chap01 pps Automotive technology at University of Cambridge

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Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition
By James D. Halderman

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OBJECTIVES:
After studying Chapter 1, the reader should
be able to:

•
•
•
•
•

Explain the evolution of the automobile.
Discuss the major components of a vehicle.
Describe the evolution of engines.
List the common components of most vehicles.
List eight areas of automotive service.

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KEY TERMS:
air filter • body • body-on-frame (BOF) • carbon monoxide

(CO) • catalytic converter • chassis • coolant
drive shaft • evaporative emission system (EVAP) • exhaust
gas recirculation (EGR) • flat head • frames • hydrocarbon
(HC)
ignition control module (ICM) • inline engine • intake
manifold • internal combustion engine
malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) • manufacturer’s suggested
retail price (MSRP)
Continued
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KEY TERMS:
OBD-II • oil filter • oil galleries • oil pan • oil pump • oil sump
• overhead cam (OHC) • overhead valve (OHV) • oxides of
nitrogen (NOX)
PCV valve • pillars • positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) •
propeller shaft
radiator • scan tool • self-propelled vehicle
thermostat • transaxle • transfer case
unibody • universal joints (U-joints)
water jackets • water pump
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
For centuries, man walked or used animals for transportation. After
the invention of mechanical propulsion systems, people used selfpropelled vehicles, which move under their own power.
Major milestones in vehicle development include:
1876 The OTTO four-stroke cycle engine developed by
German engineer, Mikolaus Otto.
1885 First automobile powered by an OTTO engine
designed by Karl Frederick Beary.
1892 Rudolf Diesel receives patent for compression
ignition engine. First diesel engine built 1897.
Continued
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1896

Henry Ford (1863-1947) builds his first car, called the
Quadricycle.

1900 About 4,200 automobiles were sold, including:

•
•
•

40% steam powered
38% battery/electric
22% gasoline engine powered

1902

Oldsmobile, founded by Ransom E. Olds, produces
first large-scale, affordable vehicle.

1908

William Durant forms General Motors.

Continued
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Figure 1–1

A Ford Quadricycle built by Henry Ford.

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1908 Ford Model T introduced.
1912 Electric starter invented by Charles F. Kettering.
First used on a Cadillac, the starter was produced
by Dayton Electric Laboratories Company (Delco).
1914 First car with 100% steel body made by Budd
Corporation for Dodge.
1922 Indianapolis-built Duesenberg is first vehicle with
four-wheel hydraulically operated brakes.

Continued
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1940 First fully automatic transmission introduced by
Oldsmobile.
1973 Airbags offered as an option on some GM vehicles.
1985 Lincoln offers first four-wheel antilock braking system.
1997 First vehicle with electronic stability control offered by
Cadillac.

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BODIES
Early motor vehicles used horse-drawn carriages with the engine
attached. Most bodies were wood.
Bodies evolved until in the 1930s, all-steel-enclosed bodies became
the most used type.
All bodies depended on a
frame of wood or steel to
support chassis components.

Figure 1–2
Most vehicle bodies were constructed
with a wood framework until the 1920s.

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CHASSIS SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
The vehicle chassis system includes the following components:
1. Vehicle frame or body, used to provide support for
suspension, steering components and powertrain.
2. Suspension system, which provides a smooth ride.
Suspension includes springs and control arms which allow
the wheel to move up and down, helping keep the tires on the
road, even when traveling over rough roads.
3. Braking system, used to slow and stop wheel rotation, which
in turn stops the vehicle. The system includes the brake
pedal, master cylinder, plus wheelbrakes to each wheel.
Continued
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3.
3b. Disc brakes are typically used on the front of the car. They
include a caliper which applies force to brake pads on both
sides of a rotating disc or rotor.
Drum brakes use brake shoes applied by hydraulic pressure
outward against a rotating brake drum attached to the
wheels. Drum brakes are used on the rear of most vehicles.
4. Wheels and tires. The wheels are attached to bearing hubs
on the axles. Tires provide traction for accelerating, braking
and cornering, and a comfortable ride. Wheels are

constructed of steel or aluminum alloy. They are mounted to
the hubs using lug nuts, which must be tightened to the
proper torque.
Continued
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The chassis components include:
Front and rear suspension
Axles and hubs (to support the wheels and tires)
Steering mechanism
Engine and transmission

Final drive differential and axles

Often, chassis were so complete they could be driven without a
body.
Many expensive automakers in the 1920s and 1930s had bodies
built by another company. Bodies were eventually made of steel,
many without needing frame support for drivetrain and suspension.

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Figure 1–3 A chassis of a 1950s era vehicle showing the engine, drivetrain, frame and

suspension.

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Treat a Vehicle Body with Respect
Do not sit on a vehicle. The metal can easily be distorted, which could cost
hundreds of dollars to repair. This includes sitting on the hood, roof, and
deck (trunk) lid, as well as fenders. Also, do not hang on any opened door
as this can distort the hinge area causing the door not to close properly.

Body Terms The roof of a vehicle is supported by pillars, labeled

A, B, C, and D, from the front to the rear of the vehicle.
All vehicles have an A pillar at the windshield. Many, such as hardtops, do not have a B pillar. Station wagons and SUVs often have a
D pillar at the rear of the vehicle.

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Figure 1–4

Body and terms.

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FRAMES
Frame construction usually consists of channel-shaped steel beams
welded and/or fastened together.
Vehicles with a separate frame and body are usually called
body-on-frame (BOF) vehicles.
NOTE: A typical vehicle contains about 10,000 separate individual parts.

Continued
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Figure 1–5
this body.

Note the ribbing and the many pieces of sheet metal used in the construction of

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Figure 1–6 A Corvette without the body. Notice that the vehicle is complete enough to be
driven. This photo was taken at the Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky.

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Terms used to label or describe the frame of a vehicle include:
Unit-Body Construction (Sometimes called unibody) combines
the body with the frame structure. The body is composed of
individual stamped-steel panels welded together. The strength lies
in the shape of the assembly. The typical vehicle uses about 300
separate stamped-steel panels that spot-welded together.

Space Frame Construction Formed sheet steel used to construct
a framework of an entire vehicle, drivable without the body. Uses
plastic or steel panels to cover the steel framework.

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ENGINE DESIGN EVOLUTION
All gasoline and diesel engines are internal combustion engines,
designed to compress an ignitable mixture, and ignite it using a
spark (gasoline) or heat of compression (diesel).
Early engines used valves in the engine block, which contained
round cylinders where pistons were fitted.
The pistons connected to a crankshaft, converting the up and
down motion of the pistons to rotary force, propelling the vehicle.

Continued
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Inline versus V-Type Design Early engines used four or six
cylinders arranged in line. Called inline engines, they are still
produced today. Some engines with 4, 6, 8, 12,or 16 cylinders
were arranged with half of the cylinders on each side of a “V ”,
connected to a crankshaft in the bottom of the “V.”
Valve Location Design The design with valves located in the
block is called flat-head design. The cylinder head covers the
combustion chamber and includes a hole for the spark plug.
The engine block contains passages for coolant as well as
lubricating oil and is the support for all other engine systems.

Continued
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Figure 1–7 A Ford flathead V-8 engine. This engine design was used by Ford Motor Company
from 1932 through 1952.

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By the 1950s, most designs placed the valves in the cylinder head.
This is called an overhead valve or OHV design.
Even newer engine designs feature overhead camshafts (OHC),
which results in better flow of intake air into and exhaust out of
the engine.

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The need for reduced emissions and greater fuel economy led
to advances in engine design.
These changes included:
Electronic ignition systems
Electronic fuel injection
Computerized engine controls
Emission control devices, including the catalytic converter
used in the exhaust system to reduce emissions
Improved engine oils that help reduce friction and emissions

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