chap07 pps Automotive technology at University of Cambridge

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Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition
By James D. Halderman

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OBJECTIVES:
After studying Chapter 7, the reader should
be able to:

•
•

•

Define the term Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS).
Identify hazardous waste materials in
accordance with state and federal regulations
and follow proper safety precautions while
handling hazardous waste materials.
Describe the steps required to safely handle
and store automotive chemicals and waste.

Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition
By James D. Halderman

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KEY TERMS:
Aboveground Storage Tank (AGST) • asbestosis •
Battery Council International (BCI)
Clean Air Act (CAA) • Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) •
hazardous waste material • mercury • mesothelioma •
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) • Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) • right-to-know
laws
solvent • underground storage tank (UST) • Workplace
Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS)
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
The United States Congress passed the Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA) in 1970.
This legislation was designed to assist and encourage the citizens
of the United States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful
working conditions by providing research, information, education,
and training in the field of occupational safety and health.
Approximately 25% of workers are exposed to health and safety
hazards on the job. OSHA standards are necessary to monitor,
control, and educate workers regarding health and safety in the
workplace.

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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous waste materials are chemicals or components the
shop no longer needs and pose a danger to people and the
environment if disposed of in ordinary garbage cans or sewers.
Material is not considered hazardous waste until the shop has
finished using it and is ready to dispose of it.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes a list of
hazardous materials, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
The EPA considers waste hazardous if it is on the EPA list of
hazardous materials or has one or more of these characteristics:
Continued
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Reactive Any material which reacts violently with water or other
chemicals is considered hazardous.
Corrosive If a material burns the skin, or dissolves metals and
other materials, consider it hazardous.
A pH scale is used, with number 7 indicating neutral. Pure water
has a pH of 7. Lower numbers indicate an acidic solution, higher
numbers a caustic solution.
If a material releases cyanide gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, or
similar gases when exposed to low pH acid solutions, it is
considered hazardous.

Continued
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Toxic Materials are hazardous if they leak one or more of eight
different heavy metals in concentrations greater than 100 times
the primary drinking water standard.
Ignitable A liquid is hazardous if it has a flash point below
140°F (60°C), and a solid is hazardous if it ignites spontaneously.
Radioactive A substance emitting measurable levels of radiation
is radioactive.
When individuals bring containers of a radioactive substance into
the shop environment, qualified personnel with the appropriate
equipment must test them.

Continued
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CAUTION: When handling hazardous waste material, one must always
wear the proper protective clothing and equipment detailed in the right-to
know laws. This includes respirator equipment. All recommended
procedures must be followed accurately. Personal injury may result from
improper clothing, equipment, and procedures when handling hazardous
materials.
Hazardous waste disposal laws include serious penalties for anyone
responsible for breaking these laws.

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RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
ACT (RCRA)
Federal and state laws control disposal of hazardous waste. Every
shop employee must be familiar with these laws.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) states
hazardous material users are responsible for such materials from
the time they become waste until proper disposal is completed.
Many shops hire independent haulers to dispose of hazardous
waste material. A shop may also choose to recycle the material.
Therefore, the user must store hazardous waste material properly
and safely and be responsible for it until it can be processed
according to the law.
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RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
(cont.)
ACT (RCRA)
The RCRA controls these types of automotive waste:
Paint and body repair products waste
Solvents for parts and equipment cleaning
Batteries and battery acid
Mild acids used for metal cleaning and preparation
Waste oil, and engine coolants or antifreeze
Air-conditioning refrigerants and oils
Engine oil filters

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RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAWS
The right-to-know laws state employees have a right to know
when the materials they use at work are hazardous.
The right-to know laws started with the Hazard Communication
Standard published by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) in 1983, originally intended for chemical
companies and manufacturers.
Federal courts have applied these laws to all companies, including
automotive service shops. Under the laws, employees must be
trained about hazardous materials they will encounter.

The employees must be informed of their rights under legislation
regarding the handling of hazardous materials.
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CLEAN AIR ACT
Air-conditioning (A/C) systems and refrigerant are regulated by the
Clean Air Act (CAA), Title VI, Section 609.
Technician certification and service equipment are also regulated,
and techs working on automotive A/C systems must be certified.
A/C refrigerants must not be released or vented into the atmosphere,
and used refrigerants must be recovered.

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)
All hazardous materials must be properly labeled, and information
about each material, available from the manufacturer, posted on
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
In Canada, these documents are called Workplace Hazardous
Materials Information Systems (WHMIS).
The employer has a responsibility to place Material Safety Data
Sheets where they are easily accessible by all employees.

Continued
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Figure 7–1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be readily available for use by
anyone in the area who may come into contact with hazardous materials.

MSDS information
station.

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Both the MSDS and the WHMIS provide this information:
Chemical name and physical characteristics
Protective handling equipment; explosion and fire hazards
Incompatible materials; health hazards
Medical conditions aggravated by exposure
Emergency and first-aid procedures,
Safe handling and spill/leak procedures.
The employer must ensure all hazardous materials are properly
labeled. The label must include health, fire, and reactivity hazards,
and protective equipment necessary to handle the material.

This information must be read and understood employees before
handling the material.
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THE DANGERS OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS
Friction materials, such as brake and clutch linings, often contain asbestos. Eliminated from
most original equipment materials, the tech cannot know if a vehicle being serviced is
equipped with friction materials containing asbestos.

CAUTION: Never use compressed air to blow brake dust. The fine talcIt is brake
important

all friction
materials
be handled
as if they
contain
asbestos. is
Exposure
can cause
like
dust
can create
a health
hazard
even
if asbestos
not present
or
scar tissue in the lungs, a permanent condition called asbestosis.
is present in dust rather than fiber form.

Continued
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Even low exposures to can cause mesothelioma, a fatal cancer of
the chest or abdominal cavity. It can increase risk of cancer of the
lung, voice box, stomach, and large intestine. It usually takes 15
to 30 years for scarring to appear, called the latency period.
Government agencies recommend that asbestos exposure should
be eliminated or controlled to the lowest level possible.
These agencies developed recommendations and standards that
the service tech and equipment manufacturer should follow.
These agencies include the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), and the US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
Continued
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Disposal of Brake Dust and Brake Shoes The hazard of asbestos
occurs when the fibers are airborne.
Once asbestos is wetted down, it is considered solid rather than
hazardous waste. Old brake shoes and pads should be enclosed
in a plastic bag to help prevent any material becoming airborne.

Always follow current federal and local
laws concerning disposal of all waste.

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USED BRAKE FLUID
Most brake fluid is made from polyglycol, is water soluble, and
considered hazardous if it has absorbed metals from the brake
system. Safety tips when handling used brake fluid:

Collect brake fluid in containers clearly marked for the purpose
If your waste brake fluid is hazardous, manage it appropriately
If nonhazardous, determine from your local waste collection
provider what should be done for proper disposal
Do not mix brake fluid with used engine oil unless otherwise
notified by the licensed recycler
Do not pour brake fluid down drains or onto the ground
Recycle brake fluid through a registered recycler

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USED OIL
Any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that has been used.
During use, impurities, dirt, metal scrapings, water, or chemicals
can mix with oil. Eventually, used oil must be replaced with
virgin or re-refined oil.
If used oil enters a sewage treatment plant, concentrations as low
as 50 to 100 ppm (parts per million) can foul sewage treatment
processes.
Never mix hazardous waste, gasoline, waste water, halogenated

solvent, antifreeze, or an unknown waste material with used oil.
Continued
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Disposal of Used Oil Once oil has been used, it can be collected,
recycled, and used again.
An estimated 380 million gallons of used oil are recycled each
year.
Used engine oil can be re-refined and sold as engine oil or
processed for furnace fuel oil.
After collecting used oil in an appropriate container , it must be

disposed of in one of two ways:
Shipped off-site for recycling
Burned in an EPA-approved heater for energy recovery
Continued
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Used Oil Storage Used oil in an existing underground storage tank
(UST) or an aboveground storage tank (AGST), or kept
in separate containers.
Keep used oil storage drums in good condition. Covered, secured from
vandals, properly labeled, and maintained in compliance with local fire

codes.
Frequent inspections for leaks, corrosion, and spills are essential.
Used oil may be stored in units designed for regulated hazardous waste.

Continued
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Figure 7–2

An aboveground storage tank for used oil.

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Used Oil Filter Disposal Regulations Used oil filters contain used
engine oil that may be hazardous.
Before an oil filter is placed in trash or sent to be recycled, it must
be drained using methods approved by the EPA.
Puncture filter antidrainback valve or dome end, hot drain at
least 12 hours
Hot drain and crush
Dismantle and hot drain
Any hot draining method to remove all used oil from the filter

After the oil has been drained, the filter housing can be disposed
of by recycling, pickup by a service company, or in regular trash.

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Wash Hands
Service technicians should wash their hands with soap and water after
handling engine oil, or differential or transmission fluids, or wear protective
rubber gloves.

Figure 7–3 Washing hands and

removing jewelry are two important
safety habits all service technicians
should practice.

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