Biến đổi khí hậu và giải pháp cho ngành nông nghiệp Campuchia

HHlN RA THE 01(31

Bien doi khf hau
va giai phap cho nganh
nong nghiep Campuchia
SEREY MARDY, NGUYEN PHOC THQ
TriTcIng Dai hgc Nong nghiep Ha INoi

Campuchia la mdt qud'c gia ngheo, co bien, cd h i Idn ndn rat d l hi tdn thtfdng
do tac ddng cua bid'n dSx khi h$u (BDKH) vl mpi mat, trong dd anh htfdng
manh me nhS't la ndng nghidp va phat tridn ndng thdn, an ninh Itfdng thtfc,
bS't 6n xa hdi... Trtfdc bd'i canh do, d§'t ntfdc Campuchia phai cd nhtfng n§
Itfc trong vide tun ra giai phap giam thilu h$u qua tidu cijfc va thich dng vdi
BDKH.
ANH Hl/ONG CUA BDKH
Nhffng bieu bien ve tac ddng ciia BDKH, nhff: mffc
nffdc biln dang cao va gia tang lu lut, bao Id'c, mffa ldn
bat thffdng, cffdng dp cao cung nhff cdc hau qud dfi'i
vdi mdi trffdng tff nhien ngay cang the hien rd net d
Campuchia. Theo Bdo cdo Chi sd rui ro khi hau toan
cau nam 2013 do To chffc Nghien cffu Mdi trffdng
Germanwatch, Campuchia la qufi'c gia dffng thff hai
tren the' gidi (sau Thai Lan) ve mffc dp bi anh hffdng
do BDKH hong nam 2011, dffng thff 28 trong khoang
tbdi gian tff nam 1992 dfi'n nam 2012. Tbeo sd'lieu ciia
Bd Ndng Lam va Ngff nghifip Campuchia, rifing nam
2012, thifin tai da khifi'n 247 ngffdi Campuchia thifit
mang, bang nghin ngfldi khdc bi thffdng, hang chuc
nghin hecta hoa mdu va nba cffa, cdc cdng trinh cdng
cfing bi hiiy hoai, lam thifit bai khoang 3,1% tdng san
pham qudc ndi (GDP).

BDKH se Ichie'n nhiet dp trdi dd't tang va bang d
Bac cffc tan, ddn de'n nffdc bien dang cao va Iiic dd mpt
phan dien ticb vung ddng bang ciia Campuchia se bi
ngdp trong nffdc bifi'n. Dff bdo dien tich rdng Idn cua
Ddng bdng sdng Mekong, sdng Bassac va ven Bie'n
Ho Tonle Sap se bi ngap lut. Trffdc bfi't Id cdc khu vffc
rffng ngap man cua tinh Kampong Thom, Kampong
Chhnang, Pursat va Kandal se bi nha'n chim trong nffdc
bifin. Thay do'i chfi'dd mffa cd thfi' gdy lu nghiem trpng
vdo mCia mffa va han ban vao mua khd; gia tang vl
cffdng dp vd tdn suat cdc cdn bao, gifing to'gdy IQ ldn va
ngap lut, lu qudt, trffpt Id da't va xdi mdn; gia tang thifi'u
hut nffdc ddp ffng nbu cau sff dung.

106

Theo bdo cao "Anh hffdng cua mflc
nffdc bien dang cao ddi vdi cdc nffdc
dang phdt trien: Phan ticb so sanh" cua
Ngan hang The gidi (WB) cong bd dau
nam 2007, trffdng hdp mffc nffdc bie'n
dang Ien mdt met, ne^u cbi tinb rieng thifit
hai do mat da't sdn xuat tai cac vdng hi
ngdp ffde tinh tdng san Iffdng Iffdng thffc
cua Campuchia sfi gidm khoang 12%
(khoang nam trifiu tan). Vdi kich bdn
nffdc biln dang mpt met vao cud'i the ky
21, cac tinh vffa liia Idn nhd't Campuchia
se dffng trffdc nguy cd bi dnh hffdng nSag
ne, gay giam stit ddng ke san Iffdng Iffdng

thffc. Nguy cd ciia viec thie'u Iffdng thffc
se trd nfin vo cdng cap bdch.
BDKH dnh hffdng trffe tiep de'n d&i
sd'ng nhan dan Campuchia, nha't la d
nhffng vung bi ngap nffdc. Theo dff bdo
khdng ma'y icha quan cua Bp Tai nguyen
Nffdc va Khi tffdng Campuchia, den
nam 2020, se cd khoang 30 nghin ddn
trfin dia bdn bi ngap tren 1% difin tich,
gom: quan Daun Penh se ngap gan 40
ha, quan Chamka Mon gan 30 ha va qudn
Meanchey khoang 55 ha. Trong khodng
10 nam tifi'p tbeo, se cd khoang 5 qudn bi
ngap de'n gan l^c va de'n nam 2070 sg Id
250 nghin ddn, ga'p gan 8 ldn so vdi ndm
2020. Trong do, cdc khu vffc xung quanh
Bien Hd Tonle Sap se chiu tdc dpng nang

aDi/bio


ne nhal vdi trung binh hen 50 nghin dan
bi anh hffdng.
Ngay ca ddi vdi thanh phd Phnom
Penh, tinh trang thie'u nffdc sinh boat
hong miia khd diln ra ngdy cang nghifim
trong 6 nhilu khu ddn cff thudc cac quan
Por Sencbey, Reussey Keo, Meanchey
vd Dongkor. Trong khi do, xam nbap
man tdc dfing tieu cflc dfi'n cha't Ifldng

nguon nffdc, nffdc ngam. Nffdc sfing
Bassac cd khd nang nhiem man vao mua
khfi, Idm tang kba nang tbieu nffdc ngpt
tren difin rpng.
Vdi 85% dan sd ldm ndng nghifip,
BDKH gdy dnh hffdng nang n l nhd't den
ngdnh ndng nghiep. Hifin nay, da't ndng
nghifip cua Campuchia dang din bi thu
hep, nfin viec dam bao Iffdng thffc cbo
ddn sdngay mpt tdng la thdch thffc khdng
nhd. Theo tinh loan, neu nam 2020, dan
sd Campuchia se la bdn 17 trifiu ngffdi,
thi san Ifldng Ifldng thffc phdi tang ga'p
rfldi hifin nay dd dam bao an ninb Iffdng
thffc qud'c gia. Trong kbi do, do BDKH
Idm mfit sd vung khdng cdn phii hdp vdi
san xud't Iffdng thffc va mdt phan da't hien
trdng cay Iffdng thflc se pbai chuyen dfi'i
th^nh dd't cho nhffng ngffdi phdi di ddi do
ngap lut vdng duyen hai.
Bfin canh dd, san Iffdng mdt so' Ioai
vat nufii cd the bi gidm, do bifin dp dao
dfing ciia nhiet dp, dp a'm vd cdc yfi'u to'
ngoai canh khdc tang Ien. Nhifit dd tdng
cilng vdi bifi'n dpng vl cac yfi'u to'khi hau
v^ thdi tiet khdc cd the lam giam sffc de
khdng cua vat nufii, ddng tbdi, la mdi
trffdng thuan ldi cho cac tdc nhan gay
hfinh bung phdt, gay ra nhffng dai dich
tren gia sue, gia cdm. Da dang sinh hoc

bi dnh hffdng manh me cua BDKH, thdnh
phan va phdn bd dia Iy cua cdc be sinh
thdi se thay ddi. Vung khd ban va ban
khfi ban se trd nfin khac nghiet hdn. Hdu
hfi't cdc viing dat cdt ven bifi'n phia Dfing
Nam se ndng va kho ban hdn, lam tinh
trang sa mac hda difin ra tram trpng. Dd
la chffa k l tdc dfing ciia BDKH dfi'n thiiy
ldi, lam nghiep, thuy sdn va phdt tnen
nfing thon.
Theo bdo cdo ciia Bfi Tai nguyfin
Nffdc vd Kbi tffdng, d Campuchia se xdy
ra hi?n tffdng nffdc mffa bj axil hda, do
Iffdng CO tang dan de'n san Iffdng hai s^dn
v^ Ilia gao giam nghifim trpng. Cdc dam
iio trong da't liln bi nhifim mdn se anh
hffdng dfi'n da dang sinh hpc, nhilu loai
c6 gid tri kinh tfi' hodc y nghTa kboa hpc
se bi tuy?t chiing hodc di cff.

i^iirmniyiirul f u t

BDKH cung lam anh hffdng sdu sac de'n nguon tai
nguyen nffdc, ddn dfi'n dnh hffdng ddng chdy, Iffu Iffdng
dinh lu, dp bdc thoat bdi diu tang khifi'n nguon nffdc
ngpt cung gidm di dang ke. Dff bdo hong tffdng Iai. khi
hau Campuchia se ndng Ifin, Iffdng mfla it di va miia
khd se ngay cdng keo ddi.
Ngodi ra, do boat dfing chan nudi, trong trpt van chii
yfi'u vdi quy md nhd le, manh mun, phan ldn phu thudc

vao Ifldng nfldc tfl nhifin, canh tdc trfin nin da't tha'p,
nfin ngdnh nong nghifip Campuchia da, dang va se chiu
nhieu tdc dfing rtf BDKH, ddi hdi nhffng giai phdp hffu
hifiu hdn nffa gidm thieu nhffng tdc dfing tifiu cffc va
thich li^g vdi BDKH.
GIAI PHAP THICH LfNG
Mot la. day mgnh hogt dgng nghien ciiu xdy dimg ca
che ihig pho vdi BDKH. Can thuc da'y nghien cflu xay
dffng cd che phd'i hdp vd kfi' hoach ffng phd mfit cdch
bdp ly, hifiu qua. Huy ddng lffc Iffdng chuyfin gia d cdc
bfi, nganh, cdc vifin nghien cffu, bpi nghe nghifip de
xay dffng kfi'hoach, chffdng trinh banh dfing, thffc hifin
cdc giai phap thich ffng vdi BDKH trong tffng ITnh vffc.
Td chffc dao tao lai, dao tao mdi, dfii ngij chuyfin gia
khoa boc, can bfi quan Iy nha nffdc cd trinh do cao, de
tham gia giai quye't nhffng vd'n dl cua BDKH thupc cdc
ITnh vflc kinh tfi' ndng nghiep, nfing thfin. Td chffc cac
chffdng trinh h6 trd, tao dieu kifin cho ngffdi ndng dan
thffc bifin cdc bifin phdp thich ffng va gidm thieu lac
ddng ciia BDKH trong sdn xud't va ddi sd'ng. Dac bifit,
Chinh phli Campuchia can nhanh chdng dieu chinh
va long ghep cdc ndi dung ffng phd BDKH trong quy
hoach xay dffng chung ciia dd't nffdc de phat tnen ben
vffng, ke't hdp 3 nhan to' la tang trffdng kinh te, cdng
bdng xa hpi va ben vffng ve mdi trffdng.
Hai la, xdy dung mo hinh cgng ddng dng phd vdi
BDKH. De da't nfldc phdt trien ben vffng trong bfii
cdnh BDKH toan cau, van de xay dflng va trien khai
thffc hifin Chifi'n Ifldc qud'c gia thich ffng va gidm thieu
BDKH, trong dd chii irpng dfi'n ngdnh ndng nghifip va

phat trien ndng thdn Id hfi't sffc can thie^t. Tuy nhien,
Campuchia la mdt qufi'c qia ngheo nen viec thich ffng
vdi BDKH dffa vao cpng ddng la phffdng pbap tifi'p
can ben vffng va mang lai hieu qua cao nha't. Md hinh
nay cd rat nbieu flu diem khi thu hiit dfldc cfing ddng
chii ddng tham gia vao cdc giai phdp ffng plid vdi
thifin tai mang tinb chd't ddi han va ben vffng vdi chi
phi khdng cao.
Thich ffng vdi BDKH dffa vao cdng dong giiip nang
cao nhan thffc cua ngffdi dan ve tfi'ng the mdi trffdng
sd'ng xung quanh, vai hd chu the' cua con ngffdi trong
mfii trffdng sfi'ng, tdc dfing ciia con ngffdi tdi tff nhifin,
tff dd ndng cao ndng lffc ffng phd ctia cdng dfing vdi
BDKH gidm tdi da nhffng tdn thffdng vd tan dung dffpc
nhffng cd hdi ma BDKH mang lai, giiip con ngffdi chii
ddng, nang ddng, lang cffdng tinh doan kfi'i vd sff cpng
tdc cua ta't ca mpi ngffdi de xay dffng mpt cdng ddng an
toan, mpt moi trffdng sdng cd tinh dan hdi cao.

107


SHiN RA THE GlQl

Ngodi ra, d l bdo dam boat dpng san
Ba Id, chuyen dich eg cdu kinh ti'. ca cdu cdy irong.
vgt nuoi phu hop vdi tinh hinh diin bien ihdi tiel, khi xud't, kinh doanh cua thanh phd Phnom
hgu, ffng dung khoa hpc, ky thuat vdo san xua't ndng Penh - dau tau kinh te' cua ca nffdc,
nghiep. Tie'n hdnh chuyen dich cd ca'u kinh tfi', cd cd'u Campuchia phai cd cac gidi phdp ffng
cay trdng hdp ly, thffc hifin canh tac ben vihig, than phd quy hoach ngudn cap nffdc mdi an

thien vdi mfii trffdng. Dong thdi, mdt trong nhffng viec todn hdn hoac dp dyng cdc cdng nghfi
cap thiet hifin nay la phdi dffa khoa hpc, cdng nghe vdo x^ Iy nffdc tifin tie'n bdn, quan Iy siJ
dung hifiu qud ngudn tdi
nfing nghiep. Nhffng gifing Iiia mdi
nguyen nffdc, dp dung cdc
vdi ndng sua't cao vd Icha nang chfi'ng
Campucliia la mOt
cfing nghe vd phffdng thffc
chiu thdi tifi't khac nghiet sfi vd cilng
qudc
qia
ngheo
ndn
san xua^t tifi't kifim nffdc;
quan trpng trong thdi gian tdi.
nbanh chdng xdy dffng
vide
thich
rfng
vdi
Bdn Id, hop tdc qudc te trong
hoan chinh hfi thdng ca^
BDKH di^a vao cdng
viec tim gidi phdp gidm thieu vd
nffdc de cung ca'p cho cdc
thich ling vdi BDKH. Thdng qua
dong la phtfdng phap
qudn xung quanh Thanh
cdc chffdng tnnh dien dan qufi'c tfi',
tie'p c$n bin vtfhg

phd. Mat khdc, can xdy
ichu vffc, Campuchia cd the hpc bdi
dffng he tbd'ng thodt nffdc,
va
mang
lai
hidu
qua
nhffng kinh nghiem ve gidm tliifi'u va
Cling co' dfi bao vd cdc
cao
nhd't..
thich ffng vdi BDKH d cdc qud'c gia
cdng trinh dilu tiet, kilm
khdc nhau. Dien binh nhff Dien dan
sodt t n l u va lu, md rfing
thffdng nien Viing Duyfin hdi ldn thff
cdc ho dilu tie't, giff to'i da cac khu vffc
II cai thifin sffc chfi'ng chju vdi tdc ddng bifi'n ddi khi
chffa nffdc, nham giam thilu sff gia tdng
bau - Vung ven bifi'n Ddng Nam A difin ra vdo thdng
ddng chdy va giff Iai sdng rach de hd trd
10/2013 vffa qua, da cd nhffng trao doi ra't hffu ich ve
tifiu thodt nffdc, gidi quye't cd ban tinh
ffng phd vdi BDKH. Dac biet, Difin dan cd ndi den md
trang ngap nffdc do mffa tai cdc lffu vffc
hinh ddng qudn ly dang trien khai tai nhilu huyfin ven
ngoai vi va phdn dien tich cdn lai cua
bien cua tinb Sdc Trang (Viet Nam) dflpc nhieu nffdc
Thanh phd.Q

quan tdm, hoc hdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

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1. Bfi Tai nguyfin Nfldc vd Kbi tffpng Campuchia (2012). Bdo cdo tinh Irgng ldi nguyen nudc vd
khi tugng ndm 2012 vd irien khai ndm 2013, tai Ueu dicb tff tieng Campuchia
2.Bd NongLam vaNgyi nghidp Campuchia (2012). Bdo cdo tdng kit phdt trien nong nghiep ndm
2011-2012 vd dinh hudng ndm 2012-2013, tai hfiu dicb tff tifi'ng Campuchia
3.UBND tinb Svay Rieng (2012). Quy hogch phdl triin kinh ti'-xd hgi tinh Svay Riing ndm 20122015. tai lieu dich tff tifi'ng Campuchia
4. Xuan Khu (2012). Campuchia chiu dnh hudng ngng lit bie'n ddi khi hgu. truy cdp tff http://www.
vietnamplus.vn/campuchia-chiu-anh-huong-nang-tu-bien-doi-khi-hau/174745.vnp
5. World Bank (2011). Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda, truy cdp tff
bttps://openknowledge.woridbank.org/bandle/10986/2312

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