Giảm thiệt hại trượt lở đất đá vùng miền núi Việt Nam

Thi/c tien - Kinh nghiem

^/Giam thiet hai triitft lof dat da
vimg mieii nui Viet Nam
O TS.LE LUONG
Chinh Van phdng - Lien hiep cic Hdi Khoa hgc vi Ky thuit Vidt Nam

rong nhiiu nam qua, trUtft Id di't di(TLDD) li logi hmh thien tai xay
ra thudng xuydn d cic vung miin ndi nudc ta, gay thigt hgi nghiem
trgng ve ngUdi, cd sd vgt chat vi mdi trudng. Vi v$y, Thu tUdng
Chinh phu da ra Quydt djnh sd351/QD-TTg ve vigc phe duygt Di in "Diiu
tra, dinh gii vi phan vung canh bio nguy cd trUtft id dat di cic vung miin
mil Vigt Nam". Di in niy dUtfc thtfc hi$n se Iim glim nguy cd TLDD trong
mCia mua.

T

TrUdt Id dat da la gi?
Nguydn nhin cQa eic hien
tUdng TLDD la do eac hidn tUdng
tai biln dja chit lien quan din sU
dich ehuyin cQa vit lidu di't, d i ,
minh vgn tU tren sudn doc xgong
phia dudi v i ra phia ngoii dudi
tic ddng eua trpng igc. Cic hien
tupng niy ed thi xiy ra tren bit
ky dja hinh nio khi m i cic dilu
kien ve vat chit, dp Im v i dp die
eua sudn eho phep. TLDD cd thi
dupe kich hoat do nhilu ylu to
ngoai sinh nhU: Mua, bao, lu, Igt,

eic qgi trinh phong hda dit di...
v i ndi sinh nhu ddng di't, hay do
eon ngudi Iim mit dp on djnh
sudn dde, tang chin rung do min
hoac miy mdc, tang trpng t i i len
mat sudn dd'e, tang khi nang xdi
mdn, Iim ylu dp lien kit eua dit
di, lam ylu di khi nang giO dat
ciia rd cay do eie hoat ddng pha
rUng, no min, KTKS, san lap, eat,
xd sudn ddi, nui de xay dung
dudng s i . nha ciia va eac cdng
trinh khie. Tai biln niy ed the
36

din tdi thim hoa Idn cho con
ngudi v i xa hdi.
6 cic vung ddi, nui nude ta
TLDD thudng xiy ra bat ngd trong
mua mUa bao, khdng nhOng gdy
inh hudng din ddi sdng KT-XH
v i tinh mgng ngUdi din, m i edn
gdy nen sU bat on v l tinh thin.
Cae vung miin nui cd dac dilm
dja hinh phin cat. dp die Idn. din
eU sing tap trung d chin dli. nui.
dudi tie ddng eua nhilu hoat
ddng nhin sinh cua con ngudi
nhu xdy dung giao thdng. eie
cdng trinh thuy dien. thuy Idi, cic

hoat ddng chit phi rUng,... hien
tUdng TLDD ludn rinh rdp, de dpa
cupc song v i tinh mang cua ngudi
din, khiln nhUng ton thi't v l
ngudi v i eiJa ngay cang tang.
Chinh vi viy, edng tie dieu tra,
dinh gii v i phin vung einh bio
nguy ed TLDD mdt each he thdng
trong khudn kho D l i n se tiln tdi
xiy dUng dUde mdt bd ed sd dU
lieu qud'c gia ve TLDD, Iim so lieu
dau vio de xiy dung cae md hinh
du bio v i einh bio cac mUe dd

Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tru'dng | Kyi-Thing 12/2016

nguy cd TLDD cd t h i xiy ra trong
cic khu vUe da dieu tra v i nhOng
khu vUc cd cic dieu kidn tU nhidn
v i mdi trudng tUdng dong.
Th^c te khoanh viing trUdt
Id dat da hi|n nay
Sau mdt thdi gian triln khai
thuc hien, De i n da thu dUde mdt
so k i t q u i nha't djnh. Thing
11/2014, bd s i n pham dieu tra
hidn trgng TLDD ty Id 1:50000
khu vUe miin nui gom 10 tinh: Lai
Chiu, Dien Bien, Sdn La, Lao
Cai, Vdn Bii, H i Giang. Bac Kgn,

Tuydn Quang. Thanh Hda v&
Nghd An da dUdc chuyen giao vl
eic dja phUdng. Cic sin phim
da nhin dUde rat nhilu y kiln
gdp y v i phin hdi tich cuc tU cac
dia phUdng v i ddn vj lien quan
true tilp sii dung kit q u i BUdc 1
eua De i n . Tilp nd'i thinh cdng
dd. tu thing 11/2016. Bd TN&MT
eung Vien Khoa hpc DC&KS tiep
tge ehuyen giao cac s i n pham la
cic kit q u i Bude 1 - 2 theo quy
trinh todn De i n da hoin thien
vao cic nam 2014 - 2015. Bd


sin pham bao gom: Bin do hidn
trgng TLDD t^ le 1:50.000 cic
tinh: Cao Bang. Bic Giang.
Quing Ninh v i Hda Binh; Bin do
vung einh bio nguy ed TLDD ty
le 1:50.000 cic tinh: Lio Cai. Ydn
Bii. Thanh Hda, Nghd An. Trong
dd sin phim eua Bude 1 l i bd
bin dd hien trang TLDD, Id kit
qui thUc hien nhiem vg thu thap.
ting hdp t i i lieu, s l lidu tU cic
nguon thdng tin khie nhau, trpng
tim la cdng tic khio sit thuc dja
d l dilu tra hidn trgng TLDD va

eic ylu td thanh phan giy nen
hien tUdng TLDD. Diy l i hgng
mgc edng tie dilu tra cd bin
nhat, chilm nhilu thdi gian triln
khai nhat nhung lai ed tim quan
trpng eao nhi't trong toin bd quy
trinh trien khai eua toin De an.
Sin phim ciia Bude 2 l i bd bin
dd phin vung einh bio nguy cd
TLDD, la kit q u i thUe hien eic
nhidm vg dinh gia hidn trgng
TLDD trong eie khu vUe d i dieu
tra, phan tich mli lien quan vdi
cic yeu td thanh phan nham xic
djnh eic nguyen nhdn chinh giy
nen hidn tUpng TLDD trong khu
vuc. Tren ed s6 dd, D l i n xdy
dung eac md hinh phu hdp d l
danh gii. du bio va phdn vung
einh bio nguy cd TLDD cho eie
khu vuc da dUde dieu tra v i eho
cic khu vuc cd dilu kien tu nhien
- mdi trudng tUdng ddng. Bd bin
dd niy dUde xiy dung d ty le
1:50.000, vdi mUe dp ehi tilt tdi
cap xa. Nhu viy, 2 bd bin dd sin
pham dau tidn eua D l an the hien
su einh bio nguy cd TLDD tren
toan bd dien tich cic khu vUe da
dieu tra, bao gdm e i eac khu vUc

khdng ed ddn eU. Bd sin pham
BUde 3 se eung cap cic thdng tin
chi tilt hdn ve tin suit, quy md
xiy ra TLDD, va cd bao gdm yeu
td kich hogt chinh la eac ngudng
mUa gay trUdt. Bd sin pham eua
BUde 4 se eung cap thdng tin ve

cac mUc dp chju ton thUdng v i risi bay chgp inh vidn thim. Chua ke
ro ddi vdi con ngUdi, t i i sin, cd sd den nhieu sU c l trUdt trong q u i
hg tang eho eic khu vUc tap trung khU khd tim Igi dUdc dau vit,
dan eU, ke e i eic khu vUc se quy hoac chua khdi phue dUdc cic
hogch phit triln v i bo tri din cU thdng tin Ijch sQ. Sau thdi gian
trong tUdng lai.
dilu tra, trUdt Id di't d i van tilp
Qua dilu tra hien trgng cCia tge xiy ra. Viec cap nhat thdng tin
14 tinh v i kit q u i phan vung cho cic bin do niy vin dUde B^
einh bio nguy ed cua 4 tinh: Lio i n thUe hien thdng qua cic hogt
Cai, Yen Bii, Thanh Hda (12 huydn) ddng kilm tra phii hdp vdi Ban
v i Nghd An (11 huyen), e i 4 tinh Chi dgo Trung Udng ve Phdng,
nay diu dUde dinh gii cd mUe dp Ching thidn tai tgi cic tinh dja
nguy cd TLDD cao v i eho tdi hidn phUdng v i o cic mua mua bao,
nay thi chua t h i xic djnh dUde nhung rit hgn ehi. Do viy, D l i n
chinh xic tinh nio cd nguy cd rat cin sU phoi hdp cua cic sd.
ban. nganh. dja phUdng cic cip
TLDD cao nhat.
v
i edng dong dan cU dja phUdng
Xet trong phgm vi tUng dja
cap

nhat thdng tin thien tai. Hien
phUdng, eie tinh ed cic mUc dp
nay,
D l i n da v i dang d l nghj
nguy cd khie nhau chilm ty Id
cic
dia
phUdng sCf dgng hd thong
didn tfch rat khic nhau. Cic khu
vuc ed nguy cd TLDD rat cao cd sd dU lieu khdng gian trge
chilm ty Id dien tfch Idn nhat 6 tuyln - WebGIS hoac thu dien tif
tinh Ydn Bii (chiem khoing 18% d l cap nhat thdng tin thien tai eho
dien tfch tinh), sau dd l i eic tinh O l i n v i eho cic dja phUdng.
Nghe An (chilm khoing 13% didn
He thdng cae bin do phdn
tfch khu vuc miin nui cua tinh), vung einh bio la kit qui eic md
Lio Cai (chilm khoing 12% dien hinh du bio v i einh bao theo
tfch tinh) v i Thanh Hda (chilm phUdng phip SMCE v i cic md
khoing 5% dien tich khu vUc hinh ma nguon md khie. DU lieu
miin nui ciia tinh). Cic khu vuc diu vio l i cac bin do cac ylu t l
ed nguy cd TLDD cao chilm ty Id thinh phan nguydn nhin giy
didn tich Idn nhit d cung d tinh trUdt tgi tUng khu vue. Cac bin dd
Yen Bii (chilm 32% dien tich thinh phan niy t h i hien thuc
tinh), sau dd l i cac tinh: Lio Cai trgng cic dilu kien tu nhien - mdi
(chiem 29% dien tich tinh), Nghe trudng tgi cic nam xiy dung
An (chilm 26% dien tich khu vuc chung. Do vay, cac mUc dp nguy
mien nui cua tinh) v i Thanh Hda ed TLDD vin cd the thay dli do
(chilm 20% dien tfch khu vuc su thay doi ciia cac ylu to thinh
mien nui ciia tinh). Nlu xet ting phan. Hien nay, D l i n chi cap
the e i 4 tinh niy, 2 tinh Lio Cai nhat thdng tin cho eic bin d l

va Ydn Bii ed mUe dd nguy cd phdn vung dli vdi cic khu vUc
TLDD cao tUdng dUdng nhau, ed bo sung dU lieu mdi cap
thap hdn l i tinh Nghe An v i cudi nhat hdn nhu hdn nhu dja mao,
ciJng l i tinh Thanh Hda.
thim phtj, hien trgng SDD, khu
vuc dja hinh bi thay doi bdi he
Van d l dat ra
thdng dudng giao thdng mdi xdy
Bd bin dd hien trgng TLDD
dupe thanh lap tren cd sd thUe dung. Cap nhat thdng tin eie bin
trgng eie dilu kien tu nhien, mdi dd phdn vung se mang Igi hieu
trudng edn quan sit dUde tgi nam qui eao trong cdng tie phdng,
dieu tra, khio sit v i thdi diem chd'ng TLDD.B
Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tru'dng | Ky 1 - Thang 12/2016

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