Chuyên đề: Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng anh.

I.

Định nghĩa:
•

II.

Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ
quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that)
hay các trạng từ quan hệ như
( where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau
danh từ, đại từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý nghĩ cho danh từ, đại từ ấy,
phân biệt danh từ, đại từ ấy với danh từ đại từ khác. Chức năng của nó giống nh
ư một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.�
CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ

1.

Who: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người
để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó. Theo sau who là một động từ.

Form: N (person) + WHO + V + O
Eg: The man who is sitting by the fire is my father.
2.

Whom: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm tân ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ ngư
ời làm tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó. Theo sau whom là một chủ ngữ.

Form: N (person) + WHOM + S + V
Eg: The women whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.
3.

Which: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ đứ
ng sau nó. Theo sau which có thể là một động từ hoặc một chủ ngữ.

Form: N (thing) + WHICH + V (S) + O
Eg: This is the book. I like best.
=> This is the book which I like best.
Note: Khi which làm tân ngữ ta có thể lược bỏ which.
Eg: The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.
4.

That: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể dùng thay
cho who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ thuộc loại Restricted Clause (M
ệnh đề xác định).

Note: Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”:
– khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất
– khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
– khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật


–
khi
đi
sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothin
g, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little
, none.
Eg: That is the book that I like best.
5.

Whose: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người thay
cho tính từ sở hữu, thường thay
cho các từ: her, his, their, hoặc hình thức ‘s. Theo sau whose là một danh từ.

Form: N (person,thing) + WHOSE + N + V
Note: Whose = Of which
Eg: The boy is Tom. You borrowed his bycicle yesterday.
=> The boy whose bicycle you borrowed his bycicle yesterday is Tom.
III.

CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:
1.

When: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ thời gian

Form: N (time) + WHEN + S + V …
(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Eg: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
=> Do you still remember the day when we first met?
=> Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
2.

Where: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there

Form: N (place) + WHERE + S + V
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Eg: The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel.
=> The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
=> The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean.
3.

Why: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay
cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.

Form: N (reason) + WHY + S + V …
Eg: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.
=> I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.


IV.

CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: (Có 3 loại mệnh đề quan hệ)
1.

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses):

•

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dùng đề bổ nghĩa cho
danh từ đứng trước, là bộ phận quan trọng của câu nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính khô
ng có nghĩa rõ ràng.

•

Nó được sử dụng khi
danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với m
ệnh đề chính.

Eg: The girl who is wearing the blue dress is my sister.
2.

Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses):

•

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dùng đề bổ nghĩa cho
danh từ đứng trước, là phần giải thích thêm nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn còn n
ghĩa rõ ràng.

•

Nó được sử dụng khi
danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặ
c hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-).

Eg: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful.
Note: Khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau:
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng.
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their).
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa la một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those.
3.
•

Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp:
Mệnh đề dùng để giải thích cả 1
câu, trường hợp này chỉ dùng đại từ quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy đê tách 2
mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu.
Eg: He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me.

V.

DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

1/ Thêm V + ING:
a/ Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active),
ta dùng presnet participle phrase thay
cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ,
đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm đuôi ING).


Eg1: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
=> The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
Eg2: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night ?
=> Do you know the boy who broke breaking the windows last night?
2/ Bỏ CN, bỏ tobe giữa PII:
Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive)
ta dùng past participle phrase (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằn
g V3). Eg1: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
=> The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
Eg2: The students who were punished by teacher are lazy.
=> The students who were punished by teacher are lazy.
3/ Chuyển To + Vnguyên thể:
Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng to-infinitive hoặc infinitive phrase (có d
ạng for +O+
to-inf): Chúng ta sử dụng dạng này trong những trường hợp sau
:gặp các từ the first,
the second,....the last,
so sánh nhất (superlative), mục đích (purpose),
the only......... here/ there/ have/has.
Eg1:Tom is the last person who enters the room

=> Tom is the last person who enters to enter the room
Eg2: John is the youngest person who takes part in the race.
=> John is the youngest person who takes to take part in the race
Eg3:Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form that for you must to fill in.
Note: chỉ rút gọn được khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ còn nếu làm tân ngữ thì ko rú
t gọn được.
VI.

CLEFT SENTENCES
CÂU NHẤN MẠNH (CÂU CHẺ)
Câu nhấn mạnh được sử dụng để giúp chúng ta làm nổi bật một phần nhất định của
câu và đÓ nhấn mạnh điều chúng ra muốn nói bằng cách đưa vào nó hoặc xây dựn
g nó bằng một loại đại từ quan hệ
Ex: My brother bought his new car from our next-door neighbour last Saturday.


=> It was my brother who/that bought his new car from our neighbour last Saturda
y.
=> It was last Saturday that my brother bought his new car from our neighbour.
=> It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbour last Saturday.
=> It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Sa
turday.
1.

Subject focus (Nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ):

Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday.
S
=>It was Sue who sent me a letter yesterday.

2.

Object focus ( Nhấn mạnh tân ngữ ):

Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday.
O
=>It was a letter that Sue sent me.
3.

Dverbial focus (Nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ):

Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday.
Adv
=>It was yesterday that Sue sent me a letter.
4.

Cleft sentence in the passive (Câu nhấn mạnh ở dạng bị động):

Ex : Nguyen Du wrote KIEU story.
=> It was KIEU story that was writen by Nguyen Du
Note :
- Who is usually used for proper subjects. is usual for non-personal subjects:(Cá nh
ân)
Ex: It’s speed that causes accidents, not bad roads.
- When the object is a proper noun, that is more usual than who. With all others obj
ects, that is the correct form:(Tất cả đối tượng)
Ex: It was Ann that I saw.
Form : It + be + ………+ that / who +………..

It + be +………..+ that / who + be + Vpp +……….
VII.

Một số lưu ý về MĐQH:
1.

Giới từ với MĐQH:

Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ là Whom và which thường có giới từ đi kèm và giới từ c
ó thể đứng trước các đại từ quan hệ hoặc cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg: The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
=> The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother.
Eg2: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
=> The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive.
Note:
Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có thể dù
ng that thay cho whom và which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.
Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta có không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có k
hông thể dùng that thay cho whom và which.
Form:
All, most, none, neither, any, either, some,
a few, both, haft, each, two, several, many, much + of which/whom.
2.

Các trường hợp bắt buộc dùng that:

- Có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ
xác định
* Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”:
- Khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất

- Khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
- Khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật
Khi
đi
sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng:
no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebo
dy, all, some, any, little, none.
Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met.


* Các trường hợp không dùng that:
- Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
- Sau giới từ.

BÀI TẬP TỰ LUYỆN
Bài tập 1: Nối các câu sau dùng mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures.
The book _________________________
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
The book _________________________
3. You live in a town. The town is very old.
The town _________________________
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
The sweets _________________________
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it.
The football match _________________________
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
The letter _________________________
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big.
The house _________________________

8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?
Do you like _________________________
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
Did you see _________________________
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
I don't like _________________________
Bài tập 2: Nối hai câu sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ:


1. Samuel Johnson was the son of a bookseller. Samuel Johnson was born in 1709.
Samuel Johnson _________________________
2. In 1728, he went to Oxford. He studied at Pembroke College in Oxford.
In 1728, he went _________________________
3. Johnson had to leave Oxford without a degree. He was too poor to pay the fees.
Johnson _________________________
4. In 1737, Johnson moved to London. There he wrote poetry, essays and
biographies.
In 1737, Johnson _________________________
5. In 1746, Johnson started to write his dictionary. It took him nine years to
complete.
In 1746, Johnson started _________________________
6. His home at that time was in 17 Gough Square in London. It is a museum now.
17 Gough Square in London _________________________
7. In this house, his wife died in 1752. Her name was Elizabeth Porter.
In this house his wife _________________________
8. In 1755, the work was published. It was called A Dictionary of the English
Language.
In 1755, the work _________________________
9. Samuel Johnson died in 1784. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Samuel Johnson _________________________

Bài tập 3:
1. Vietnam, _________is in the south-east Asia, exports rice coffee and rubber.
A. who
where

B. that

C. which

2. They are the children __________won the match yesterday.

D.


A. whose

B. whom

C. who

D. they

3. They live in the house _______ they bought last year.
A. whom
whose

B. which

C. where

D.

4. The girl ______ you met yesterday is a famous pop singer.
A. whom
which

B. whose

C. what

D.

5. It’s going to rain in Canberra, ____________ is the capital city of Australia.
A. which
when

B. where

C. that

D.

6. The man _________you met on Main Street yesterday is your new teacher.
A. which

B. when

C. whose

D. who

7. That’s the house _________Shakespeare was born.
A. which
where

B. that

C. in that

D.

8. The scientist _________discovered a new planet has won the Nobel Prize.
A. which
whom

B. what

C. who

D.

9. The book _______ is on the table belongs to my teacher.
A. who
where

B. it

C. which

D.

10.He invited us to the house ________ he was born and grew up.
A. which
where

B. that

C. who

D.

11.I have a friend _____ran in the New York Marathon last year.
A. which
whose

B. who

C. whom

D.

12. The Southam Chess Club, __________has more than 50 members, meets
weekly on Friday evening.
A. that
where

B. which

C. who

D.


13.Dr Rowan, ______secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own
typing.
A. who

B. that

C. whose

D. Ø

14.The film is about the lives of three women, all of them ______are played by
Kate.
A. who
whom

B. that

C. them

D.

15.This is the painter ___________picture you admire so much.
A. who
which

B. whom

C. whose

D.

16.The shoes ______ I bought were made in Italy.
A. where

B. which

C. who

D. it

17.I wrote a letter to the girl________ I met at the meeting.
A. whom

B. whose

C. which

D. her

18.The speech ______we listened last night was informative.
A. which
that

B. that

C. to which

D.

to

19.Dr. John is the professor ____________I told you.
A. about who
about whom

B. about that

C. about whose

D.

20.The student _________parents you just met is in one of my classes.
A. whose
whom

B. who’s

C. whom

D.

of

21.The pianist ____at the concert last night is internationally famous.
A. playing
whom played

B. played

C. who played

D.

22.The woman _______lives next door to us is a weathercaster on a local TV
station.
A. she
which

B. whom

C. that

23.Mr. Green is the man _________ I was talking about.

D.


A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. A &

C. where

D.

in

D.

at

B
24.That is the place ____the accident occurred.
A. which
where

B. in that

25.There was a time __________movies cost a dime.
A. which
when

B. at that

C. when

26.The people_________ moved in next door seem very friendly.
A. who
whose

B. whom

C. which

D.

27.I've lost the paper_________ I had written her phone number on.
A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. it

28.The man ________ interviewed you is the boss.
A. whom

B. who

C. whose

D. Ø

29.The girl ______ you met yesterday is a famous pop singer.
A. who
which

B. whose

C. what

D.

30.Two guys, __________car had broken down, asked me for a lift.
A. who

B. whom

C. whose

D. that

31.The film, ___________ lasted for three hours, was boring.
A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

32.A lot of people were offended by the jokes_____________ he told.
A. which
are correct

B. that

C. Ø

D.

33.The computer _______ I bought last week is already broken.
A. which
when

B. who

C. where

D.

all


34.That is the place _______ Max works.
A. which
whom

B. whose

C. where

D.

35.That fat man is the man for _______ Max works.
A. which

B. who

C. whom

D. that

36.He is the one _______ wife is the teacher of my class.
A. which
whom

B. who

C. whose

D.

C. which

D.

37. That is the car _______ I want to buy.
A. who
when

B. whom

38.I really enjoyed the time _______ we went to that Chinese restaurant.
A. where

B. when

C. which

D. that

39.Kurt Vonnegut, _______ is one of America's best writers, is also a very good
painter..
A. which

B. who

C. Ø

D. he

40.I remember the day _______ I met her like it was just yesterday.
A. which
where

B. who

C. when

D.

41.The boy _______ dog chased the cat has gone home..
A. which

B. whom

C. whose

D. that

42.People ________ live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.
A. whom
whose

B. who

C. which

D.

43.She prefers to watch movies ______ make her cry..
A. whom
when

B. who

C. which

D.

44.John's children, ______ graduated from college, came home for her eightieth
birthday.
A. who

B. which

C. whom

D. that

45.The answers, ________ you can find in the back of the book, are sometimes
incorrect.
A. which
when

B. that

C. where

D.

46.You should speak to Peter, ____ is responsible for company relations abroad.
A. which

B. who

C. whom

D. that

47.Smith House, _____ was built in 1756, is an important local monument.
A. that
when

B. which

C. where

D.

48.Frank Smith, ____ son works for us, can provide an estimate.
A. who

B. which

C. whose

D. that

49.The young man _____ is standing on the corner works at the supermarket.
A. whose

B. who

C. whom

D. that

50.The woman _____ lives at 67 17th Ave. was employed by Fred Meyers.
A. whose

B. which

C. whom

D. that

Bài tập 3:Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sử dụng Ving , V3 hoặc Vto
1. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon

2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country .
3. The children who attend that school receive a good education .
4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress .
5. They live in a house that was built in 1980 .
6. We have an apartment which overlooks the park .
7. Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space .
8. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building .
9. I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country.
10. The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals.
11. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us ?
12. The people who was waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet .


13. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country .
14. They live in a house that was built in 1890.
15. He was the first man who left the burning building .
16. The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors
17. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet .
18. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the
teacher .
19. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting ?
20. Lan is the second student who entered the classroom this morning .
21. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries .
22. He was the only man who reached the top.
23. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.
24. People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss .
25. He was the second man who was saved in the fire .
26. I haven’t got anything that I could open a bottle of wine with .
27. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the island .
28. The fifth man who was interviewed was completely unsuitable .

29. This is the third who is late for the meeting today .
30. Am I the next person who joins the interview ?