Chapter 3 - Mệnh đề phụ

Chapter 3: Subordinate Clauses ( Mệnh đề phụ )
I. Relative Clause ( Mệnh đề quan hệ )
1. Relative Pronouns ( Đại Từ Quan hệ )

For Person

Subject
Who/That

Object
Whom/ That

Possessive ( sở hữu )
Whose

For Things

Which/ That

Which/ That

Whose / Of Which

2. Relative Clauses
a) Chỉ người
* Subject

Who/ That
Eg:

•

•
•

They are workers. They come from Thanh Hoa.
They are workers who/that come from Thanh Hoa.
The man is friendly. He lives next door to me.
The man who/that lives next door to me is friendly.
The man saw me this morning is my neighbour.
The man who/that saw me this morning is my neighbour

* Object

(Whom/ Who/That)
Eg:

•
•
•

This is the man. I saw him this morning
This is the man (whom/who/that) I saw this morning.
I saw the man this morning. He is very friendly
The man (whom/who/that) I saw this morning is very friendly.
An has many friends. I know some of them.
An has many friends, some of whom I know.

* Possessive ( sở hữu )

Whose

Eg:

•
•

That is the man. I know his daughter.
That is the man whose daughter I know.
Mr Brain’s team lost the game. He looked sad.
Mr Brain, whose team lost the game, looked sad.

b) Chỉ vật (For Things)
* Subject

Which/ That
Eg:

•
•
•

This is the computer. It was made in China.
This is the computer which/that was made in China.
The computer looks new. It was made in China.
The computer which/that was made in China looks new.
An has a lot of books. Some of these books are in English.
An has a lot of books, some of which are in English.

* Note:
- “That” thường dùng trong các trường hợp đứng sau Đại từ bất định ( Anyone,

Someone, Somebody,..) và trong các câu nói bình phẩm , So sánh nhất, (The first, The
second, ... )
Eg: Do you know anyone that can use this machine?
She’s the best woman (that) I’ve ever known.
- Trường hợp chức năng là Object, có thể bỏ Đại từ quan hệ .
- Trong câu nói Lịch sự, đưa giới từ lên trước đại từ quan hệ.
- Các trường hợp dùng “,” :
Tên riêng

Đại từ chỉ định (This, that)

Cụm từ “all of”, “one of”

Trạng từ sở hữu

Vật duy nhất

3. Adverbial Relative Pronouns (Phó từ đứng sau đại từ quan hệ)

Where
When
Why

in/on/at/from/through +
which
on/in/at + which
for + which

There
Then

place. I have ever spent my holiday at this place/ there.

Eg:

•

This is the


•
•

This is the place which/that I have ever spent my holiday at.
This is the place at which/where I have ever spent my holiday.
The day is the happiest day. I first when to university on the day/ then.
The day which/that I first when to university on is the happiest day.
The day on which/ when I first when to university is the happiest day.
Please tell me the reason. You come late for that reason.
Please tell me the reason for which/why you come late.
Please tell me the reason which you come late for.

4. Cleft sentences (Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn)
a) Rút gọn bằng “V-ing” trong câu chủ động.
Eg: That is the boy who broke/ breaking the window.
b) Rút gọn bằng “V-ed” trong câu bị động.
Eg: The car which was made/ made in Germany is very expensive.
c) Rút gọn bằng “To V”.
- Số thứ tự (the first, the only, the second,..)
Eg: Jack is the last person who left/ to leave the building.

- For sb to V
Eg: They have a small garden where their children can play.
They have a small garden for their children to play.
II. Clauses of Reasons ( Mệnh đề chỉ lí do )
1. Cụm từ chỉ lí do
N
N.P (Noun Phrase)
V-ing

Because of

Eg: We came late because of
2. Mệnh đề chỉ lí do
S+ V+

Because
As
Since

+ Mệnh đề

= due to = owing to = on account
of
the rain
the heavy rain
raining


it rained
it rained heavily

the rain was heavy

Eg: we came late because

* Note: - “Since” và “As” thường đứng đầu câu
- “Because” đứng ở giữa câu
III. Clause of Concession (Mệnh đề chỉ nhượng bộ)
1. Cụm từ chỉ nhượng bộ ( Phrasals of Concession )
In spite of
Despite

N
N.P (Noun Phrase)
V-ing

Eg: We came in time of

the rain
the heavy rain
raining

2. Mệnh đề chỉ nhượng bộ
Although
Even though
Though

+ Mệnh đề, Mệnh đề

Eg: We came in time though

it rained
it rained heavily
the rain was heavy

3. Cấu trúc với No Mater , “Cho dù thế nào , thì ...”
who/that/where/when/which/why
a) No matter
How

adj
adv
Eg: No matter when you return, I’ll will always wait for you
No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t lift that box
Whoever
Whatever
+N
Whenever
b)“Cho dù thế nào ,thì..”
Wherever
Whichever
However +
adj
adv

S + be/V , S + V

S + be/V , S + V


Eg:

•
•
•

Whoever leaves the room, turn the lights off
However hard his life is, he tries to do the best
Whatever kind of jobs he does, he seems to be successful

IV. Conditional Sentences ( Câu điều kiện )
1. Form
Types
0

“ If ” Clause
Present Simple Tense

Main Clause
Present Simple Tense

1

Present Simple Tense

Future Simple Tense

2

Past simple Tense

3

Past perfect Tense

Mixe
d

Past simple/perfect Tense

Would/ Could + V
(Tương lai đơn trong quá
khứ)
Would/ Could have + PII
( Tương lai hoàn thành trong
quá khứ )
Would/Could + V/ +have PII

Eg0: If you want to go to university, You’ d better/ have to study.
Eg1: If I have money tonight, I will lend some.
Eg2: If I had money now, I would lend you some.
Eg3: If I had had money then, I would have lent you some.
Egmix: If I had slept well last night, I’d not be tired now.
2. How to change
Câu nói ở thì

Eg:

Future Simple Tense
Present Simple Tense
Past

Present & Past

1
2
3
Mix

• Mary will go aboard next month. She will visit Vietnam.
 If Mary go aboard next month, she will visit Vietnam.
• Hurry up or we’ll late for school.


 If we don’t hurry up, we will be late for school.

3. “Unless” Clause

Unless = If not
Eg: If he doesn’t have a visa, he can’t go to the US.
 Unless he has a visa, he can’t go to the US.
Eg: If he came here now, we’d go there.
 Unless he came here now, we wouldn’t go there.
*Note: Không dùng phủ định trong mệnh đề “Unless”
4. “If” còn được thay thế bằng:
Provided (that)
On condition (that)
As long as
So long as
In case
In case of +
N

N.P (Noun Phrase)
V-ing
Supposed that
Even if
Under No Circumstance

Miễn là – Trong điều kiện là

Trong trường hợp

Giả sử là
Ngay khi, dù cho
Mọi trường hợp dưới

Eg: In case it rains / In case of raining, bring your rain coat with you.
5. Mệnh đề đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện
Type
1
Should + S (not) + V
2
Were + S(not) + to V
3
Had + S(not) + PII
Eg:

•

+ Mệnh đề chính

If Mary go aboard next month, she will visit Vietnam.


•

•


Should Mary (not) go aboard next month, she will visit her parents.
If I knew your address, I’d write to you
Were I to know your address, I’d write to you
If It hadn’t rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk
Had it not rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk

V. Mệnh đề sau:
1. Would rather
a) Present:
S + would rather (‘d rather) + S’ + were/ V-ed
Eg: I’d rather you studied hard.
b) Past
S + would rather (‘d rather) + S’ + had PII/ could have done
Eg: They didn’t come to our party last night.
 We would rather they had come to our party last night.
c) Future:
S + would rather (‘d rather) + S’ + (not) + V
Eg: John will go business tomorrow.
 I’d rather John not go Business tomorrow.
d) would rather = prefer
* Present
S + would rather (‘d rather) + V1 than V2

= S + prefer (s) + Ving than Ving
Eg: My sister prefers swimming to jogging
 My sister’d rather swim than jog

* Past
S + would rather (‘d rather) + have P2 than P2


= S + prefer (s) + Ving than Ving
Eg: I’d rather have stayed at home yesterday than gone out.
2. As if/ though : như là như thể
a) Present:

S + V(es/s) + as if/ as though + S + was-were V-ing/ Ved
Eg: He treats me as if I were a cow
b) Past

S + Ved + as if/ as though + S + had been V-ing/ had PII
Eg: He talked to us as if he had known us for a long time.
* Note: She dressed yesterday as if she were a queen.
Eg: He talked to us as if he had known us for a long time.
c) Future:

S + Ved + as if/ as though + S + would/ could + V
Eg: He hurried up as if he’d leave at once = tức thì, ngay lập tức.
3. It’s (high) time: đã đến lúc
* Dùng với mệnh đề thì quá khứ đơn/ quá khứ tiếp diễn.
It’s (high) time + S + were/ V-ed
Eg: It’s high time we went home now.
* Dùng với verb nguyên thể có “To”

It’s (high) time + for O + to V
Eg: It’s high time for us to go home now.

VI. Clause after ‘wish’ , ‘If only’


a) Present:

S + wish(es)
If only

S + were / Ved

Eg: It’s a pity there isn’t a bookshop here
 I wish / If only there were a bookshop here.
b) Past

S + wish(ed)
If only

S + had + PII

Eg: I’m sorry I invited him to our party last night.
 I wish(ed) / If only I had invited him to our party last night.
c) Future:

S + wish(es)
If only

S + would/could + V

Eg: What a pity that my father will go on business next week
 I wish / If only my father wouldn’t go on business next week.
VII. Clause of results
1. too: quá
S + be/V + too + adj/adv (for Sb/St) + to V
(đối với ai quá để làm gì)
Eg: - It’s too hot for us to go swimming
- We studies too hard to pass the exams.
2. Not... enough
S + not + be/V + adj/adv + enough (for Sb/St) + to V
(không đủ đối với ai để ..)
Eg: She isn’t old enough to join the company.


3. So...that: đến nỗi mà
S + be/V + so + adj/adv + that + S + V
Eg:

•
•

It’s so hot that we can’t go camping.
He answered the question so intelligently that we all admired him.

* Note : “So.. that” còn đi với “little, few, much, many + N”
S + be/V so Little/ Much + N ( Uncountable ) + that + S + v
S + be/V so Few/ Many + N ( Countable ) + that + S + v
S + be/V so adj + a/an + N + that + S + V
Eg:

•
•
•

She has so little money that she can’t buy a TV set.
She has so many children that she can’t look after them well.
It was so hot a day that no one dared to go to the field

4. Such...that: đến nỗi mà
S + be/V + such+ (a/an) adj + N that + S + V
Eg: It’s such a hot day that we can’t g camping.
VIII. Clause of purpose
1. Phrasal of purpose.
In order (not)
to
So as (not) to
Eg :
•
•

+V , Main clause

I usually get up early in order to/ so as to revise my lessons.
I study hard in order for my parents to be happy

2. Clause of purpose.
S

V-es/s

V –ed

So that
In order that

Eg: I usually get up early so that I can revise my lessons.

S + TĐT + V


IX. Mệnh đề Đảo ngữ.
1. Đảo ngữ với No và Not
No
Not Any
•

N + Trợ động từ + S + V

Eg: No money shall I let you.

2. Đảo ngữ với trạng từ Phủ Định
Never
Little

Rarely
Hardly Ever

Seldom
....

Trạng từ phủ định + Trợ Động từ + S + V
Eg: Hardly ever/ Never / Rarely... does he speak English in public.
3. Đảo ngữ với cụm từ “No”
At no time
For no reason
On no condition
No longer
On no account
In no way
Under/ In no circumstance

+ Trợ động từ + S + V
4. Đảo ngữ với Only

Only If + mệnh đề
Eg: Only if you tell me the truth, can I forgive you.
Only with + N
Eg: Only with the full agreement of everyone can we hope to
succeed.
Only after + N/ Clause
Eg: Only after all guests had gone home, could we relax.
Only when + Mệnh đề
Eg: Only when he is here, does he speak Chinese.
Only by + V-ing
Eg: Only by practicing English every day can you speak it
fluently.
Only in adv of time/place
Eg: Only in central Vietnam have I seen such scenery like that.

+ Trợ Động Từ + S + V

Only once/ latter/ in this way/in that way/ then
Eg: Only in that way can we expect to succeed in reaching the
set targets.
Eg:

•
•
•
•

Only when he is here, does he speak Chinese.
Only then did I understand the problem.
Only by practicing English every day can you speak it fluently.
Only with the full agreement of everyone can we hope to succeed.

* Note: Nếu “only” bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ (chủ ngữ nằm ngay sau “only”) thì trong
câu không có đảo ngữ.
Eg:
• Only he can speak English.
(Chỉ có anh ấy có thể nói tiếng Anh).
• Only the special members can enter the club on Sundays.
(Chỉ các thành viên đặc biệt mới có thể tới câu lạc bộ vào chủ nhật).
5. Đảo ngữ với “Not only but also”
Not only + TĐT + S + V + but also + Mệnh đề
Eg: Not only does he study well but also she is beautiful.
6. Đảo ngữ với “No sooner than”
Not sooner + TĐT + S + V + than + Mệnh đề
Eg: No sooner had I got home than it started raining.

7. Đảo ngữ với “So that”
So + Adj + trợ động từ + S + V + that + MĐ
Eg: So busy am I that I don’t have time to go out.
8. Đảo ngữ với “Till/Until”
(Not) Till/Until + Mệnh đề/ Adv of time + TĐT + S + V
Eg:

• I didn’t know that I had lost my key till I got home
 Not until I got home did I know that I had lost my money.


9. Đảo ngữ với “No where”
No Where + TĐT + S + V
Eg: No where can you find a better man than my brother.
10. Mệnh đề đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện
Type
1
Should + S (not) + V
2
Were + S(not) + to V
3
Had + S(not) + PII
Eg:

•

•

•


+ Mệnh đề chính

If Mary go aboard next month, she will visit Vietnam.
Should Mary (not) go aboard next month, she will visit her parents.
If I knew your address, I’d write to you
Were I to know your address, I’d write to you
If It hadn’t rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk
Had it not rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk