1
ABSTRACT
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has an increasing incidence. The
annual incidence and prevalence of CKD using kidney replacement
methods are increasing, reflecting advances in the treatment of this
disease. Malnutrition is common in patients with CKD with and
without kidney replacement methods. Malnourished and CKD
interact with each other to increase morbidity, reduce the quality of
life, prolong hospital stay, increase treatment costs, and mortality in
this population.
Malnutrition in CKD patients has more than one factor alone.
Present, diagnostic of malnutrition in this object does not have a
“gold standard”. However, a list of signs and indicators to assess and
diagnose malnutrition status can be used, including assessments on a
diet, anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters, and other
tools. Diagnostic of malnutrition status is necessary for selecting
nutritional supplements for patients to solve the above issues.
In Vietnam, there were some studies on evaluating nutritional
status, but there has not been any comprehensive research on the
issue of nurturing for CKD patients. To contribute to further clarifying
this problem, we proceed to the thesis: “A study on nutritional status,
the results of an oral nutritional supplement on maintenance
hemodialysis patients.” with two objectives:
1.
To investigate of nutritional status in maintenance
hemodialysis patients by indicators: anthropometric, dietary energy,
and protein intake, dialysis malnutrition score, serum albumin,
prealbumin levels.
2
2.
To Understand the relationship between nutritional status and
some clinical and laboratory characteristics, initially assessing the
results of an oral nutritional supplement on nutritional status in 12
weeks in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
2. Summary of new main scientific contributions of the thesis:
Determine the malnutrition rate as well as some factors
affecting nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Besides, initially
evaluating the results of oral dietary supplements for 12 consecutive
weeks in this subject. This thesis will contribute to clinical practice
and propose solutions to improve nutritional status for malnourished
patients.
3. Thesis layout:
The thesis consists of 125 pages, including sections and four
chapters: Introduction 02 pages; Literature Review 33 pages;
Methodology 25 pages; Results 26 pages; Discussion 36 pages;
Conclusions 02 pages; Recommendations 01 page.
Refer to 150 documents (141 English, 11 Vietnamese).
ABBREVIATIONS
AMA: Upper Arm muscle area
MAC: Midupper arm
BMI: Body mass index
circumference
CKD: Chronic kidney disease
MAMC: Midupper arm muscle
DEI: Dietary Energy Intake
circumference
DPI: Dietary Protein Intake
PEW: Protein Energy Wasting
HBV: High Biological value
RBC: Red blood cell
ISRNM: International Society of SGADMS: Subjective Global
Renal Nutrition & Metabolism
Assessment
Dialysis
Malnutrition score
K/DOQI: Kidney /disease TSF: Triceps Skinfold
3
outcomes quality initiative
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
According to the K/DOQI 2002, CKD is defined as having
kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2
of at least three months. In 2002, the KDIGO gave a similar but
more concise definition. CKD is an abnormality in kidney structure
and function that lasts more than three months, and effects on patient
health. CKD is categorized based on etiology, glomerular filtration
rate, and albuminuria. Renal replacement therapy, including
peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or kidney transplantation.
The primary cause of CKD is diverse, depending on the region,
continent, economic status, and medical development of each
country. The incidence and treatment of endstage chronic kidney
disease are increasing in countries over the world.
* Renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis
Hemodialysis continues to be the most common treatment for
endstage chronic kidney disease in all countries, which is a method
of dialysis outside the body, by creating an external circulating body,
leading blood to the filtration system to filter metabolic products and
excess water. The blood is returned to the body. Hemodialysis
procedure only replaces the renal excretion function, so patients still
need internal medical treatment: medical nutritional therapy, treatment
of hypertension, anemia, vitamins, and mineral supplements.
4
1.2. MALNUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY
DISEASE
According to the definition of the WHO, malnutrition is a state
of deficiency, excess, or imbalance in the energy and, or nutrients of
a person. The ISRNM 2008 uses the term proteinenergy wasting
(PEW) in chronic kidney disease.
Evidence suggests that malnutrition is common in patients with
CKD conserving treatment, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis.
There are many possible causes of malnutrition in hemodialysis
patients, including low nutrient intake, increased metabolism,
acidosis, inflammation, anemia, oxidative stress, changes in response
to anabolic hormones, increased retention of toxic substances, loss of
nutrients in dialysis, and comorbidities. There are independent,
overlapping, complementary, or antagonistic mechanisms that it
difficult to troubleshoot their effects on protein metabolism and energy
balance.
Malnutrition cause increasing in morbidity and mortality, poor
quality of life, length of stay, and readmission in CKD patients.
* Methods of assessing nutritional status
There are many methods for evaluating malnutrition in patients
with CKD. However, useful clinical tools are illustrated by the
nutrition care guidelines developed by K/DOQI.
Anthropometric measurements: weight, body mass index,
skinfolds thickness, midarm circumference, midarm muscle
circumference, and arm muscle area.
Diet and food use.
Subjective global assessmentDialysis malnutrition score.
5
Laboratory parameters: serum protein, albumin, prealbumin,
total cholesterol, red blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes.
Proteinenergy wasting, according to ISRNM 2008 criteria.
* The nutritional requirement in hemodialysis patients
Dietary energy intake (DEI): K/DOQI 2000 recommends DEI 30 to
35 kcal/kg/day (over 60 years old), at least 35 kcal/kg/day (under 60).
Dietary protein intake (DPI): K/DOQI 2000 recommends DPI at
least 1.2 g/kg/day.
* Eggs are a rich source of dietary cholesterol and are a
nutritious whole food, so they should be judged based on total intake
rather than specific components, like cholesterol. Although there are
concerns about regular egg consumption that may be associated with
a risk of cardiovascular disease due to cholesterol levels. Most
epidemiological studies were claiming to use one egg a day did not
increase cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, or stroke.
* Treatment of hemodialysis patients with malnutrition
In hemodialysis patients who are malnourished or at risk of
malnutrition, there is no single treatment approach that significantly
reduces the negative consequences of malnutrition, including.
Nutritional counseling
Oral nutritional supplement
Intradialytic parental nutrition
Enteral and total parental nutrition.
6
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT
Maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Location: Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, 103
Military Hospital.
Study period: from March 2016 to January 2018.
2.1.1. Subject criteria for evaluation of the nutritional status
Inclusion criteria: Over 18 years of old patients; at least three
months of dialysis, dialysis three times a week, 4 hours each time.
Exclusion criteria: severe acute illness, severe chronic heart
failure, severe liver failure, advanced cancer, deaf and dumb, or non
cooperative research.
2.1.2. Subject criteria for the intervention study
Inclusion criteria: Patients with energy and protein intake
below recommended; malnutrition is determined by BMI, SGA
DMS, serum albumin, prealbumin level.
Exclusion criteria: Having surgery three months before, during,
or dying during the intervention; are allergic to milk, eggs; disagree to
participate in intervention research, or did not fulfill commitments.
2.2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.2.1. Research design
The study design consists of two consecutive research methods:
the crosssectional descriptive study and intervention study.
2.2.2. Sample sizes and sampling methods
7
Crosssectional study: the whole sample, according to the
chronological order, 173 patients.
Intervention study: 79 patients were divided into intervention
group and control group according to their dialysis schedule: patients
with dialysis schedule on Monday/Wednesday/Friday of the week
were enrolled in the intervention group, while those on Tuesday,
Thursday, and Saturday of the week were into the control group.
Thirtynine patients participated in supplementation of diet
(intervention group); 40 patients did not participate in
supplementation (control group).
2.2.3. Implementation of the intervention study
* Research materials:
The supplementary diet consisted of 48 g of Nepro2 and one
chicken egg (average 42 g) daily for 12 consecutive weeks. This
regimen provides about 259 kcal, 14.9 g of high biological value
protein.
* Implement supplement intervention
Treatment for both groups: according to a uniform procedure.
Intervention group: patients were advised on a daily diet, oral
supplementation diet, for 12 consecutive weeks.
Control group: patients were only counseled on a regular diet
and did not participate in the dietary supplement.
Compliance assessment: sitting and watching them, make sure
that they ate the entire supplement, or ate at least 70% of the dietary
supplement. Also, call, remind, and return the package to the next filtration.
2.2.4. Data collection
* The patients’ information
* Some diagnostic criteria used in the study: CKD and some cause.
8
* Collecting information, criteria for assessing nutritional status
Anthropometric indicators: dry weight, height, calculation
of BMI, triceps skinfold, midarm circumference, calculation of the
midarm muscle circumference, and arm muscle area. BMI is
classified by the WHO. Body composition indexes are categorized
by Blackburn and Harvey, and Frisancho.
Dietary energy and protein intake
Evaluation by the 24hour recall for three days. The calculation
is based on the Vietnam Food Ingredient Table 2016, average over
three days, based on ideal body weight. Compare with K/DOQI.
Subjective global assessmentDialysis malnutrition score
This tool consists of seven components. Each part is rated on a
scale of 1 to 5. The total score ranges from 7 to 35, the higher the
score, the worse the nutritional status is. Classification of nutritional
status into the healthy group (710 points), mild and moderate
malnutrition (1121 points), and severe malnutrition (2235 points).
Laboratory parameters
The venous blood sample is taken before the start of the dialysis
section, including the concentration of serum albumin, prealbumin.
Besides, the evaluation of serum protein, total cholesterol, urea,
creatinine, and high sensitive CRP. Hematological indicators such as
red blood cell, hemoglobin, lymphocytes. Classification of serum
albumin and prealbumin levels based on K/DOQI 2000 guidelines.
Diagnosis of malnutrition, according to the International
Society of Renal Nutrition & Metabolism (ISRNM 2008)
* Evaluation of the results of an oral nutritional supplement
Patients were assessed for nutritional status and general features
at baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation diet in the
9
intervention and control group with the following indicators BMI,
SGADMS, the concentration of serum protein, albumin, total
cholesterol, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin level.
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS
3.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY SUBJECTS
3.1.1. Characteristics of age and gender
The mean age of subjects was 53.0 ± 14.6 years old, ranging
from 24 to 89. The under65 group accounted for 73.4% of patients
(n=127). Males accounted for 62.4% (n=108) of patients.
3.1.2. Cause of chronic kidney disease
Chronic glomerulonephritis causes CKD, with a majority with
57.2%, diabetes mellitus accounted for 13.9% of patients.
3.1.3. Features of the hemodialysis vintage
The median, quartiles dialysis time was 23 (1055) months. The
under five year HV group accounted for mainly 77.4% (n=134) of
patients.
3.1.4. Characteristics of appetite status
Patients with normal appetite status (good and very good)
accounted for 22.0% of patients, and loss appetite status accounted
for 78.0% (very poor, poor, and fairly).
3.1.5. Characteristics of dietary energy and protein intake
The means DEI, DPI, and HBV protein of patients were 24.9 ±
4.2 kcal/IBW/day, 0.95 ± 0.17 g/IBW/day, and 52.9 ± 6.7%,
respectively. There were 67.6% of patients prioritizing using high
biological value protein in their diet (≥ 50%).
10
Chart 3.5. Percentage of patients achieving DEI and DPI
requirements according to K/DOQI 2000
93.1% of patients did not meet both DEI and DPI requirements.
3.1.6. Characteristics of some laboratory parameters
The percentage of patients with serum total cholesterol
concentration, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration,
count, and percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes below the
standard threshold were high, with 57.8%, 89.0%, 91.3%, 35.8%,
and 60.7%, respectively.
3.2. NUTRITION STATUS OF THE STUDY SUBJECTS
3.2.1. Dry weight and BMI
Table 3.1. Characteristics of weight and BMI (n=173)
Variables
Number
Weight, kg
BMI,
Prevalence %
< 16
9
X ± SD
51.5 ± 9.1
5.2
19.7 ± 2.6
11
kg/m2
1618,5
51
29.5
18,524,9
107
61.8
≥ 25
6
3.5
The prevalence of malnutrition, according to BMI criteria, was
34.7%, in which severe malnutrition was 5.2% of patients.
3.2.2. Body composition
The prevalence of malnutrition, according to TSF, MAC,
MAMC, AMA criteria, was 11.6% (n=20), 30.6% (n=55), 16.2%
(n=28), and 60.7% (n=105) of patients, respectively.
3.2.3. SGADMS
Table 3.2. Nutritional status according to SGADMS (n=173)
SGADMS, score
Number
Prevalence %
710
25
14.5
1121
134
77.5
2235
14
8.1
All
173
100
X ± SD
15.2 ± 4.3
The malnutrition rate (SGADMS > 10) was 85.5% (n=148), in
which mildmoderate malnutrition (1121) accounted for 77.5%
(n=134), severe malnutrition (2235) was 8.1% (n=14) of patients.
3.2.4. Biochemical parameters
The prevalences of malnutrition, according to serum albumin
and prealbumin criteria, were 67.6% (n=117) and 57.6% (n=98) of
patients.
3.2.5. Nutritional status when combining indicators
The percentage of malnourished patients, when all four criteria
are present, is 16.5% — meanwhile, 4.1% of patients in the normal
range for all four indicators.
12
3.2.6. Proteinenergy wasting according to ISRNM 2008
The prevalence of PEW, according to ISRNM criteria
(including BMI, AMA, DPI, and serum albumin), was 24.3%
(n=42).
3.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION INDICATORS
WITH SOME CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FEATURES, AND
INITIAL RESULTS OF AN ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT
ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
3.3.1. Correlation between indicators of nutritional status
Table 0.1. Correlation between indicators of nutritional status
SGADMS
BMI
DEI
DPI
(score)
(kg/m )
(kcal/kg/day)
(g/kg/day)
r
r
r
2
p
r
p
p
p
BMI
0,22
0,004e
DEI
0,47
<0,001e
0,42
<0,001a
DPI
0,48
<0,001e
0,37
<0,001a
0,85 <0,001a
Albumin
0,32
<0,001e
0,17
0,029a
0,35 <0,001a
0,33
<0,001a
Prealbumin
0,36
<0,001e
0,09
0,222e
0,39 <0,001e
0,30
<0,001e
sAlbumin (g/l)
r
0,51
a: Pearson correlation; e: Spearman correlation, sAlbumin: serum albumin
SGADMS score were negatively correlated with BMI, DEI,
DPI, serum albumin, prealbumin level. BMI was positively
correlated with DEI, DPI, and serum albumin level. DEI and DPI
were positively correlated, positively correlated with serum albumin
and prealbumin levels.
p
<0,001e
13
3.3.2. Relationship between nutrition indicators and some
variables
3.3.2.1. Body mass index with some features
There is no difference in BMI with age (over and under 60
years old), duration of dialysis (over and under five years), causes
(diabetes and others), appetite status (normal and decreased), the
concentration of hsCRP (normal and high).
3.3.2.2. Dialysis malnutrition score with some features
SGADMS score in over60 yearold patients, dialysis over five
years, anorexia status, are statistically higher than other patients.
3.3.2.3. Dietary energy and protein intake with some features
DEI and DPI in patients over 60 years old, diabetes mellitus,
and loss appetite are statistically less than in patients under 60 years
old, nondiabetic etiology, and healthy appetite status.
3.3.2.4. Biochemical parameters with some features
The concentration of serum albumin, prealbumin in patients
over 60 years old, diabetes, anorexia, and hsCRP over 5 mg/l were
significantly lower than that of the other patients.
3.3.2.5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis
Multivariate analysis results showed an independent
relationship between patients over 60 years old (OR=3.11; 95%CI:
0.080.37; p<0.05) with PEW criteria according to ISRNM 2008.
3.3.3. Initial results of oral nutritional supplementation on
nutrition status in hemodialysis patients
3.3.3.1. General characteristics of the intervention and control group
at baseline
The gender distribution, mean age, and duration of dialysis,
causes of CKD at baseline (T 0) in the intervention group were
14
similar to the control group. The difference was not statistically
significant with p>0.05.
3.3.3.2. Characteristic of nutrition indicators in the intervention
and control group at baseline
Most indicators of nutritional status at baseline (T 0) in both
groups did not have statistically significant differences with p>0.05.
3.3.3.3. Results of dietary supplementation to body mass index
After 12 weeks of study, BMI did not differ in two groups with
p>0.05. In the intervention group, the BMI increased significantly
after 12 weeks of study with p<0.001. Meanwhile, there was no
statistically significant change in the control group.
Table 3.3. The changes in BMI of intervention and control group at
baseline and after 12 weeks of the study
Intervention (n=39)
BMI
T0
Control (n=40)
T12
T0
T12
n
%
n
%
n
%
n
%
<18.5
17
43.6
10
25.6
13
32.5
12
30.0
≥18.5
22
56.4
29
74.4
27
67.5
28
70.0
0.016
p
In the intervention group, at the beginning of the study, 43.6%
of patients had malnutrition status, and this prevalence statistically
significantly decreased to 25.6% after a supplementation diet. The
change was not significant in the control group with p>0.05.
3.3.3.4. Results of dietary supplementation to dialysis malnutrition
score
At T12, SGADMS in the intervention group was significantly
lower than in the control group with p<0.05. SGADMS decreased
15
significantly at T12 compared to baseline (T 0). While in the control
group, the change was not significant between two times.
Table 3.4. The changes SGADMS of the intervention and control
group at baseline and after 12 weeks of the study
Intervention (n=39)
SGA
T0
DMS
Control (n=40)
T12
T0
T12
n
%
n
%
n
%
n
%
710
5
12.8
5
12.8
2
5.0
4
10.0
1135
34
87.2
34
87.2
38
95.0
36
90.0
p
0.50
In the intervention group, after 12 weeks of supplementation,
this conversion was not statistically significant. In the control group,
these changes were also not statistically significant.
3.3.3.5. Results of dietary supplementation to biochemical
indicators
Table 3.5. Changes some biochemical indicators of the intervention
and control group at baseline and after 12 weeks of the study
Intervention (n=39)
Variables
sProtein,
g/l
sAlbumin,
g/l
sCholesterol
, mmol/l
Control (n=40)
T0
n (%)
T12
n (%)
T0
n (%)
T12
n (%)
< 66
4 (10.3)
2 (5.1)
6 (15.0)
4 (10.0)
≥ 66
35 (89.7)
37 (94.9)
34 (85.0)
36 (90.0)
p
0.687
0.625
<40
31 (79.5)
24 (61.5)
24 (60.0)
24 (60.0)
≥40
8 (20.5)
15 (38.5)
16 (40.0)
16 (40.0)
p
0,039
≤ 3.9
28 (71.8)
20 (51.3)
26 (65.0)
23 (57.5)
>3.9
11 (28.2)
19 (48.7)
14 (35.0)
17 (42.5)
16
p
0.021
0.549
There was no difference between the two groups at T 0 and T12.
In the intervention group, the concentration of serum protein,
albumin, and total cholesterol increased significantly after 12 weeks
of supplementation compared to the T 0. In the control group, the
changes in the above nutritional indicators were not statistically
significant at T12.
The concentration of serum protein in the two groups has no
significant difference. The prevalence of malnutrition in the
intervention group, according to albumin criteria, decreased
significantly from 79.5% (at baseline) to 61.5% (T 12) of patients
while there was no change in the control group.
The prevalence of malnutrition in the intervention group,
according to total cholesterol criteria, decreased significantly from
71.8% (at baseline) to 51.3% (T12). There was also no change in the
control group.
3.3.3.6. Results of dietary supplementation to hematological
indicators
There was no difference between the two groups at baseline and
T12. In both groups, the count of RBC and hemoglobin concentration
did not differ between the two times.
In the intervention group, 87.2% of patients with low RBC at
baseline decreased to 76.9% at T 12 while in the control group from
90% to 87.5% of patients. These changes in both groups were not
statistically significant. Similarly, the changes in blood hemoglobin
concentration in both groups were also no significant differences.
17
CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION
4.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY SUBJECTS
Regarding gender, 62.4% of the patients were male, 1.66 times
more than female. The mean age was 53.0 ± 14.6 years old, most of
whom belonged to patients under 65 years (73.4%). Chronic kidney
disease due to chronic glomerulonephritis accounts for the highest
proportion with 57.2% of patients, while diabetes mellitus and
hypertension are common causes in most studies of foreign authors.
This ratio is consistent with the characteristics of the primary cause
of CKD in the epidemiological statistic in Vietnam and other
developed countries in the world.
Regarding the duration of dialysis, the study subjects were
mainly in the underfive years' dialysis group (77.4%). There were
45.7% of infected hepatitis B and C virus patients. The prevalence of
loss appetite status was 78.0% of patients.
The mean DEI and DPI in this study were low and did not reach
the recommended by NKF/DOQI 2000, respectively 24.9 ± 4.2
kcal/kg/day, 0.95 ± 0.17 g/kg/day. The prevalence of patients who
did not meet both DEI and DPI requirements is very high (93.1%).
4.2. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF STUDY SUBJECTS
4.2.1. Anthropometric measurements
The malnutrition rate, according to BMI, TSF, MAC, MAMC,
AMA criteria, accounted for about 1/3 of the patients (34.7%),
11.0%, 30.6%, 15.6%, and 59.5%, respectively. The mean of these
measurements are worse than those of other authors in the world.
This may be because Vietnamese people are in countries with the
18
lowest physical status in the world. Besides, the cause of CKD in
this study is mainly due to chronic glomerulonephritis, the disease
begins from young ages, thus adversely affecting the nutritional
status of patients.
4.2.2. SGADMS
The prevalence of malnutrition, according to SGADMS
criteria, was very high, accounting for 85.5% of patients, which is
mainly mildmoderate malnutrition (77.5%). This result is similar to
the outcomes of other studies in the world.
4.2.3. Laboratory parameters
The incidences of malnourished patients, according to the
concentration of serum albumin and prealbumin, were relatively
high, about 2/3 (67.6%) and 57.6%, respectively. The decrease in
visceral protein concentration may be due to the influence of
anorexia, leading to decreased DEI and DPI, the effects of
inflammation, diabetes etiology, advanced age…
The percentage of low red blood cells and hemoglobin level
were high, 89.0% and 91.3% of patients. This is probably because
kidney disease itself causes a lack of erythropoietin, poor diet, the
environment of uremia toxin, gastrointestinal bleeding.
4.2.4. PEW according to ISRNM 2008
The prevalence of PEW in our study was 24.3% of patients (at
least 3 out of 4 criteria included BMI, AMA, DPI, and serum
albumin).
19
4.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION INDICATORS
WITH CLINICAL, LABORATORY FEATURES, AND THE
INITIAL RESULT OF AN ORAL NUTRITIONAL
SUPPLEMENT ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN
HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
4.3.1. Correlation between nutritional indicators
SGADMS score was inversely correlated with BMI, DEI, DPI,
and serum albumin, prealbumin. This shows that SGADMS is very
valuable when compared to other indicators. Meanwhile, DEI and
DPI were positively correlated with each other and with serum
albumin, prealbumin, and BMI. This shows that when patients have
low dietary energy and protein intake, the risk of BMI, serum
albumin, and prealbumin is also low. The BMI was positively
associated with serum albumin, but not with serum prealbumin.
4.3.2. Relationship between indicators of nutritional status and
clinical, laboratory characteristics
4.3.2.1. Relationship between nutritional indicators with age
Most of the nutritional indicators in patients over 60 years old
were inferior compared to patients under 60 years old. When
multivariate regression analysis of nutritional status with some
clinical and laboratory characteristics, age was the only independent
factor related to PEW.
4.3.2.2. Relationship between nutritional indicators with
hemodialysis vintage
Among the nutritional indicators, only the SGADMS score was
related to the duration of dialysis of patients (patients on dialysis
more than five years have points higher than less than five years).
20
4.3.2.3. Relationship between nutritional indicators with etiology
of CKD
DEI, DPI, serum albumin, and prealbumin levels tended to be
significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to patients with
other causes.
4.3.2.4. Relationship between nutritional indicators with appetite
status
Patients with anorexia status had lower DEI, DPI, serum
albumin, and prealbumin levels, higher SGADMS scores when
compared to those with normal appetite status.
4.3.2.5. Relationship between nutritional indicators with serum
hsCRP
The concentration of serum albumin and prealbumin in patients
with high serum hsCRP levels was significantly lower than the low
hsCRP levels of patients.
4.3.3. Initial results of oral nutritional supplementation on
nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients
4.3.3.1. General characteristics of intervention and control group
Participants in both groups had similarities in general and
nutritional characteristics at baseline of the study.
4.3.3.2 Results of dietary supplementation to body mass index
The mean BMI increased significantly after 12 weeks of the
study compared to baseline in the intervention group, while the
change was not statistically significant in the control group.
In the intervention group, 43.6% of malnutrition patients at
baseline decreased significantly to 25.6% after 12 weeks of dietary
supplementation. In contrast, there was no significant change in the
control group.
21
4.3.3.3. Results of dietary supplementation to dialysis malnutrition
score
The mean SGADMS score after 12 weeks of study, in the
intervention group, was significantly lower than the baseline and the
control group. When analyzing the changes in the prevalence of
malnutrition in both groups and at two times, the differences were
not statistically significant.
4.3.3.4. Results of dietary supplementation to biochemical
indicators
Biochemical indicators: in the intervention group, the mean
values of serum protein, albumin, and total cholesterol increased
after 12 weeks of supplementation compared to baseline, while the
control group did not have any significant changes.
The prevalence of malnutrition in serum albumin concentration
in the intervention group at baseline was 79.5%, reduced
significantly to 61.5% of patients after supplementation, similarly
with serum total cholesterol 71.8% to 51.3%.
4.3.3.5. Results of dietary supplementation to hematological
indicators
There was no significant change between the two times in both
groups about RBC and hemoglobin concentration. In each group, the
above indicators also had no significant difference.
In both groups, there was no significant change in the proportion
of patients with low RBC and hemoglobin levels after 12 weeks of
the study.
22
4.4. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study has not yet analyzed nutritionrelated issues such as
malnutritioninflammation complex syndrome, malnutrition
inflammationatherosclerosis syndrome.
The study has not yet investigated the effects of dialysis
efficiency, residual kidney function, and mental factors on
nutritional status.
The intervention sample size was not large enough; the study
time was not long enough; the patient’s actual diet was not assessed;
the variables were poor in evaluating the changes after intervention.
23
CONCLUSION
1.
Nutritional status
The prevalence of malnourished MHD patients, as well as
inadequate DEI and DPI, were common.
The prevalence of malnourished patients, according to SGA
DMS score, serum albumin, prealbumin level, BMI, were 85.5%,
67.6%, 57.6%, and 34.7%, respectively.
The prevalence of malnutrition when combining all indicators
BMI, SGADMS, albumin, and prealbumin was 16.5% of patients.
The prevalence of PEW, according to ISRNM 2008 criteria,
was 24.3% of patients.
2.
Relationship between nutrition indicators with clinical
and laboratory features, and the initial result of an oral
nutritional supplement on nutritional status in
hemodialysis patients
2.1. Relationship between indicators of nutritional status and
clinical and laboratory features
Patients had poor nutritional status when over 60 years old, over
5year dialysis (SGADMS), diabetes etiology (DEI/DPI,
albumin/prealbumin),
anorexia
(SGADMS,
DEI/DPI,
albumin/prealbumin), and high hsCRP level (DEI/DPI,
albumin/prealbumin).
2.2. Initial results of oral nutritional supplementation on nutritional
status in hemodialysis patients
After supplementing the oral diet with Nepro2 formula (48g)
and one chicken egg (42g) daily for 12 consecutive weeks in 39
maintenance hemodialysis, we found that:
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There were statistically significant increases in the mean value
of BMI, serum protein, albumin, total cholesterol levels, also
decrease significantly in the SGADMS score.
The prevalence of malnutrition, according to BMI, albumin,
total cholesterol criteria, decreased significantly. Meanwhile, there
were no statistically significant changes in SGADMS, serum
protein, RBC, and hemoglobin level.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Hemodialysis patients had a high prevalence of malnutrition,
especially for the elderly (over 60), diabetic nephropathy, long term
dialysis time (over five years), anorexia, and increased serum hsCRP
level. Therefore, these patients need to be screened and evaluated for
early and regularly by nutritional status early and regularly by health
staff to plan for timely nutrition intervention.
2. In order to improve the nutritional status of hemodialysis
patients, it is necessary to continuously apply this supplementary diet
to patients at the Department of NephrologyHemodialysis, 103
Military Hospital. It can be applied to patients in other hospitals,
especially malnourished patients.