Thế ứng xử văn hoá việt nam từ truyền thống đến hiện đại và việc ứng dụng vào du lịch

TRUONG

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

THE ITNG XLT VAN HOA VIET NAM TU TRUYEN THONG
DEN HIEN DAI VA VIEC ITNG DUNG VAO DU LICH

Ma so
Ho va ten chii tri de tai

HA NQI 2004

:QX.2002.12
: Ths Tran Thuy Anh


TRUONG

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI vA NHAN VAN

THE UNG XV VAN HOA VIET NAM
TIT TRUYEN THONG DEN HIEN DAI VA VIEC
UNG DUNG VAO DU LICH

Ma so
: QX.2002.12
Ho va ten chu tri de tai
: Ths Tran Thuy Anh
Can bo phoi hop nghien cuu: CN Nguyen Thu Thuy

CN Nguyen T.Anh Hoa

HANOI 2004


L6\ CAM ON

Suot hai nam trdi, hai cong sir than thiet ciia toi la Cir nhan Nguyen Thu
Thuy ( Can bo giang day Khoa Du lich hoc - Truang DHKHXH & NV) va Cu
nhan Nguydn Thi Anh Hoa ( Hoc vien Cao hoc Khoa 1 - Khoa Du lich hoc Tru5ng DHKHXH & NV) da cung toi hoan thanh ban thao de tai khoa hoc nay.
Day la ket qua ciia tri tue tap the. iTu diem, neu co, thuoc ve cac cong sir cua toi.
Nhuac diem chSc chSn la co, tham chi c6 nhieu, toi la ngud'] hoan toan chiu trach
nhiem - vdi tir each chu tri de tai khoa hoc.
Xin cam an six tham gia nhiet tinh ciia hai thanh vien de tai!
Ha noi, ngay 20 thang 06 nam 2004
Chu tri de tai

Ths Tran Thuy Anh


MUC LUC
•

•

MUC LUC
BANG QUY DINH CHlT VIET TAT

1
2

PHANM6DAU

4

PHANNOIDUNG
CHUONG I : MOT SO KHAI NIEM CO BAN DUNG TRONG

8

DETAI
I- Khai niem the irng xtr
II Khai niem nguai Viet cua van hoa Viet Nam
III Khai niem truyen thong va hien dai
IV. Khai niem van hoa
V. Khai niem du lich
VI. Du lich van hoa va van hoa du lich. Moi quan he giua du lich
va van hoa
VII. Mot vai kinh nghiem gSn ket van hoa v6i du lich a nude ngoai

8
10
10
10
11
12

TIEU KET CHUONG 1
CHU^ONG II: UNG XIJ^ VAN HOA VIET NAM TIT TRUYEN
THONG DEN HIEN DAI

25

14
21

26

1 - Van hoa Viet Nam truyen thong
27
I - 1 Van hoa Viet Nam truyen thong - kho tang tri thiic ban dia
27
I . 2 Van hoa Viet Nam trong sir tiep xuc giao luu v6i cac nen van hoa khac.30
1.2.1 Van hoa Viet Nam - nhiJng yeu to noi sinh
30
1.2.2 Van hoa Viet Nam trong sir giao lun v6i cac n6n van hoa khac
33
II - Chuy6n he van hoa tu truyen thong den hien dai
38
II. 1 Nhirng xu huang phat trien ciia van hoa
38
II. 1.1 Xu huang phat trien tij* mot cong dong nho mang tinh khep kin
den mot cong dong Ian han mang tinh chat ma
38
II. 1.2 Xu hirang phat trien tu viec de cao vai tro ciia cong dong ho toe
den viec de cao vai tro ciia ca nhan
42
II. 1.3 Xu huang chuyen iu nhung gia tri van hoa phi thi truang sang nhung
giii tri van hoa mang tinh thi truang gSn vai khai niem, tien te hang hoa
43

II - 2 Cac giai doan phat trien ciia van hoa tu truyen thong den hien dai
45
11.2.1 Giai doan van hoa trong nen kinh te tucung tucap
46
11.2.2 Giai doan van hoa trong n^n kinh te thi truang
46
11.2.3 Giai doan van hoa trong nen kinh te tri thuc
48
1


II - 3 Tinh chat phiic tap trong su chuyen d6i van hoa a Viet Nam
II - 4 Co mot nen van hoa truyen thong trong hien dai
II.5. Nhung gia tri van hoa m6i trong th5i dai phat trien KHCN
II. 5.1 Tac dong ciia khoa hoc - cong nghe den van hoa va loi song
a Viet Nam

50
52
59

II.5.2 Khoa hoc cong nghe lam xuat hien nhung gia tri van hoa m6i

61

TIEU KET CHUONG II

65

59

CHl/ONG III: VAN HOA v A CON NGU^ClI VIET NAM V 6 l
SIT PHAT TRIEN DU LICH
68
I. Khai quat v6 moi tuang quan giua cong dong dan cu va boat dong
dulich
68
II. Cac chieu quan he trong the ling xuciia ngu5i Viet va boat dong du lich
71
1. Chi^u quan he giua con nguai v6i tunhien
71
1.1. Tac dong tich cue
71
1.2. Tac dong tieu cue
74
2. Chi6u quan he giua con nguai vai xa hoi
81
2.1. Tac dong tich cue
81
2.1.1. Tinh khong Choi tij
81
2.1.2. Tinh tich hop van boa
82
2.1.3. Ban dia hoa, Viet Nam boa nhung yeu to ngoai sinh
83
2.2. Tac dong tieu cue
84
2.2.1. Sued ket cong dong
84
2.2.2. Can tinh ti6u nong

85
2.2.3. Duy tinh ban duy ly
95
3. Chi6u quan he tam linh, con ngu5i ciia hien tai v6i qua khii
97
3.1. Tac dong tich cue
97
3.2. Tac dong tieu cue
98
III. Di tim cau tra lai nbSm ban che nhung anh huang khong tich cue
ciia each the ung xu ngudi Viet doi vai boat dong du lich
99
1. TiJ" goc nhin ling xii' van boa ciia nguai Viet tre
99
2. Tu goc nhin moi quan he giua cong dong dan cu va boat dong du lich... 102
TIEU KET CHUONG III

Ill

PHANKETLUAN

112

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH

115


BANG

QUY D ^ H CHU'VIET T A T

GS

Giao sir

PGS

Pho giao su

TS

Tien si

Ths

Thac sT

UBND

Uy ban nhan dan

NXB

Nha xuat ban

KHXH&NV

Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van

DHQG

Dai hoc Quoc Gia

T.T.A

Tran Thuy Anh
(Tac gia chii thich)


y^

PHAN MO DAU
I.DAT VAN DE
Cach the ling xu tijr truyen thong den hien dai cua ngucfi Viet Nam ducfc
coi la mot trong so nhung di san phi vat the. Oiig xir la triet ly song cua mot
cong dong ngucfi, la quan niem song, quan niem ly giai cuoc song. No cung
tra thanh loi song, nep song, loi hanh dong cua cong dong ngudi do. Bdi
vay, no quy dinh cac moi quan he giua con ngu5i v6i tu nhien, giiJa con
ngudi v6i con ngudi trong tinh chat quan thiet nhat la tinh xa hoi nh^n van
ciia cac quan he.
Dat nude Viet Nam dang chuyen minh tren nhieu phuofng dien, trong do
CO du lich. Du lich con dong mot vai tro r^'t tot nham tao cau noi de giao luu
van hoa. Dich di den la gop phan tao nen mot the gidri phiic Igi cho toan the
loai ngu6i, vuot qua cac hang rao da duoc dung len bai su canh tranh sinh
ton, phan chia chiing toe, rao can ngon ngu, tap quan ling xu... Viec tim ra
can cot each the ling xu ciia cong dong ngudi Viet trong su phat trien lien
tuc tCr truyen thong den hien dai nh^m ilng dung vao viec phat trien du lich
a n\x6c ta vao liic nay la viec can thiet.

2 .MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU

- Trong chung muc co the duac, di tai co gdng phac thao mot mo hinh
li'ng xii truyen thong ciia ngudi Viet.
- Phac hoa mot so dac diem ling xii cua ngudi Viet Nam a thdi hien tai.
- Tren co sd nhiJng van de da khao sat, tim ra each the ling xu tuong doi
hop ly di ling dung vao viec phat trien du lich Viet Nam hien nay.


3. LICH SU'NGHIEN CUU VAN DE

Da CO nhidu cuon sach viet v6 van hoa Viet Nam. V6 dt tai du lich,
cung da cd rat nhieu chuyen khao dugc xuat ban. Khao sat ve cu xir cua
ngudi Vi6t vdi moi trudng tu nhien mdi chi cd quy^n sach: "Van hoa ling
xii ciia ngudi Ha Noi vdi moi trudng thien nhien"- Vien Van hoa va Nha
xuat ban Van hoa Thong tin - Ha Noi, 2002, 471 trang - TS Nguyin Viet
Chiic (chii bien). Tim hieu ling xu cua ngudi Viet Nam tren phucfng dien
xa hoi da cd chuyen khao: "The ling xir xa hoi co truy6n ciia ngudi Viet
chau tho Bac Bo qua mot so ca dao - tuc ngii"- Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Qudc
Gia - Ha Noi - 2000, 185 trang - Tac gia Tran Thuy Anh.
Viec tim hieu nhung dac diem ling xii" van hoa cua ngudi Viet de tir
do phuc vu cho du lich dudi hinh thiic la mot di tai khoa hoc chuyen nganh
Du lich thi tu trudc den nay chua cd.

4.PHU0NG PHAP NGHIEN CUU

Nghien ciiu xa hoi va con ngudi noi chung, sii dung phuong phap lien
nganh la phuong phap nghien ciiu chinh cd tinh chat chi dao. Chung toi
cung dua vao cac phuang phap cu the nhu logic va lich su, phan tich va tong
hop, doi chieu, so sanh...

Phuang phap he thong la phuang phap khoa hoc chuyen nganh duac
u'u tien sii' dung d de tai nay bdi tinh chat thich hop. No ciang la phuang
phap cu thd, chi phoi moi thao tac lam viec trong khi xu ly di tai.


5. PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU
Do khuon kho thdi gian va quy mo ciia mot d6 tai khoa hoc cap
DHQG, chiing toi gidi han pham vi nghien ciiu ciia de tai nay d mot so noi
dung chinh sau day:
- Ca sa van hoa Viet Nam ciia ling xir van hoa Viet Nam.
- Mot sd dac diem tieu bieu ciia ling xir Viet Nam hien dai.
- Budc dau ling dung nhung dac diem ling xu ay vao du lich.
Trong ling xii Viet Nam truyin thong, chiing toi luu y van hoa nong
nghiep Viet Nam la cot loi ciia ling xir (ung xii vdi tu nhien bao gom an,
mac, d, di lai. Ung xii vdi xa hoi bao gom yeu to van hoa noi sinh va ngoai
sinh).
Trong ling xii* van hoa ciia xa hoi thdi hien dai , de tai hudng tdi thai
do tich hap van hoa, khong chdi tii van hoa, Viet Nam hoa nhiing yeu to
ngoai sinh trong diln trinh van hoa dan toe; Tinh dung hap va viec ling
dung vao du lich di tim hieu mdi tuang quan giira cong ddng dan cu va boat
dong du lich; Nhung dac diem hap dSn khach du lich tir ling xii xa hoi cua
ngudi Viet va mat trai ciia no (tiic la nhimg anh hudng khong tich cue). De
tai ket thiic vdi sir mong mdi budc dau di tim cau tra Idi nhSm han che tieu
cue, phat huy tich cue tu dac diem ling xu van hoa cua ngudi Viet de phuc
cho boat dong du lich duac tot han.

6 . B 6 c u e CUA DETAI.

Ngoai muc luc, thu muc tai lieu tham khao, phu luc (gdm nhiing bai viet
ciia chii tri de tai cd lien quan den noi dung ciia de tai; Nhirng bai viet cua

cac tac gia khac va mot sd anh minh hoa), di tai duac chia lam 3 chuong
nhu sau:
- Chuong I : Mot sd khai niem ca ban ddng trong de tai.
- Chuang II: LSig xii van hoa Viet Nam tir truyen thong den hien dai.
- Chuang III: Van hoa va con ngudi Viet Nam vdi su phat trien du lich.

7


PHAN NOI DUNG
CHUONG I : MOT SO KHAI NIEM CO BAN DUNG TRONG DE T A I
I- Khai niem the ufng xir.
Doi vdi dong vat, khai niem nay duac cac nha sinh hoc Vi6t Nam
djch la "tap tinh" hoac "hanh vi". Doi vdi con ngudi, ling xii duac coi la he
thong cac quan he tuang tac, cac phan ling duac thuc hien bdi cac vat th6
song de thich nghi vdi mdi trudng. The ling xir chinh la mot he thong quan
he tuang tac ay, la phan ling giira sinh vat (ke ca con ngudi) va mdi trudng
(tu nhien va cong ddng). Con ngudi thuc chat la mot sinh vat nen viec
nghien ciiu tap tinh hoc dong vat ciing gdp phan hieu them the ling xir ciia
con ngudi.
LTng xii cd the hieu nhu mot khai niem tam ly hoc. Cd hai quan niem
v6 li'ng xii' la khuynh hudng chu quan, tren ca sd ca nhan va cong dong. dua
vao tu duy, tinh cam, cam xiic.ban than va cong dong ma tim hieu tam ly
rieng - chung. Cd the mieu ta nhirng cai dd - hoac bang true giac hoac suy
diin tij' cai rieng ca nhan cho chung moi ngudi, ghi nhan tat ca cac hien
tugng tam ly, coi dd la that tat ca. Khuynh hudng thii hai la khuynh hudng
kluu'h quan. Hanh vi ling xu duac nghien ciiu bang cong cu: phuang phap
dieu tra bang cau hoi, sir dung kich thich (am thanh, tieng ndi, thudc ngii),

so sanh (ngudi va vat, cac liia tuoi) va phan tam hoc.
Uiig xu cung cd the duac coi nhu mot khai niem nhan hoc van hoa,
Doi luong ciia nhan hoc van hoa rat rong nhung chii yeu la nghien ciiu con
ngudi, coi nhu la nhirng sinh vat cd tinh xa hoi va tinh van hoa. Nd nghien


ciiu nhiing m6 hinh ling xu, nhirng tue le tin nguong. Nhan hoc van hoa
chiing minh rang, tdi mot miic nao dd, van hoa anh hudng den sir hinh
thanh nhan each. Nhirng ling xii binh thudng hay khong binh thudng thay
doi tuy theo mdi nen van hoa. Nhan hoc van hoa khong chii trong den hanh
dong ling xu cd tinh chat ca biet ma nghien ciiu moi trudng tu nhien va
xa hoi da anh hudng the nao den ling xii con ngudi, de tir dd giiip da cho
nganh du lich tren moi phuang dien ling xii. Dieu dd rat thich hap vdi muc
dich cua chiing tdi trong de tai nay.
Mot dac diem ndi bat ciia ling xu - hanh vi con ngudi khac han
nhung con vat khac, la miic do cao khi con ngudi song trong mot the gidi
BIEU

TRUNG

va UOC LE ma nhiing nha nhan hoc goi la van hoa. Van hoa

la toan bo nhung tin didu, truy6n thong... hudng dSn hanh xir ma cac ca
nhan trong mot xa hoi duac xa hoi dd trao truyin qua nhieu hinh Ihiic hoc
tap va lao ddng. Ca tam ly hoc va nhan hoc van hoa deu cho rang con ngudi
duac nhap than van hoa tii khi cdn nam trong bung me. Trong khung canh
van hoa, con ngudi cd kha nang gan cho nhirng vat (vat chat song va v6 sinh
trong thien nhien) va cho nhirng ling xu mot y nghia udc dinh ma ho bat
buoc phai theo nhu la mot bo phan ciia the gidi hien thuc. O nhung mi6n
van hoa khac nhau cd chiia nhirng bieu trimg va udc le khac nhau, khien va

buoc ngudi ta can ling xii khac nhau cho phii hap. R6 rang la, ling xii con
ngudi d cac nude, cac vung khac nhau thi khong gidng nhau do cac nen van
hoa khac nhau. Cdn ling xii ciia con vat d khap nai thi hau nhu gidng nhau
VI chiing khong cd van hoa nhung dieu dd khong ban la chiing khong cd tu
duy. Bdi vay con ngudi mdi la sinh vat dac biet va theo dd, ling xii ciia con
ngudi cung duac xep la ling xir dac biet. Oig xii nay duac goi ten la ling xii
van hoa.


II Khai niem ngudi Viet cua van hoa Viet Nam .
Chii the van hoa ciia nude Viet Nam - doi tuang khao sat tren van de
ling xii ciia de tai nay la ngudi Viet. Viet Nam trong bdi canh Dong Nam A
la mot nude da dan toe. Ngudi Viet viia la chii the, viia la khach the ciia van
hoa Viet Nam, la linh hdn qui tu cac toe ngudi nhd thanh qudc gia dan toe.
Ngudi Viet la toe ngudi chiem cii viang chau tho ciia cac con song Idn, nai
khong ban sinh thanh (cd le la d cac thung liing) nhung la nai phat trien cac
nen van minh nong nghiep, dac biet la cac ruong dong liia nude. Ngudi Viet
CO da dieu che ra mot he tri thuy (dap de) va thuy lai (muang mang, ngdi
lach). Tir ngudi Au Lac Viet cd den ngudi Kinh (Viet) la ca mot chang
dudng tiep bie'n van hoa va ngdn ngir, chung toe ngan nam Bac thuoc thdi
dai tach doi Mudng (thung liing ria Tay Nam chau tho) va Viet (chau tho).
Cd mot tinh each chau thd ciia ngudi Viet la rat thich da't dai (tac dat tac
vang) ma lai "xa riing nhat bien" (chii diing ciia GS-TS Ngo Diic Thinh).

III Khai niem truyen thong va hien dai.
Cd nhieu each hieu khac nhau trong phan loai xa hoi nhung ngay nay,
ngudi ta thudng lay tieu chi boat dong ciia con ngudi de chia lich sir nhan
loai thanh:
- Xa hoi thu lugm (hai lugm va di san).
-

Xa hoi nong nghiep (trong trot va chan nuoi).

- Xa hoi cong ngiep (ca gidi hoa).
-

Xa hoi hau cong nghiep (thdi dai tin hoc).

O Viet Nam, xa hoi co truyen la xa hoi nong nghiep, van minh c6
truyen la van minh thon da (xdm lang), van hoa Viet Nam truyen thdng
thudng dugc xem la nen van hoa xuat hien tir liic hinh thanh qudc gia dan

10


toe, qua nhieu budc phat trien noi sinh va anh hudng ngoai sinh cho den khi
van hoa phuang Tay (chii yeu la van hoa Phap) tac dong den mot sd linh
vuc. Nhu vay khoang thdi gian keo dai tCr xa xoi cho den nhirng nam dau
ciia the' ky 20 - trong de tai nay - tam dugc coi la gidi ban cua van hoa
truyen thdng. Tu" thdi diem dd den nay, chiing tdi tam thdi goi dd la phan
van hoa hien dai. Doi khi ngudi ta cung cd su Ian Ion giira khai niem co
truyen va truyen thdng. Chiing tdi tam cho la khai niem co truyen bao gdm
ca cai khong tich cue. Khai niem truyen thdng la tap quan da dugc sang Ipc.
Truyen thdng dugc diing d day la tinh cho den thdi diem trudc cong cuoc
giao thoa truyen thdng van hoa Ddng - Tay, Viet - Phap.

IV. Khai niem van hoa.
Van hoa la mot khai niem khong dan gian. Nhieu hoc gia tren the' gidi va
trong nude da dua ra nhirng khai niem khac nhau. Cd the xe'p van hoa theo
hai each hieu sau day:

- Van boa hieu theo nghia rgng la toan bg cuoc song (loi sdng, loi
suy nghi, loi ling xir...) ca ve vat chat xa hoi va tinh than ciia tiing
cong ddng.
- Van hoa hieu theo nghia hep nhu van hoc, van nghe, hoc van...
Tuy timg trudng hgp cu the ma cd nhung dinh nghia tuang ling.
Ndi dung cua van boa phong phii nhung rdt cuoc cd the xac dinh
trong bdn mat: thanh tuu thuoc van minh vat chat, cac thanh tuu
ciia van hoa nhan thiic (nhan sinh quan, the' gidi, triet hgc, my hoc,
van hgc, nghe thuat...), cac thanh tuu ciia van boa ling xir (bao

11


gom cac thang gia tri trong each ling xir vdi thien nhien va ling xii
vdi con ngudi, vdi gia dinh, vdi xa hoi...), va nhirng thanh tuu cua
van hoa to chiic ddi sdng (cua gia dinh, cong ddng, xa hoi). Ndi
den van hoa ciia mot dan toe la ndi den ban sac van hoa ciia dan
toe dd. Nd khong chi la nhan to lam nen ve dep, siic manh ciia
mot dan toe, khong chi lam nen ddng lire xa hoi, kinh te' ma cdn la
van de chinh tri, van de ton vong cua mot qudc gia. LSig xii la mot
yeu td cau thanh ban sac van hoa dan tgc. Bat cii dan toe nao cung
cd hien tugng tiep nhan nhieu ye'u td van boa ngoai sinh nhung
van cd ban sac rieng phong phii. Nhd ban sac dd ma hinh thanh su
khac biet giua van hoa dan tgc nay va van hoa dan tgc khac. Dieu
nay giiip chiing ta khong lam iSn giira pham cha't tinh than dan tgc
va ban sac van hoa. Bdi vi cai quyet dinh va chi phoi ban sac van
hoa khong chi la tinh than dan tgc ma cdn do ye'u td dia ly, dieu
kien kinh te, dieu kien sinh sdng ...
Ban sac van boa la sir tong hoa cac khuynh hudng ca ban trong sang
tao van hoa dan tgc. Va ciing la mdi lien he thudng xuyen, cd dinh hudng

rieng vdi van hoa khu vuc va nhan loai.
V. Khai niem du lich.

Du lich ( Mm ) la mot tii, mot khai niem Han Viet, tat nhien cd gd'c
Hoa - Han. Tra cuu cudn "Han tu td nguyen" (ban dich ciia Nha xuat ban
The gidi - Ha Noi, 1997 (trang 151) ciia hai tac gia Ly Lac Nghi va Jim
Waters ) thi chir Diii^jff ) ( cd nghia goc la la cd hoac tua cd de trang tri,
sau them bg Thuy la ham y chuyen dong nhu nude chay, nhu chan di. Ta
tam djch la Choi, Di chai, Rons cliai. Chir Lich {)v^)c6 giap cdt van gidng

12


nhu mot ban chan di qua riing va cd vach da sau dd. Ta cd the dich la Trdi
cjua hoac Trdi nghiem . Vay Du Lich nhin chung la Di chat va Trdi nghiem.
Con ngudi biet di tii thdi tien sir, khi da diing dugc tren hai chan. Liic diu di
la de kiem cai an, sau la di cong chuyen, di chai hoac ket hgp ca hai. Vay
du lich cd tii bao gid?
HSu he't cac nha du lich hgc deu tra Idi du lich cd tir thdi tien sa - su,
thdi CO dai, trung dai, can hien dai : di kiem an, di chai, di tham ban be, di
cong chuyen, di ngam canh la sdng niii, non nude, bien ca... hoac di xem
hoi, di hanh huang (cd y nghia tam linh) hay di tham quan, hanh le d den
chiia, mie'u mao... Con ngudi cd tam ly budng xa, tam ly chuong la, thich
tim hieu, hgc hoi cai mdi. Du lich dap ling nhirng yeu cau dd. Du lich thuc
sir dugc cac nha nghien ciiu quan tam, dac biet la Nhan hgc van hoa quan
tam den la vao thdi diem nhirng nam 70 ciia the' ky trudc. Nhirng diem dang
luu y nhat ddi vdi du lich la:
1. Lam sao dua dugc du khach budc ra khdi cuoc sdng thudng nhat,
nham chan ciia minh de budc vao mot cuoc sdng khac biet hoan toan
d nhirng nai khac. Tiep xiic vdi cu dan ban dia d nhirng nai dd, nai cd

mot cuoc sdng hoan toan khac biet, mdi la va hap dan.
2. Ngudi di du lich luon ludn mudn kham pha su khac la d cac dia
phuang, cac dan tgc khac vdi minh, viia de thoa man tri td md, vira
mudn de tim hieu nhirng viing dat mdi d nhirng thdi gian nhat dinh
ma khong bi lap di lap lai cai ma minh da bie't.
3. Nai den du lich cang khac la bao nhieu ve phong tuc, tap quan, tin
ngudng, ton giao, van hoa, ngdn ngir va cac gia tri cuoc sdng... thi
cang hap dSn du khach bay nhieu. Cdn phai ke de'n cac san vat dia
phuang hay dd thii cong ma ngudi dan ban dia tao ra se la nhiing
mdn qua quy gia ddi vdi ngudi di du lich.
The' gidi bien ddi va phat trien, ddi sdng cang ngay cang dugc nang cao
thi du lich cang dirge thiic day. Du lich la nganh kinh te tong hgp, cd lien

13


quan den nhieu nganh, nhieu linh vuc, nhat la lien quan tdi linh vuc van hoa.
Ngay nay, du Ijch da trd thanh mot nhu cau trong ddi sdng van hoa xa hoi
ciia con ngudi. Cd the ndi d dau van hoa phat trien va giir dugc ban sac thi d
dd du lich cd siic hap dan Idn ddi vdi du khach.
VI. Du lich van hoa va van hoa du Hch. Mdi quan he gi&a du Hch va
van hoa.
Du lich van hoa la mot loai hinh chu yeu hudng vao viec quy hoach,
lap trinh, thiet ke cac tour lir hanh tham quan cac cong trinh van boa eo kim.
Vi du di du lich van hoa Paris, thi can tham nha thd Diic Ba, Khai Hoan
Mdn, thap Eiffel, vien Pantheon, bao tang Louvre, lau dai Versaille... Di du
lich van hoa Ha Noi thi can tham Van Mieu- Qudc Tii Giam, chiia Mot Cot,
den Quan Thanh, chua Tran Qudc, Bao tang Lich sii Viet Nam, Lang va
Bao tang Ho Chi Minh, Bao tang lich sir quan su, Cua Bac, Hoang Thanh...
Van hoa du lich tam hieu la khai niem ndi ve "dan tri" va "quan tri"

(chu diing ciia GS Tran Qudc Vugng), ve the' ling xii cua ngudi Viet Nam
ndi chung, ling xii ciia cac can bg cong nhan vien nganh du lich ndi rieng.
Khach du lich bg mudn gi? Hg mudn Idng hie'u khach, chii nha hd bdi ddn
khach, tao cho khach mgi su di dang, khong phien nhieu, tii khau xuat nhap
canh, ddi tien di lai, an d, dSn khach tham quan, thuye't minh... Khach du
lich khong mudn gi? Hg khong mudn tre con an may leo deo theo hg, chia
tay xin tien, cd ngudi keo hg, ep hg phai vao quan an nay, mua mat hang ng
vi hg da cd cac guide book, ban dd du lich va da cd nhirng chii dinh ciia
rieng minh. Hg khong mudn nhin thay an may dat tre con le la ben ve
dudng Idi vao chua Huang hay nai hanh huang nao khac, hg khong mudn bi
bat chet, hg sg ban, tii phdng ngii, khach san, ra ngoai phd, cho tdi cac di
tich van boa - lich sir. Hg sg lay nhiem HIV/AIDS, SARS... ke ca nhirng
dieu nhd nhat la hg khong mudn diing dua nhua, khong mudn bi dua

14


thiic an qua d^u, danh do, danh rdt xud'ng bg quan ao dii la xoang xinh hay
sang trgng cua hg...
Trudc bet la mdi quan he giira du lich va cac di san van boa dan gian.
Su khai thac di san va truyen thdng van hoa cac dan tgc nhu mot dang tiem
nang cua du lich la mot cong viec quan trgng, ket hop vdi sir giii gin va phat
huy gia tri nhan van cung ban sac dan tgc ham chiia trong di san dd. Thuc
te la, trong kho vd'n di san van hoa, cd nhirng boat ddng, nhirng hien tugng
khong the, khong nen khai thac cho du lich hoac ne'u khai thac thi can than
trgng va cd nhirng bien phap bao dam pham chat von cd cua nd. Trong quan
he van hoa dan gian va du lich cd ca sir tuang hd, cd ca su ddi dSu. (Vi du:
mot nir chuyen gia du lich ngudi Zimbabue ke rang d nude ba ngudi con gai
cd dieu miia udn lugn ca the trudc ban thd than linh trong le trudng thanh.
Dieu miia nay da dugc hien dai hoa bdi cac cong ty du lich ma thuc chat la

khai thac cac dong tac va tu the ciia phan ca the ngudi con gai tinh tii bung
trd xud'ng vdi nhirng dieu bg cong hong, udn bung, ggi ra nhirng bieu thi
xac thit. Dieu miia dugc cac khach nam gidi rat tan thudng, hg chup anh,
quay video va cdn nem ca tien thudng cho vu cong. Theo ba, nganh du lich
Ig'i vi thu hiit dugc nhieu khach. Vu cong cung dugc Igi. Nhung hinh anh
day tinh nhan van ciia nude ba da bi bop meo va xuyen tac. Luu lai trong tri
nhd khach du lich chi cdn la nhirng an tugng ve su bieu thi thap hen ma
dieu miia cai bien da trinh ra).
O Viet Nam, tinh trang chua de'n miic nhu vay nhung tir goc nhin du
lich cung da cd mot sd van de can phai luu tam va trao doi lai nham lam rd
hon sir lien he can phai cd giira van hoa va du lich . Nhung nhat thiet phai
nhin mdi quan he nay d gdc do tich cue, trong sang va lanh manh, cd Igi ve
ca linh than kin vat chat cho ca hai ben, du lich va van hoa. Vi du d Hue,
trong mot khach san, ngudi ta danh mot phdng, thiet ke nhu mot nai ciia
vua va hoang hau ngii cho khach thue. Khach nam se dugc khoac ao hoang
bao, doi mu mien, di hia hoang de. Vg khach hay ngudi cap ddi vdi khach
15


se mac xiem y ciia hoang hau. Hg ngdi an vdi sir hau ha ciia ciia nhirng
ngudi ddng vai thi ty, thi ve, ddi liic cd ca vai quan hoan diing chau. Dac
biet top nhac cu cac bai Nha nhac trong liic hg an udng ndi chuyen. Sau
bira an, ca doan tuy tiing dSn doan khach vao phdng hoang de' trong tieng
Nha nhac reo rat. Ve hien tugng nay cd hai y kien: Phia phan ddi thi cho
rang dii trieu Nguyin dugc danh gia the' nao ve mat lich sii thi cac vi vua va
nhirng gi gan bd vdi hg, nhu Nha nhac chang ban, van la nhiing bieu tugng
thieng lieng, khong the dem ra lam trd mua vui cho khach dugc. Hg cam
thay Idng tu ton dan tgc bi xiic pham. Thii van hoa cao dep nhu Nha nhac
bi dem ban rao cho nhirng cai "tai trau" ciia khach. Phia ung hg thi lai cho
rang bay gid la thdi budi thi trudng, cai gi thu dugc tien thi lam bdi cii giir

mai nhiing thii dd trong kho hay trong bao tang khong cd ich gi. Mot trudng
hgp khac la "Chg tinh" bi hieu theo nghia tieng Kinh la "mua ban tinh". Nd
cung la mot phien chg nhu mgi phien khac thdi, nhung ngudi ta di chg
^khdng phai de mua ban ma la de gap nhau. Nd la cai cd chii khong phai la
muc dich. Ggi la chg tinh lam sai lac ban chat ciia su vat. Van de dat ra d
day - ranh gidi giira van boa va du lich cung la day - la chg tinh cd nen trd
thanh ddi tugng quan sat ciia khach du lich hay khong? Ne'u cd thi lieu cd
xiic pham den chieu sau tinh cam va tinh nhan van cao dep ciia nhan dan
cac dan tgc khong? Lieu nd cd dung tuc hoa khi dem nhiing cuoc gap gd,
chuyen trd kin dao giua hai ngudi thanh mot man trinh diln du lich khong?
Lai cdn tiet muc lam dam cudi gia cho khach xem, cd rude dau, trang diem,
le bai, dan dau va tham chi ca tiet muc dong phdng nira.
6 ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long, cac nghe sy ddn ca tai tii riit rugt ca
cho mill mfm sau cau vgng co thi khach nhdm nhoam an udng va on ao ndi
cudi. Van hoa va du lich se xii ly the nao khi dem cai vd'n am nhac rat muc
hao hoa, phong nha ciia cac tai tir di phuc vu va lam nen cho nhirng biia an
xd bd?

16


Nhirng cuoc trinh diln gia tao nhu the rd rang cd anh hudng den tam
ly van hoa ciia chinh ngudi chu nhan chiing. Trinh dien theo each dd la
da tach boat ddng ra khdi mdi trudng va bdi canh ciia nd, tua nhu la cat
canh hoa dem cam vao Ig. Do vay, nhirng boat ddng dd ciing ddng thdi mat
ludn y nghia nhan van ciia chiing, chi cdn la nhirng trd lap di lap lai nhieu
Ian cho khach xem. Dan dSn nd khong dugc ngudi ban xii coi trgng va hg se
loai chiing ra khdi tong the nen van hoa cua hg va xep vao loai nhiing boat
ddng de thu nhap. Thii nira, mot khi da khong cdn la bieu tugng tinh than
dan tgc va trd thanh mot mdn hang dugc dua vao luu thdng thi ngudi dan

cung sSn sang udn nan nd theo nhirng gi ma khach du lich mudn cd. Nhieu
nai tren Tay Nguyen, ngudi ta ludn cudng dieu de trinh ra mot con ngudi
Tay Nguyen hoang sa, hat day tieng hii, miia thi toan than rung qua miic,
chieng cong dugc gd lai theo loi "hien dai" cho "bdc lira". Do det thd cam
xud'ng cap, cac mdi ndi chua diing da tugt, mau vai gap nude mua vai Ian la
phai nhat. Dii ban rat re ma mdn tho cam vSn vdng khach. Cd nguy ca la
chinh ngudi ban xii dang ha thap chat lugng hang hoa tham gia du lich ciia
minh va danh mat ngay cang nhieu ham lugng van boa chiia dung trong dd.
Ca che' phan phdi Igi ich den cac thanh phan tham gia van hoa du lich ciing
rat biic xiic. Thuc te la ngudi thu Igi it nhat chinh la ngudi ban xii, chii nhan
va la ngudi san xuat ra thii hang boa van hoa dd. Hg khong cd vd'n, khong
cd cira hang, ban lang thang tren dudng phd- hoac ban lai cho nhiing ngudi
cd cira hang hoac cac quay hang luu niem ciia khach san, va nhan lai sd tien
rai re. Ham lug*ng van hoa, ndng do va tai nang ciia tri sang tao, nghia la
ban quyen van hoa chira trong san pham thi khong ai tra tien ca. Le ra hg
phai dugc bdi dudng thich dang de tai san xuat tri tue va ky nang trinh dien.
Rdi cdn sir dfiu tu cho ca sd ha tang ciia nha d, dudng di, Idi lai den lang
ciia cac dan tgc. Nhung dieu nay dugc dat ra rat gay gat trong hoi nghi
UNESCO nam 2000 tai Tokyo. To chiic Sd hiru Tri tue The gidi (World
Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO) dang

17

nghi^^^SuAn^'mn^V^c
11 . L L c

(\l\i\


qudc te' nham bao ve quyen sd hiru sang tao ciia cac dan tgc, cac cong ddng

khong thudc gidi chuyen nghiep.
Rd rang mdi lien he giiia van hoa dan gian va du lich rat chat che.
Dac biet, viec bao ve di san van hoa - nhat la di san van hoa phi vat the
cang la van de phai luu tam thuc sir. Dd la phong tuc, tap quan, nghe thuat,
ngdn tii nhu ca dao, hd, ve, truyen..., nghe thuat bieu dien nhu ca, miia,
nhac, san khau, miia rdi..., nghe thuat tao hinh nhu hoi hoa, dieu khac, trang
tri, kien triic..., cac bieu hien tam linh, tin nguong, cac truyen thdng y hgc,
cac nghe thii cong, my nghe... Va'n de d day la xac lap dugc ranh gidi giiia
hai ITnh vuc, rang nhirng hien tugng, nhirng bieu hien, nhiing boat ddng
thudc linh vuc nao cd the khai thac de phuc vu du lich. Khi khai thac nhu
the can phai tuan thii nhirng nguyen tac gi de bao ve va phat huy nhirng gia
tri va ban sac van hoa ciia di san, tranh nguy ca xam hai hay lam sai lac
hinh anh va ndi dung ciia di san. Can phai cd mot ty le phan phdi Igi ich thu
dugc trong boat ddng van hoa du lich mot each rd rang, hgp ly. Nganh du
lich cd le can phai cd trach nhiem "nudi" van hoa, dau tu trd lai cho van hoa
dugc phat huy lau dai va viing ben (vi du ngoai viec dau tu nang cap ca sd
ha tang, viec quan trgng la gdp phan xoa ddi giam ngheo cho cong ddng
lang va gdp phan dao tao cac the' he tre de di san van hoa dugc tiep ndi ).
Theo kinh nghiem d Indonexia, tren dao Bali cd man trinh dien miia hat
Ramayana, ti le chia neu lay tong thu mot tdi dien la 100% nhu sau:
-

35% tra cho nghe nhan trinh dien.

- 20% tra cho lang ( vi day la trinh diln do lang td chiic, khong phai
la doan van cong hay td chiic chuyen nghiep cua Nha nude).
-

20% danh cho quy dao tao lap nghe nhan tre.

-

10% ddng thue doanh thu cho nha nude.

-

15%> tra cho cac cong ty thdng qua viec giam ve. (Khach di le
hay du Ijch bald khong dugc hudng sir giam gia nay).

18


Con ngudi - chii / khach the ciia van hoa ciing cd nghia con ngudi la
chii / khach the ciia du lich. Con ngudi tao ra va hudng thu hau bet nhiing
san pham van boa va du lich ling theo bdn chieu quan he trong sudt ddi
ngudi se trai nghiem:
1. Neu ling vdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi tu nhien : khach du lich
tham gia sang tao hoac bao ve va thudng ngoan nhdm diem du lich
thudc ve canh quan thien nhien nhu vudn cay, hang ddng, sdng niii,
ao hd, sdng ngdi, bien ca v...v...
2. Ung vdi quan he tam linh ( hay lich sir) ciia con ngudi la nhdm diem
du Ijch thudc ve cac di tich lich su van hoa nhu chiia chien, den dai,
am phii, nha thd, thanh quach, lang tam, mie'u mg...
3. IJrig vdi quan he xa hoi ciia con ngudi la viec hg sang tao, xay dung
va hudng thu cac diem du lich thudc nhdm tu tao nhu cong vien,
vudn canh dan tgc, trung tam thuang mai, sieu thi, quang trudng
trung tam, phd di bd...
4. Quan he thii tu la con ngudi vdi chinh minh se bao phii len tren ca ba
loai quan he kia, se tham thau sau sac khi ddng thdi tham gia vao
phat trien van hoa va du lich vdi tu each kep viia la chu the sang tao,

vira la khach the hudng thu.
Tren thuc te, tai nguyen nganh du lich cd la toan bg the' gidi vat chat va
toan bg lich sir van minh nhan loai. Do vay tai nguyen du lich gdm:
- Tai nguyen du lich thien nhien gdm ba nhdm chinh la sdng niii,
khi hau va sinh vat.
- Tai nguyen du lich nhan van : la nhiing ciia cai vat chat va ciia cai
tinh than do con ngudi sang tao ra, nd rat thu hiit mgi ngudi tien
hanh boat ddng du Ijch.

19


- Tai nguyen du lich xa bdi: la nhirng net rieng cd ve phong tuc, tap
quan, quan niem va phuang thiic trong ddi sdng dan cu d mdi dan
tgc.
Van boa la nguon luc di phat trien du lich. Trong cac tai nguyen du
lich cd hai loai tai nguyen thudc ve van boa la nhan van va xd hoi.
Tai nguyen du lich nhan van va xa bdi cd nhiing tinh chat chung la :
Da dans (lam phong phii san pham du lich), hap ddn (thu hiit khach), di
hien ddi (thay doi do tac ddng ciia khach quan), doe dao ( la net rieng cd,
sac thai dac trung) , khons dich chuyen (ngay ca khi cd cac san pham md
phdng cQng khong thay the dugc) va dac biet la de ton that. Trong khi tai
nguyen du lich thien nhien tam coi la vd ban (tat nhien, vd ban tuang ddi)
thi tai nguyen du lich nhan van va xa hoi lai la hiru ban (can bao ve de khai
thac lau dai). Tinh chat ciia tai nguyen du lich nhan van la tao nen sir hiing
thu ddi vdi du khach ve nhu cau tim hieu lich sii. Tai nguyen du lich xa bdi
lai la diem loi cudn, la dieu kien de du lich phat trien theo chieu sau thdng
qua viec hudng thu van boa ciia nude khac, dan tgc khac. Su khac nhau giiia
nhu'ng nen van hoa la do su khac nhau ve lich sir, ve dieu kien va mdi
trudng sdng. Nhirng cai dd lam nen su khac biet ve van boa , do dd, tao nen

su hiing thii, lam nay sinh ddng ca di du lich.
Trong khi khai thac ngudn luc van boa de phat trien du lich can phai
ton trgng ba nguyen tac sau day:
I. Nguven tac thi trudng: Phai xuat phat tir nhu cau ciia du khach va tao
ra nhirng san pham thich hgp. Phai tinh den cac tuyen, diem de hinh
thanh tour du lich. Dam bao 3 hieu qua (kinh te - xa hoi - mdi
trudng); 4 slid tri ( thudng thiic - lich sii - khoa hgc - thuc dung); 5
dieu kien (giao thdng - cd dudng di; kinh te - cd vd'n dau tu; tai
nguyen - ca sd ban dau de phat trien; kha thi - ve dieu kien dau tu;
thi trudng - cd ngudn khach).

20


2. Nguven tac kinh te" : Phai bao dam Igi ich kinh te' cho ngudi kinh
doanh du lich, cho ngudi dan dia phuang va cho ngan sach. Dac biet
gan Igi ich ciia ngudi dan vdi Igi ich kinh te' cd dugc tir du lich.
3. Nguven tac bao ve: Ngudn luc van hoa la him hinh nen viia khai thac,
vira phai bao ve va lam giau de khai thac dugc lau dai. CSn tinh den
kha nang ve siic chiia va cac giai phap ban che' sir mai mot, tham chi
lam mat di vd'n van boa phuc vu du lich.
VII. Mot vai kinh nghiem gan ket van hoa vdi du lich d nude ngoai.
Du lich van boa ngay cang phat trien do chat lugng ddi sdng ngay
cang cao ban. Mot loat trung tam lir hanh va cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia
duoc thanh lap de phuc vu hang ty ngudi cd nhu cau du lich tren toan the'
gidi. Mot so trung tam nghien ciiu ve du lich da dugc thanh lap d cac nude.
Cd mot trung tam kha ndi tieng d Anh la : " Trung tam ve du lich va thay
ddi van hoa" ( Centre For Tourism and Cultural Change) thudc Dai hgc
Tong hgp Sheffield Hallam ( mien Trung nude Anh). Day la trung tam
nghien ciiu chuyen sau ve van boa va du lich. Hg ludn ludn dat du lich gan

lien vdi van hoa cua cac nude tren the gidi va sir quan tam ciia nd tdi su tac
ddng tuang hd hiua du lich va van boa trong the gidi hien dai. Cuoc hoi
thao thii nhat gan day ( tir 20 - 23 / 7/ 2003) mang chii de " Du lich va
nhiep anh: hinh anh tinh - cuoc sdng thay doi" da cho biet dieu dd. Ndi
dung ciia hoi thao bao gdm:
- Qua cac cudn phim va may anh, mdi quan tam ciia ngudi du lich
lagi?
- Nhirng ngudi cam may anh trong sir tien trien ciia cac diem diing
chan du lich.
-

Su sang tao va sang tao lai cac diem du lich ddi vdi khach du lich.

- Nhiep anh trong chien luge tiep thi cac diem de du lich.
21


-

Nhiing ve dep ndi tieng ddi vdi khach du lich.

-

Nhiep anh thuang mai va cac tap anh du lich.

-

Nhirng biic anh nhu mot chudi su kien trong tam tri du khach.

-

Gidi thieu cac dia danh ( du lich), con ngudi va qua khii cua hg (d
nhirng diem du lich).

-

Ban sac van hoa noi trdi.

-

Sir tdn tai nhirng vien canh da mat.

Tat ca nhirng cau bdi can phai dugc tra Idi tir nhirng ndi dung tren la :
Khach du lich chup anh de lam gi? Tai sao chup anh nay ma khdng chup
anh khac? Anh tao dung nen cac dia diem du lich ra sao? Diem du lich thay
ddi nhu the nao theo gdc nhin ciia ngudi du lich? Cach hg nhin nhan nai hg
den? Su tudng tugng cua ca nhan hg ddi vdi ngudi dia phuang? Ban than
ngudi dia phuang nhin nhan the nao qua nhirng biic anh va nhirng ngudi
chup anh hg?
Hoi thao thii hai se hgp vao thang 7 - 2004 tai Harrogate lai la chii de
"Du lich va van hgc:chuyen du hanh, sir tudng tugng va truyen thuyet" vdi
cac ndi dung chinh:
-

Tir thanh kinh den hanh tinh cd dan - van hgc nhu mot hanh trinh
nghi le.

-

Ngudi du lich nhu mot ngudi dgc sach va ngudi dgc sach nhu mot

lii khach.

-

Di san van hoa phi vat the vdi du lich lich sir.

-

Su sang tao tai the gidi qua cac chuyen du lich.

-

Bien san phiim du lich thanh hang hoa.

-

Hiinh huang va nghi le trong van hgc.

-

Ban sac \'an hoa cac nhdm ngudi qua cac chuyen hanh trinh du
Ijch.

-

Nhirng trai nghiem ciia ngudi du lich.

22