coffee trees in the western region of Cameroon, a
major coffee area has been affected by anthracnose, farmers
often take measures to prune and remove dead berries from the
branches before the coffee trees has flowers, in dry season.
Besides this measure, a number of other measures are applied
such as intercropping of fruit trees (mango, guava, banana, ...)
and intercropping food crops (beans, potatoes, corn, ...) with
coffee plants. So far, many varieties of coffee resistant to

6


anthracnose such as: Geisha, Geisha 10 generations of
Hibrribon Timor, "K7", "Blue Mountain" and "Rume Sudan"
and some not completely resistant varieties such as: Bourbon,
Selections and Sl. In Kenya, to control anthracnose, people
spray fungicides once a month during the rainy season.
CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODS

2.1. Materials
- Colletotrichum fungi collected and isolated on coffee
berries of Coffea arabica, Catimor varieties.
- Chemical fungicides, bio-fungicides: active ingredient
propineb (Antracol 70WP); active ingredient hexaconazole
(Anvil 5SC); ningnanmycin (Supercin 20SC); curcumin,
extracted from Curcuma longa
(CFO); Ethyl 2,4,6trihydroxybenzoate, kaempferol, epiafzelechin, kaempferol-3O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O- gentiobioside Derived from
Cassia alata (MBG), O-coumaric extracted from Eupatorium
fortune (MANTU) .
2.2. Contents
Content 1. Studying species composition of
Colletotrichum fungus causing anthracnose on arabica coffee
trees.
Content 2. Studying the severity of anthracnose
(Colletotrichum spp.) on arabica coffee trees and its influence
factors.
Content 3. Research on some of chemical fungicides/ biofungicides to against coffee anthracnose disease.
Content 4. Carry out 02 demonstrations for anthracnose

integrated management in Son La.
2.3. Research area
The research is carried out in major coffee growing areas
of Son La province and in laboratories - Northwestern
University, Laboratory - Plant Protection Research Institute.
2.4. Methodology
2.4.1. Surveying the situation of coffee production in Son
La
2.4.1.1. Current situation of coffee production in Son La
- Collecting primary data through collecting documents.
- Survey by interviews and questionnaires.
- Evaluation criteria: general situation of coffee
production, influencing factors, farming techniques, pests and
diseases, productivity/production of coffe, market information,
etc.

7


2.4.1.2. Situation of pests on coffee trees in Son La
Each area selected 5 representative fields, with 0.5-1 ha.
Random survey, each field survey at least 20 points according
to the chessboard, periodically surveying 14 days/time and
diagnosis pests.
2.4.2. Identify species of Colletotrichum fungus causing
anthracnose on arabica coffee trees in Son La
2.4.2.1. Collecting and isolating fungi causing
anthracnose disease on arabica coffee trees in Son La
Survey, collect anthracnose samples in 3 main coffee
growing areas of Son La including Thuan Chau district, Mai

Son district and Son La city. Survey 6 gardens (>1
ha/garden)/district, collecting 50 diseased coffee berries/garden.
Collecting time is from June to August 2016; describe
symptoms and set symbols for each sample collected.
2.4.2.2 Assess the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fungus
* Pathogenic characteristics of the Colletotrichum fungus
on arabica coffee tree stems at seedling stage
Stem infection is done by follow Wokocha (2010) method.
Cartimor coffee variety seedlings are grown in plastic bags,
nursed in net houses, ensuring disease free, conducting artificial
infection when the plants reach 6-7 leaves/tree. Experiment was
arranged 3 repilcations , 10 plants / isolate samples/replication.
After infection, record and assess the incubation period. After
the first 20, 25, 30, and 35 days of transmission, carry out a 5level inspection to assess the extent of damage (Waller, 1998).
* Pathogenic characteristics of the Colletotrichum fungus
on coffee berries
The experiment was arranged 3 replicates, 10 green fruits
or 10 ripe fruits /fungus samples/replications. The experiment
was conducted on berries with wounded and non-wounds,
conducted a small 6 µl solution containing fungal spores (106
spores / ml), and a small 6 µl sterile distilled water on the
control berries. Infected berries are placed in sterilized plastic
containers at laboratory temperature of 28 ± 2o C. Classification
of diseased berries according to the 9th scale according to
Vietnam Standard No. 01-38: 2010 / BNNPTNT (MARD,
2010); assess the incidence (%) of infected berries, symtom and
disease severity (%) within 1-20 days after infection (Than,
2008).
2.4.2.3. Identify species of Colletotrichum fungus that
causes anthracnose on coffee trees

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Total DNA extraction by CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl
Ammonium Bromide) based on descriptive material of Doyle &
Doyle (1990). Use primers ITS4 (5'-CCT CCG CTT ATT GAT
ATG C-3 ') and ITS5 (5'- GAA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC
AAG G-3') (White et al., 1990) to amplify ITS region genes
(Internally Transcribed Spacer) were used in PCR with 35
cycles. PCR products were electrophoretic with 1% agarose gel
and photographed using Geldoc-ItTM Imaging System (USA).
Directly sequence both directions with both ITS4 and ITS5
primers, using BigDye Terminator 3.1 Kit (Applied Biotech) on
ABI3100. The order of samples was compared with Gen Bank
by online software (S.F
et al., 1990). Genealogy tree is built by Neighbor-Joining
method (N-J) by MEGA 6.0 software (Tamura, 2013).
2.4.2.4. Study on some biological characteristics of
Colletotrichum species that causes anthracnose on coffee trees
in Son La
* Temperature effect on the growth of Colletotrichum spp.
on the artificial media
Experiment with a factor of temperature, evaluate the
growth of 5 representative isolates of Colletotrichum at the
thresholds: 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 35o C, each temperature
threshold has 3 replications, 3 petri dishes/each replication;
measuring the diameter of fungal colonies after 7 days of
transplanting, 24 h measuring the colonization diameter once to
assess the growth rate of colonies in samples (Soltani et al.,

2014).
* Temperature effect on spores germination of
Colletotrichum spp.
Add 10 µl of water containing the spores of each sample
to each end of the slide, which is then transferred to a
humidifying chamber and placed in a incubator at 15, 20, 25,
28, 30, and 35° C. Check the percentage of spores after 8, 14
and 24 h. The number is counted as 50 spores per drop of
liquid, observing germination when the sporula appears half the
length of the spores, each isolate being repeated 3 times
(Denner et al., 1986).
* Influence of light conditions on the growth of
Colletotrichum spp. on the artificial media
Experiment with a factor of light, assessing the growth of
5 representative isolates of Colletotrichum under the conditions:
12 light hours/12 dark hours and 14 light hours/10 dark hours
and 0 light hours/ 24 dark hours, Lighting intensity is 600 lux.

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Each light condition has 3 replicates, each replicate is 3 petri
dishes with 85 mm diameter, the experiment was conducted at
28° C; measuring the diameter of fungal colonies after 7 days
of transplanting, assessing the growth rate of the mycelium in
samples (Soltani et al., 2014).
2.4.3. Study on the severity level of anthracnose
(Colletotrichum spp.) on arabica coffee and its influence
factors
2.4.3.1. Survey on the evolution of anthracnose coffee

Selecting 7-year-old coffee field, surveying 3 coffee fields
representing coffee growing areas in Son La, with an area of
0.5-1 ha/field, fixing survey gardens according to VN01-38:
2010/ MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,
2010).
2.4.3.2. Survey on the percentage of coffee cherries that
have been fail due to anthracnose
Survey on 3 representative fields (0.5-1 ha), 10 fixed
points/field follow diagonally and distance 2 tree rows away
from the bank; 4 directions × each direction 1 fruit branch/one
tree/spot, every 1 week/times according to VN01-38: 2010/
MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,
2010). Firstly surveying on fruit development stage (6 weeks
after the last flowering), counting a ll the fruits on the branches;
count the number of healthy fruits, the number of diseased
fruits, the number of new diseased fruits at each survey and
wear a small card for each fruit to avoid confusion when
counting at the next survey (Bedimo, 2007). The % total losses
observed throughout the year of observations, which expressed
all losses due to anthracnose or not, recorded over one year. It
was calculated by the formula:
Where: Ptot is total losses of berries; Btot1 is the total
number of berries on the first observation; the expression
(Btotn -Bmkn -Bdisn) is the number of healthy berries in the nth
week of observations. The terms Btotn, Bmkn and Bdisn are the
total number of berries, the total number of old disease berries,
and the total number of new infected berries on the nth
observation.
The % diseased berries (Pdis) which was the ratio
between the sum of new diseased berries counted weekly, from

the first to the nth week of observations [Bdis(1_n)] and the

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initial number of berries (Btot1). This represents the total
diseased berries observed throughout the year of observations.
- The % losses not due to CBD (Pfall) which was
expressed by the difference between the total losses and losses
due to anthracnose (Ptot–Pdis).
2.4.3.3. The influence of cultivation techniques on the
percentage of coffee cherries dropped by coffee berry disease
The experiment was divided into 4 large plots: The
experimental plot applied advanced techniques to prevent
anthracnose; Control plots use traditional cultivation methods
of farmers (apply methods such as not pruning branches,
removing diseased fruits, weeding by hand, applying chemical
fertilizers or manure according to experience). Each
experimental plot consists of 100 coffee trees in the period of
high yield (9 years old), 200 trees under shade under plum trees
(9 years old) planting density of 7 × 10 m, the remaining 200
trees do not have shade trees; Observing the rate of fruit loss by
the method of Bedimo et al., (2007) in Section 2.4.3.2.
2.4.4. Surveying the effectiveness of some pesticides to
prevent anthracnose fungus on arabica coffee trees

2.4.4.1. Study the effect of some fungicides against
Colletotrichum spp. on the artificial medium.
After isolating and identifying 05 fungal species: C.
gloeosporioides (CBMS5), C. siamence (CBMS13), C.

fragariae (CBMS16), C. theobromicola (MNTC11), C.
acutatum (MNTC14) cause disease anthracnose, conducting
drug trials for each species. The experiment consisted of one
factor with 3 replicates and 1 petri dish /replicate for each
isolate representative of each species. After cooking, the
medium is mixed into the medium according to the
recommended ratio, then pour into 80 mm diameter Petri
dishes. Fungicides used: Antracol 70WP, Anvil 5SC, Supercin
20SC, CFO, MBG, MANTU, Control (no using fungicide).
Monitoring criteria: measuring the diameter of fungal colonies,
calculating the effectiveness of the drug according to Abbott
formula, after 3, 7 days of drug treatment.
In which: C is the diameter of fungal colonies in the
control (mm); T is the diameter of fungal colonies in the
experiments (mm).

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2.4.4.2. Surveying the effectiveness of fungicides to control
anthracnose on arabica coffee trees in the fields
The experiment was arranged with one factor, 3
replications in full random complete block (RCB) style. Each
fungicide is 15 plants/time, The plots are separated by a coffee
tree row. Spray 2 times 5 days apart. Experiment to evaluate the
effect of disease elimination on berries, arranged on 6-year-old
coffee fields, like Cartimor coffee. Fungicides used: Antracol
70WP, Anvil 5SC, CFO, Control (spraying water).
The formula for calculating the effectiveness of the
fungicides according to Henderson - Tilton:

Ta  Cb 
Effectiveness (%) = 
1 
  100


Tb  Ca 

In which: Ta is the disease severity in the fungicidal
treatment after experiment; Tb is the disease severity in the
fungicidal treatment before experiment; Ca is the disease
severity in the control after experiment; Cb is the disease
severity in the control before experiment.
2.4.4.3. Evaluate the effect of using bio-fungicides on
anthracnose on arabica coffee
Tested on 7 year old coffee tree. Testing conducted using
CFO preparations, control water spray. Time to spray CFO
when flowers last bloom 7 weeks, 15 days / time. The trial was
arranged in the form of large plots, 0.25 ha / plot, the total area
of the test field was 0.5 ha (including protection strip); monitor
the rate of diseased fruits after spraying for the first time one
week, then investigate once a month.
2.4.5. Building integrated management demostration of
anthracnose disease on arabica in Son La
Two models were implemented in Chieng Doi and Chieng
Den commune - Son La City. The model was divided into two
plots (0.25 ha), experimental plots applied advanced techniques
to prevent anthracnose arising, control plots applied according
to traditional farming techniques of farmer. The model was
conducted for 2 consecutive years. The plots applies the

techniques according to the Technical Process (10 B.C. 5272002). Control plots follow farmers' method; investigating the
harmful occurrence of anthracnose on coffee berries; evaluate
model economic efficiency
2.5. Data analytical methods
The data was analyzed statistically using software
MINITAB 16, Excel, by GLM model according to Tuckey

12


standard at significance level of 0.05. The % data such as
disease index, germination rate of spores, fungicides efficacy
were transferred to arcsin before statistical analysis.
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Current status of coffee production in Son La and
situation of insect pests and diseases
The coffee area of Son La by March 2018 amounted to
17,600 hectares, of which the coffee area for products was
14,781 hectares; The production of green coffee berries reaches
22,766.1 tons. Coffee planting area is mainly concentrated in
Son La city, Mai Son district, Thuan Chau district accounting
for over 90% of the total coffee growing area of the province
and Yen Chau and Sop Cop district.
3.2. The identification of pathogenic Colletotrichum
fungus in arabica coffee

3.2.1. Symptoms of anthracnose disease on coffee trees
The disease appears and damages on all stages of plant
growth, and is particularly damaging from coffee tree flowers
until the fruit ripens: The disease on branches often appear near

the branche nodes, creating a dark brown slightly sunken,
leaves on diseased branches are yellow and gradually fade. The
lesions on the leaves are often round, brown to dark brown, the
diseased tissue is concave, there are outer halos, the concentric
surface has concentric circles, the diameter of 1.0-2.5 cm. The
lesions on fruits usually start from the position of the fruit part
attached to the branch or at the point of contact between two
fruits; The initial lesions are very clear with small spots on the
skin of the fruit, which makes the shell indented and become
dark; lesions spread gradually on the skin of the fruit and
penetrate deep into the tree to dry black die fruits on branches
or fall off.
3.2.2.
Some
morphological
characteristics
of
Colletotrichum fungus cause coffee berry disease
Based on morphological characteristics, colony color and
spores, Colletochitrum isolates were divided into 5 groups.
Group I: the mycelium is white to brownish white, the
hyphae are superficial and white; often appear greenish yellow
spores, tiny, scattered on the surface of the culture medium;
cylindrical spore-shaped spores, usually with a tapered tip and a
sharp tip, with visible droplets of fluid; after 7 days of culture, the
diameter of the fungal colonies reached 68.00-82.33 mm, the spore
size was 13.93×4.69-18.47×5.01 µm. Group II: fungal colonies

13

with gray to grayish brown color, multiple mycelium on surface
and grayish white; after 7 days of cultivation, the diameter of the
fungal colonies reached 68.67-81.67 mm; long cylindrical sporeshaped spores, usually with two heads, some with a head and a
sharp tip, size 15.86×4.68-18.90×5.00 µm. Group III: Mycelium is
gray to dark gray, mycelia are small and brownish white; after 7
days of cultivation, the diameter of the fungal colonies was 75.6781.33 mm; cylindrical spores with one tip, one pointed tip, some in
the middle slightly bunched, size 14.69×4.51-15.57×4.73 µm.
Group IV: fungal colonies with pink-colored mushrooms;
Mycelium surface less, short, pink white; after 7 days of
cultivation, the diameter of the fungal colonies reached 66.6777.53 mm; cylindrical spores, usually with two pointed tips, size
17.22 × 4.92-18.26 × 4.78 µm. Group V: fungal colonies were
gray to dark gray colonies, mycelium grows in concentric circular
areas, short-surface mycelium and dark brown; after 7 days of
cultivation, the diameter of the fungal colonies was 79.33-82.00
mm; elongated conidia, usually with a prison head, a sharp tip,
some with two heads, size 15.40 × 4.96-17.77 × 5.01 1m.
3.2.3. Artificial infection of anthracnose disease on coffee
3.2.3.1. Result of artificial infection of anthracnose disease
on arabica coffee seedling stage
Under experimental conditions, the latent period of coffee
anthracnose was from 15.70 to 23.23 days on stems of seedling
with 6-7 leaves and can be divided into 3 groups: i) isolate
MNTC18 and MNTC 14 have a long latency period of 23 days; ii)
isolate CBMS1, CBMS2, CBMS3, CBMS9, CBMS12, MNTC5,
MNTC9, MNTC13 and MNTC15 have a short latency period of
15-16 days; and iii) the remaining isolates had an average latency
of 17-19 days. The latent period depends on many factors
including the characteristics of fungi, different samples can be
different species of fungi.

3.2.3.2. Results of artificial infection on coffee berries
Infectious results of Colletotrichum fungal isolated on coffee
berries like Catimor 85 days old (green berries), 145 days old (ripe
berries) showed that symptoms on the infected fruit had
characteristics similar to those of harmful fruits on coffee berries
in the field. The berries in the control experiments did not show
symptoms. In the absence of a wound, the latency of the disease is
longer than the case of wound formation from 3-5 days. On green
coffee berries with wound formation, the latent time was different
among the isolates, the latent time of MNTC11 was the shortest,
the longest MNTC14 was 8.13 days and 13.30 days, respectively.

14


On green coffee berries with no wounds, the latent time of
CBMS12 was shortest, the longest MNTC14 reached 13.30 days
and 16.30 days, respectively. On ripe berries with wound
formation, the longest latent time of CBMS13 is 8.03 days, the
longest MNTC8 reached 10.83 days. On ripe cherries without
wound, the shortest latent time of CBMS12 is 12.07 days, the
longest CBMS15 and CBMS7 are 15.53 days. The rate of infected
fruits increases over time after the days of infection. Ripe fruits
have a higher rate of diseases than green ones, and fruits have a
higher wound rate than no wound is produced.
3.2.4. Results of the sequencing of fungal isolates by PCR
method
AJ301912.1

C. fragariae

KC411911.1
FJ172290.1

C. fragariae

C. fragariae

HM015855.1

C. gloeosporioides

AF451905.1

C. gloeosporioides

KR445682.1

C. theobromicola

KM505032.1

C. theobromicola

JX010285.1
KF877317

C. theobromicola

.1 C. theobromicola

KT122929.1

C. theobromicola

KU498269.1

C. musae

JQ818203.1

C. musae

AJ301904.1

C. musae

AJ301945.1
KU498281.1
KP703373.1

100

C. truncatum

C. siamense
C. siamense

KR445677.1

C. siamense

KP703372.1

C. siamense

KC790975.1

C. siamense

CBMS2
CBMS13
MNTC18
MNTC7

CBMS12
87

MNTC10
CBMS5
MNTC11

0.10

Figure 3.20. Genealogy analysis of isolate CBMS 2, CBMS 5, CBMS 12,
CBMS 13, MNTC7, MNTC10, MNTC11, MNTC18 belong to Group I on
arabica coffee tree (Son La, 2017)
CBMS14

KX227587.1C. gloeosporioides

CBMS16
CBMS9

AJ301988.1 C. gloeosporioides

KT122929.1 C. theobromicola
KJ883592.1 C. theobromicola

JX014401.1 Colletotrichum sp.

JX010285.1 C. theobromicola
KM505032.1 C. theobromicola

KP703373.1 C. siamense

KR445682.1 C. theobromicola

KF877317.1 C. theobromicola

KP703372.1 C. siamense

KJ131588.1 C. siamense
KR445677.1 C. siamense

KC790975.1 C. siamense

AJ301904.1 C. musae
82 KU498269.1 C. musae

KC411911.1 C. fragariae

JX014401.1 Colletotrichum sp .
KC411911.1 C. fragariae

AJ301912.1 C. fragariae

AJ301912.1 C. fragariae

78

KX227587.1 C. gloeosporioides

FJ172290.1 C. fragariae

AJ301977.1 C. gloeosporioides
KU498263.1 C. asianum

CBMS1

KX364718.1 C. tropicale

CBMS3

KX710116.1 Colletotrichum sp .
84 KU881799.1 C. acutatum
KC845288.1 C. fructicola

AJ301904.1 C. musae

AJ301945.1 C. truncatum

89 KU498269.1 C. musae
0.0050

AJ301945.1 C. truncatum

0.0050

Figure 3.21. Genealogy analysis of isolate Figure 3.22. Genealogy analysis of
CBMS 9, CBMS 14, CBMS 16 belong to
isolate CBMS 1, CBMS 3 belong to
Group II on arabica coffee tree (Son La, Group III on arabica coffee tree (S on
2017)
La, 2017)

15


KU097210.1 C. gloeosporioides

KU097210.1 C.gloeosporioides

AJ301988.1 C. gloeosporioides

CBMS15
84

KF877317.1 C. theobromicola
KJ883592.1 C. theobromicola

HM015855.1 C. gloeosporioides
AF451905.1 C. gloeosporioides

JX010285.1 C. theobromicola

MNTC15

KM505031.1 C. theobromicola

AJ301988.1 C. gloeosporioides

KM505032.1 C.theobromicola

87 KP703373.1 C. siamense
KR445677.1 C. siamense

KR445682.1 C. theobromicola
KC411911.1 C. fragariae

97

FJ172290.1 C. fragariae

KU498281.1 C. siamense
90

90 KU881799.1 C. acutatum
MNTC14

KJ131588.1 C. siamense

KU881799.1 C. acutatum
KC845288.1 C. fructicola

KP703373.1 C. siamense

JX014401.1 Colletotrichum sp.

KR445677.1 C. siamense

KX364718.1 C. tropicale

KP703372.1 C.siamense

KX710116.1 Colletotrichum sp
.

KX710116.1 Colletotrichum sp.

KU498263.1 C. asianum

KX364718.1 C. tropicale

AJ301904.1 C. musae

AJ301904.1 C. musae

85 KU498269.1 C. musae

KU498269.1 C. musae

AJ301945.1 C. truncatum

AJ301945.1 C. truncatum
0.0050

0.0050

Figure 3.23. Genealogy analysis of
isolate MNTC14 belong to Group IV
on arabica coffee tree (S on La, 2017)

Figure 3.24. Genealogy analysis of isolate
CBMS 15, MNTC15 belong to Group V
on arabica coffee tree (S on La, 2017)

Based on the morphological morphology and spores, the
samples were divided into 5 groups, each group took 50% of the
isolates (16/32 samples) to conduct the gene sequencing. Among
16 isolates, there are 08 isolates of C. siamense accounting for
50%, 03 isolates of C. theobromicola species accounting for
18.75%, 02 isolates of C. gloeosporiodes species accounted for
12.50%, 02 isolates of C. fragariae accounted for 12.50% and one
isolates of C. acutatum accounted for 6.25%.
3.2.5. Some biological characteristics of Colletotrichum
spp. damaging coffee trees in Son La
3.2.5.1. Temperature effect on the growth of Colletotrichum
spp. on the artificial environment
Five representative isolates of five species were tested to

evaluate the growth on the PGA medium at different temperature
conditions.
Table 3.26. Influence of temperature conditions on the growth
of Colletotrichum spp. on the PGA environment (Son La, 2016)
o

Diameter of the fungal colonies after 7 days of culture (mm)
C

15
20
25
28
30
35
CV (%)
LSD0.05

C. gloeosporioides

C. siamense

C. fragariae

C. theobromicola

C. acutatum

( CBMS15)
e

( MNTC10)
d

( CBMS3)
d

( CBMS9)
e

( MNTC 14)
e

2.66
16.66d
54.67b
80.01a
77.00a
25.97c
5.29
4.03

8.33
25.69c
51.31b
78.68a
79.03a
31.99c
10.32
8.42

15.33
38.64c
53.97b
72.31a
57.47b
23.03d
10.80
8.35

16

2.66
30.31c
56.35b
76.02a
73.64a
24.15d
4.94
3.86

2.31
31.64c
46.69b
67.34a
69.02a
25.48d
8.66
3.86

Note: Numbers in columns with the same accompanying characters are
different figures that are not significant at the 95% confidence level.

Thus, the fungus causing anthracnose on c offee trees in Son
La grows well in the condition of about 25 – 30 o C, the
temperature at 20 or 35 o C is not favorable for the growth of fungal
colonies
3.2.5.2. Temperature effect on the germination of
Colletotrichum spp. on the artificial environment
An experiment to evaluate the germination rate of coffee
anthracnose fungi isolate in Son La was conducted at temperatures
o
of 20, 25, 28, 30 and 35 C. Spores of Colletotrichum fungi were
isolated from coffee trees in Son La to germinate well in the
condition of about 25-30 o C, the temperature of 20 or 35 o C is not
favorable for the germination of spores.
3.2.5.3. Effect of light on the growth of Colletotrichum spp. on
artificial media
Table 3.29. Diameter of Colletotrichum spp. after 7 days
of culture under different lighting conditions (Son La, 2016)
Diameter of the fungal colonies (mm)
Lighting
C.
C.
C.
C. siamense
C. acutatum
time
gloeosporioides

fragariae
theobromicola
( MNTC10)
( MNTC 14)
( CBMS15)
( CBMS3)
( CBMS9)
(hours)

0
12
14
CV(%)
LSD0.05

77.00a
77.84a
76.30a
2.39
3.68

78.89a
80.01a
78.82a
1.05
1.67

70.35a
68.67a
67.97a

1.71
2.35

73.64a
69.86a
68.67a
3.73
5.27

69.02a
68.46a
67.34b
1.19
1.63

Note: Numbers in columns with the same accompanying characters are
different figures that are not significant at the 95% confidence level.

Isolates of anthracnose fungi collected and isolated from
arabica coffee trees in Son La could grow under the conditions of
12 hours of lighting, 14 hours of lighting and full darkness.
3.3. Severity of anthracnose on arabica coffee trees and
its influencing factors
3.3.1. Developing of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum
spp.) on Catimor coffee in Son La
In order to assess the development of anthracnose on arabica
coffee trees, we conducted periodic surveys on 7-year-old coffee
trees in fields representing coffee growing areas in Son La from
April to October. - On the leaves, the disease appears early in

the early rainy season (April) in the period of coffee flowering

17


and fruiting, but with a low incidence and disease severity.
During this period, the disease has almost no effect on berries.
By the end of June to mid-July, leaf disease increased both in
the incidence and severity, this time the growth of coffee trees
is the strongest in the year, the leaves grow much. This is also
the middle of the rainy season in Son La, heavy rainfall,
average temperature of about 25-28 o C, average humidity of 7080% are favorable conditions for the disease to arise and cause
harm.
30

Disease severity (%)

20.00

Disease severity (%)

25

20

Berries
Branches
Leaves

15.00

15

Leaves
Branches

10.00

10
5.00
5
Time

Time

-

0

10/17/
4 424/ 41/ 5 8/ 515/ 522/ 529/ 54/ 611/ 618/ 625/ 622/ 629/ 65/ 712/ 719/ 726/ 72/ 8 9/ 816/ 823/ 830/ 86/ 913/ 920/ 927/4/
9 10

18/ 425/ 4 2/ 5 9/ 5 16/ 523/ 530/ 5 6/ 6 13/ 620/ 627/ 6 4/ 7 11/ 718/ 725/ 7 1/ 7 8/ 8 16/ 823/ 830/ 8 6/ 9 13/ 920/ 927/ 94/ 10

Figure 3.25. Devel opment of
anthracnose levels on leaves,
branches and coffee berries in
Son La (2016)

Figure 3.26. Development of
anthracnose levels on leaves,
branches and coffee berries in
Son La (2017)

- On the branches: Through servey shows that anthracnose
often appears on the branches. In the late dry season and early
rainy season in Son La, the disease occurred at a low level of
harm, then gradually increased and peaked in the middle of the
end of August, the disease index reached 16.67% (2016) and
17.78 % (2017). From the end of September to October, the
harmful level of the disease decreases. Under adverse
environmental conditions during the dry season, stalks, dead
bark and fruits are considered the main primary source of the
disease. Having favorable conditions, the disease infects
branches and leaves, then on fruits.
- On fruits, the disease appears later than the leaves, the
period after 6-7 weeks after flowering, only the occurrence and
damage of the disease were recorded. At the end of August and
early September when the coffee fruit starts to ripen, the
harmfulness of the disease increases markedly. This is the
period when the coffee tree changes its concentration of
nutrients to set fruits and metabolizes the substances to create
ripe fruits. During this period, there are many continuous rains

18


in the days, the average temperature is 22-25 o C, the average
humidity is over 80%, these are very favorable conditions for

harmful diseases.
From May to September is the rainy season in Son La, the
average temperature in these months ranges from 22-27 o C, the
annual rainfall is mainly concentrated during this time. Since
the end of September every year, rainfall has decreased
significantly. The total amount of precipitation from January to
April and from October to December every year is often very
low (2016: 278.6 / 1,334.1 mm; 2017: 445.1 / 1,402 mm), the
average temperature fluctuates. from 14-22 o C. Therefore,
harmful anthracnose on coffee trees in Son La concentrates and
causes major damage from May to September every year.
3.3.2. Percentage of coffee berries losses by anthracnose
(Colletotrichum spp.) in Son La
Through serveying of the years 2016-2017 from the 7th
week after the last flowering, it was recorded that the coffee
berries were shed due to anthracnose but with a low rate from
3.32 to 4.12%. After that, the rate of falling fruits increased
gradually until the end of the season with the total rate of
falling fruits accounting for 48.34-52.83%, of which the rate of
fruit falling from diseases was from 42.63-45.39%. In particular,

100%

100%

90%

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

Berry losses
(%)

Berry losses (%)

the proportion of disease berries increased sharply from week 10
to week 12 (about early to middle of July).

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

0%

0%
7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Disease-free berries (%)

Physiological berries fall (%)

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Berry age (weeks)

Berry age (weeks)
Inflected berries

Figure 3.27. Cumulated losses of
coffee berries in S on La (2016)

Disease-free berries (%)

Physiological berries fall (%)

Inflected berries

Figure 3.28. Cumulated losses of
coffee berries in S on La (2017)

3.3.6. Effect of cultivation conditions on the
occurrence of the disease
The cultivation experiment was conducted for 2 years
(2016-2017). In the non-shade and applying technique plot, the

19


rate of fruit drop caused by anthracnose was 25.17 ± 4.86%
lower than the control (35.14 ± 4.37% ). By the second year,
the difference in fruit drop rate between the two conditions was
more evident, that was 19.42 ± 0.67% in the experimental plot
and 31.92 ± 1.78% in the control plot. This result was similar to
the applied in combination with shade plot, the rate of falling

fruit were lower than the control.
3.4. Evaluating the againsted effect of some chemical
fungicides and biological fungicides for anthracnose disease
on coffee arabica trees in Son La
3.4.1. Effect of some active ingredients against
Colletotrichum spp. on the culture medium
An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides
on culture media was conducted on 4 chemical drugs and 3
biological drugs for 5 isolates representing 5 anthracnose fungi
on coffee in Son La. After 7 days of experimentation: the
chemical drugs propineb (Antracol 70WP), hexaconazole
(Anvil 5SC) and curcumin (CFO) had low effect on fungal
growth. The fungicidal efficacy of different drugs for each
fungal isolate. The efficacy of the active ingredient propineb
(Antracol 70WP) except isolate of MNTC 14 (C. acutatum)
reached 91.64%, for the remaining isoaltes reached 70.2978.82% after 7 days of testing; active ingredient hexaconazole
(Anvil 5SC) was 91.78% effective for CBMS5 (C.
gloeosporioides), for other isolates reached 63.66-77.06%; the
fungicidal efficacy of curcumin (CFO) for MNTC11 (C.
theobromicola) reached 62.76% and there was no difference
compared to the two tested chemicals; active ingredients
Ningnanmycin (Supercin 20SC) and probiotics extracted from
Cassia alata and Eupatorium fortune have very low inhibitory
effected against the isolates (reached 17.61-27.14%).
3.4.2. Effect of some fungicides on coffee berry disease
in field conditions
Experimental results in 2016 indicated that all three
experimental drugs were effective against anthracnose diseases
in coffee tree fields.
After 15 days after spraying, effect on coffee berry disease

of Antracol 70WP chemicals reached 79.14% and there was no
significal difference at P <0.05% compared to Anvil 5SC
(reaching 77.78 %), but there is a significal difference
compared to the CFO (71.16%). At 20 days after spraying, the

20


eradication effect of the drug has decreased compared to 15
days of spraying, the two types of chemical drugs have a 74%
effectiveness and no significal difference; effect of CFO biofungicide reached 69.21% and were significal different from the
two chemical fungicides.
Table 3.43. Effect of some fungicides on coffee berry
anthracnose disease in the field (Son La, 2016)
Effect of so me fungicides after spay(%)

Fungicides
Propineb
(Antracol 70WP)
Hexaconazo le
(Anvil 5SC)
Curcu min
(CFO)
Control (spay water)
CV%

5DAS

7DAS

a

a

10DAS
a

12DAS

15DAS
a

20DAS

51.56

61.22

67.90

75.16

79.14

74.05a

48.07a

61.95a

68.66a

75.66a

77.78a

74.72a

45.55a

58.78a

65.83a

72.53a

71.16b

69.21b

4.75

4.09

3.79

3.51

3.45

3.58

4.99

4.49

3.61

4.39

12.56
6.83
LSD(0.05)
Note: DAS – days after spay

a

Table 3.44. Effect of some fungicides on coffee berry
anthracnose disease in the field (Son La, 2017)
Effect of some fungicides after spay(%)
Fungicides
5DAS

7DAS

10DAS

12DAS

15DAS

20DAS

(Antracol
70WP)

42,99a

56,08a

65,01a

67,85a

75,20a

66,38a

Hexaconazole

43,26a

53,66a

65,94a

66,85a

74,70a

65,19a

39,31a

53,85a

64,54a

60,90b

56,80b

44,76b

Propineb

(Anvil 5SC)

Curcumin
(CFO)

Control (spay
water)
3,52
12,6
9,6
9,3
11,3
12,5
CV%

8,50
3,60
3,10
2,99
3,81
3,75
LSD(0.05)
Note: DAS – days after spay
Experimental results in 2017 indicated that the highest
efficacy of CFO at 12 days after spraying reached 60.90%, then
gradually decreased to 44.76 at 20 days after spraying. Effect of
Antracol 70WP and Anvil 5SC was highest at 15 days after
spraying, reached 75.20% and 74.70%, respectively; The

21


efficacy of the drug gradually decreases to 66.38% and 65.19%,
respectively (Table 3.44).
3.4.3 Using CFO to prevent anthracnose coffee disease
The composition of CFO includes: extracts and oil of
turmeric at the ratio of 1 / 1.3, additives (Propanol, glycerol,
ethanol, tween 60) and sufficient water, supplied by Vietnam
Institute of Industrial Chemistry. The CFO using model is
arranged in the form of large plots, 0.25 ha /plot, the total area
of test fields is 0.5 ha (including protection strip); observe the
rate of diseased fruits after spraying for the first time one week,
then survey once a month.
Table 3.45. The rate of anthracnose fruits when using CFO
for disease control (Son La, 2017, 2018)

Rate of anthracnose fruits
Rate of anthracnose
in 2017 (%)
fruits in 2018 (%)
Month
CFO
Control
CFO
Control
5
6.67± 2.11
8.40±1.38 6.18±1.53
7.65±1.86
6
10.33±1.59 13.41±3.55 7.98±2.14 12.57±2.42
7
9.93±1.28 15.68±3.11 9.01±2.89 17.20±2.49
8
9.69±1.90 17.15±3.23 9.31±3.22 19.05±2.23
9
8.95±1.47 16.20±2.80 9.13±1.11 17.23±2.49
The rate of diseased coffee cherries in the plot using CFO
preparations was lower than the control that did not use in the
surveys. This result shows that CFO use is effective in preventing
coffee berry disease.

3.5. Results of building a model for integrated
management of coffee berry disease in Son La
3.5.1. Coffee berry disease incidence and coffee yield in
the model

Evaluation of demonstration results over 02 years shows
that, when applying pruning methods to create canopy eliminate
dead branches and fruits to be destroyed, combined w ith
fertilizing and weeding according to the guiding process. For
coffee trees, the rate of anthracnose reduced compared to the
control method applied by farmers. In 2018, follow-up results
in the Chieng Den and Chieng Coi models showed that: the
applied technology model had the disease incidence of 2.475.51% and 2.32-6.72%, respectively ; model applied by
farmers, the percentage of coffee berries with anthracnose 6.6219.10% and 7.39-20.09%, respectively. The results of the actual

22


yield of fresh coffee berries in 2017 in both models showed that
the yield of coffee berries in the condition that the trees were
cared for by the technical guidelines was higher than the control
plots.
Table 3.48. Actual yield of coffee berries
under different farming conditions (2017)
Coffee berries yield (ton/ha)
Area
Control
Technique
Chieng Đen commune
11.38
18.52
Chieng Coi commune
10.16
16.74
The model in Chieng Den, the yield at the experimental

application of technology reached 18.52 tons/ha, the yield in the
control plot was 11.38 tons/ha. Coffe berries yield in the same
model in Chieng Doi was 16.74 tons/ha and 10.16 tons/ha.
3.5.2. Accounting of economic efficiency of integrated
management model of coffee berries diseases
Profit at Chieng Coi and Chieng Den models: IPM
garden is 16,783,500 VND / ha and 26,573,500 VND / ha,
respectively; garden according to farmers' techniques is
15,800.00 VND/ha and 22,510,000 VND/ha.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Conclusion
1) There were five anthracnose fungi identified in
Catimor coffee trees in Son La including: C. siamense, C.
theobromicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. fragariae, and C.
acutatum. Colletotrichum pathogens on coffee trees in Son La
grow well on PGA medium at 25-30 o C and grow poorly at 20
o
C or 35 o C. At 14 h lighting, 12 h lighting and full night
conditions, the Colletotrichum isolate has the ability to grow
well.
2) The latent period of anthracnose on stem of coffee
seedling trees is from 15.6 to 23.3 days; on green berries
without mechanical injuries from 13.3-16.3 days; on green
berries with mechanical injuries 8.1-13.3 days, on ripe fruits
without mechanical injuries from 12.07-15.5 days; and on ripe
fruits there is a mechanical wound of 8.0-10.8 days.
3) In Son La, anthracnose arises on branches and coffee
berries from the end of April to the beginning of May, the
highest incidence is from mid-July to the end of August.
Symptoms of anthracnose on coffee berries appear from week 6

23