microelectronics circuit analysis and design donald a neamem

An accessible approach to learning through clear writing and practical pedagogy has become
the hallmark of Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design by Donald Neamen. Now in
its fourth edition, the text builds upon its strong pedagogy and tools for student assessment
with key updates as well as revisions that allow for flexible coverage of op-amps.

FOURTH
E DITION

FOURTH EDITI ON

Key Features of the Fourth Edition
Flexible Presentation of Key Topics
Revisions have given the text a level of flexibility such that ideal op-amps (Chapter 9) can be
presented as the first topic in electronics; either MOS or Bipolar transistors can be studied as the
first transistor type; and digital electronics can be covered before analog electronics. This flexibility
allows instructors to present topics in whatever order makes the most sense for their students.

The fourth edition features a substantial number of new problems. This includes: over 45 percent
new exercise and Test Your Understanding problems; over 45 percent new end-of-chapter problems;
and over 70 percent new open-ended design problems and computer simulation problems. In addition,
coverage of circuit voltage levels and device parameters was updated to more closely match real
world electronics.

Goal-Oriented Pedagogy
A Preview section introduces each chapter and correlates with learning objectives that head each
section. Worked examples reinforce the theoretical concepts being developed; all examples are
followed by exercises to immediately test learning. Test Your Understanding problems are integrated
at the end of each section to provide additional practice. Problem solving techniques guide students

Focus on Design in the Real World
Students are taught good design by incorporating design exercises that help students get a feel for

how the design process works in the real world. Each chapter includes a Design Application that
leads students through the design and development of an electronic thermometer. The various
characteristics and properties of circuits are explained as the student moves through the analysis.
Design Pointers appear in examples and throughout the text to help students with tricky design
issues, and Design Problems are featured in most problem sets.

Computer Tools
Because computer analysis and computer-aided design are significant factors in professional
electronic design, the text contains a large number of new computer simulation problems.
These appear both throughout the chapter and at the end of each chapter.

Learning and Teaching Technologies
The website for Microeletronics features tools for students and teachers. Professors can benefit
from McGraw-Hill’s COSMOS electronic solutions manual. COSMOS enables instructors to generate
a limitless supply of problem material for assignment, as well as transfer and integrate their own
problems into the software. In addition, the website boasts PowerPoint slides, an image library,
the complete Instructor’s Solution Manual (password protected), data sheets, laboratory manual,
and links to other important websites. You can find the site at www.mhhe.com/neamen

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
MD DALIM #1035984 7/12/09 CYAN MAG YELO BLK

through analyzing and solving a problem.

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

New Problems and Text Updates

NEAM EN

DO N A LD A . N E A M EN


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Microelectronics:
Circuit Analysis
and Design


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Microelectronics:
Circuit Analysis
and Design
Fourth Edition

Donald A. Neamen
University of New Mexico


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MICROELECTRONICS: CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, FOURTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2007, 2001, and 1996. No part of this publication may be

reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to,
in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 VNH/VNH 0 9
ISBN 978–0–07–338064–3
MHID 0–07–338064–4
Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan
Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts
Developmental Editor: Lora Neyens
Senior Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds
Project Manager: Melissa M. Leick
Senior Production Supervisor: Sherry L. Kane
Senior Media Project Manager: Jodi K. Banowetz
Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes
Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri
Compositor: Aptara®, Inc.
Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman
Printer: R. R. Donnelley Jefferson City MO
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright
page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neamen, Donald A.
Microelectronics : circuit analysis and design / Donald A. Neamen. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-07-338064-3—ISBN 0-07-338064-4 (alk. paper) 1. Electronic circuit design. 2.
Semiconductors—Design and construction. 3. Electronic circuit design. I. Title.

TK7867.N412 2010
621.381 — dc22

www.mhhe.com

2009014106


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Dedication
To the many students I’ve had the privilege of teaching over the years who have
contributed in many ways to the broad field of electrical engineering, and to future
students who will contribute in ways we cannot now imagine.

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About the Author
Donald A. Neamen is a professor emeritus in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico where he taught for more
than 25 years. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of New Mexico and
then became an electronics engineer at the Solid State Sciences Laboratory at
Hanscom Air Force Base. In 1976, he joined the faculty in the ECE department at the
University of New Mexico, where he specialized in teaching semiconductor physics
and devices courses and electronic circuits courses. He is still a part-time instructor
in the department. He also just recently taught for a semester at the University of
Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University (UM-SJTU) Joint Institute in Shanghai.

In 1980, Professor Neamen received the Outstanding Teacher Award for the
University of New Mexico. In 1990, and each year from 1994 through 2001, he
received the Faculty Recognition Award, presented by graduating ECE students.
He was also honored with the Teaching Excellence Award in the College of
Engineering in 1994.
In addition to his teaching, Professor Neamen served as Associate Chair of the
ECE department for several years and has also worked in industry with Martin
Marietta, Sandia National Laboratories, and Raytheon Company. He has published
many papers and is the author of Semiconductor Physics and Devices: Basic Principles, third edition and An Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.

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Brief Table of Contents
PROLOGUE I
PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONICS 1
PART 1
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS 7
Chapter 1
Semiconductor Materials and Diodes 9
Chapter 2
Diode Circuits 67
Chapter 3
The Field-Effect Transistor 125
Chapter 4
Basic FET Amplifiers 205
Chapter 5
The Bipolar Junction Transistor 285

Chapter 6
Basic BJT Amplifiers 369
Chapter 7
Frequency Response 469
Chapter 8
Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 559

PROLOGUE II
PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONIC DESIGN 615
PART 2
ANALOG ELECTRONICS 619
Chapter 9
Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Op-Amp Circuits

621

Chapter 10
Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads 687
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Brief Table of Contents

Chapter 11
Differential and Multistage Amplifiers 753
Chapter 12

Feedback and Stability 851
Chapter 13
Operational Amplifier Circuits

947

Chapter 14
Nonideal Effects in Operational Amplifier Circuits 1009
Chapter 15
Applications and Design of Integrated Circuits 1061

PROLOGUE III
PROLOGUE TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1141

PART 3
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1145
Chapter 16
MOSFET Digital Circuits 1147
Chapter 17
Bipolar Digital Circuits 1255

Appendix A
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 1315
Appendix B
Selected Manufacturers’ Data Sheets 1317
Appendix C
Standard Resistor and Capacitor Values 1329
Appendix D
Reading List 1333
Appendix E

Answers to Selected Problems 1337
Index 1359


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Contents
PROLOGUE I
PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONICS 1
Brief History 1
Passive and Active Devices 2
Electronic Circuits 2
Discrete and Integrated Circuits 3
Analog and Digital Signals 3
Notation 4
Summary 5

PART 1
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS 7
Chapter 1

Semiconductor Materials and Diodes 9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

Preview 9
Semiconductor Materials and Properties 10
The pn Junction 23
Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models 34
Diode Circuits: AC Equivalent Circuit 43
Other Diode Types 48
Design Application: Diode Thermometer 54
Summary 56
Problems 57

Chapter 2

Diode Circuits 67
Preview 67
2.1
Rectifier Circuits 68
2.2
Zener Diode Circuits 84
2.3
Clipper and Clamper Circuits 90
2.4
Multiple-Diode Circuits 97
2.5
Photodiode and LED Circuits 106
2.6
Design Application: DC Power Supply 108
2.7
Summary 110
Problems 111

Chapter 3

The Field-Effect Transistor 125
Preview 125
3.1
MOS Field-Effect Transistor 126
3.2
MOSFET DC Circuit Analysis 146
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Contents

3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

Basic MOSFET Applications: Switch, Digital Logic Gate,
and Amplifier 165
Constant-Current Biasing 170
Multistage MOSFET Circuits 175
Junction Field-Effect Transistor 180
Design Application: Diode Thermometer with an MOS

Transistor 190
Summary 192
Problems 194

Chapter 4

Basic FET Amplifiers 205
Preview 205
4.1
The MOSFET Amplifier 206
4.2
Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations 216
4.3
The Common-Source Amplifier 216
4.4
The Common-Drain (Source-Follower) Amplifier 227
4.5
The Common-Gate Configuration 234
4.6
The Three Basic Amplifier Configurations: Summary
and Comparison 237
4.7
Single-Stage Integrated Circuit MOSFET
Amplifiers 238
4.8
Multistage Amplifiers 254
4.9
Basic JFET Amplifiers 258
4.10 Design Application: A Two-Stage Amplifier 264
4.11 Summary 266

Problems 268

Chapter 5

The Bipolar Junction Transistor 285
Preview 285
5.1
Basic Bipolar Junction Transistor 286
5.2
DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits 301
5.3
Basic Transistor Applications 323
5.4
Bipolar Transistor Biasing 330
5.5
Multistage Circuits 344
5.6
Design Application: Diode Thermometer with a Bipolar
Transistor 348
5.7
Summary 350
Problems 352

Chapter 6

Basic BJT Amplifiers 369
Preview 369
6.1
Analog Signals and Linear Amplifiers 370
6.2

The Bipolar Linear Amplifier 371
6.3
Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations 396
6.4
Common-Emitter Amplifiers 398
6.5
AC Load Line Analysis 413


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Contents

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12

Common-Collector (Emitter-Follower) Amplifier 420
Common-Base Amplifier 431
The Three Basic Amplifiers: Summary
and Comparison 435
Multistage Amplifiers 436
Power Considerations 442
Design Application: Audio Amplifier 445
Summary 449
Problems 451

Chapter 7

Frequency Response 469
Preview 469
7.1
Amplifier Frequency Response 470
7.2
System Transfer Functions 472
7.3
Frequency Response: Transistor Amplifiers with Circuit
Capacitors 485
7.4
Frequency Response: Bipolar Transistor 502
7.5
Frequency Response: The FET 514
7.6
High-Frequency Response of Transistor Circuits 520
7.7
Design Application: A Two-Stage Amplifier
with Coupling Capacitors 537
7.8
Summary 539
Problems 540

Chapter 8

Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 559
Preview 559
8.1

Power Amplifiers 560
8.2
Power Transistors 560
8.3
Classes of Amplifiers 571
8.4
Class-A Power Amplifiers 586
8.5
Class-AB Push–Pull Complementary Output Stages 591
8.6
Design Application: An Output Stage Using
MOSFETs 601
8.7
Summary 603
Problems 604

PROLOGUE II
PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONIC DESIGN 615
Preview 615
Design Approach 615
System Design 616
Electronic Design 617
Conclusion 618

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Contents

PART 2
ANALOG ELECTRONICS 619
Chapter 9

Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Op-Amp Circuits 621
Preview 621
9.1
The Operational Amplifier 622
9.2
Inverting Amplifier 627
9.3
Summing Amplifier 636
9.4
Noninverting Amplifier 638
9.5
Op-Amp Applications 641
9.6
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers 657
9.7
Op-Amp Circuit Design 658
9.8
Design Application: Electronic Thermometer with an
Instrumentation Amplifier 665
9.9
Summary 668
Problems 669

Chapter 10

Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads 687
Preview 687
10.1 Bipolar Transistor Current Sources 688
10.2 FET Current Sources 707
10.3 Circuits with Active Loads 719
10.4 Small-Signal Analysis: Active Load Circuits 726
10.5 Design Application: An NMOS Current Source 734
10.6 Summary 736
Problems 737

Chapter 11

Differential and Multistage Amplifiers 753
Preview 753
11.1 The Differential Amplifier 754
11.2 Basic BJT Differential Pair 754
11.3 Basic FET Differential Pair 779
11.4 Differential Amplifier with Active Load 790
11.5 BiCMOS Circuits 801
11.6 Gain Stage and Simple Output Stage 806
11.7 Simplified BJT Operational Amplifier Circuit 811
11.8 Diff-Amp Frequency Response 815
11.9 Design Application: A CMOS Diff-Amp 821
11.10 Summary 824
Problems 825

Chapter 12

Feedback and Stability 851
Preview 851
12.1 Introduction to Feedback 852
12.2 Basic Feedback Concepts 853
12.3 Ideal Feedback Topologies 863


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Contents

12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12

Voltage (Series–Shunt) Amplifiers 873
Current (Shunt–Series) Amplifiers 879
Transconductance (Series–Series) Amplifiers 886
Transresistance (Shunt–Shunt) Amplifiers 893
Loop Gain 901
Stability of the Feedback Circuit 908
Frequency Compensation 918
Design Application: A MOSFET Feedback Circuit 924
Summary 927

Problems 928

Chapter 13

Operational Amplifier Circuits 947
Preview 947
13.1 General Op-Amp Circuit Design 948
13.2 A Bipolar Operational Amplifier Circuit 950
13.3 CMOS Operational Amplifier Circuits 970
13.4 BiCMOS Operational Amplifier Circuits 981
13.5 JFET Operational Amplifier Circuits 989
13.6 Design Application: A Two-Stage CMOS Op-Amp to
Match a Given Output Stage 992
13.7 Summary 995
Problems 997

Chapter 14

Nonideal Effects in Operational Amplifier Circuits 1009
Preview 1009
14.1 Practical Op-Amp Parameters 1010
14.2 Finite Open-Loop Gain 1013
14.3 Frequency Response 1023
14.4 Offset Voltage 1030
14.5 Input Bias Current 1042
14.6 Additional Nonideal Effects 1045
14.7 Design Application: An Offset Voltage Compensation
Network 1047
14.8 Summary 1049
Problems 1050

Chapter 15

Applications and Design of Integrated Circuits 1061
Preview 1061
15.1 Active Filters 1062
15.2 Oscillators 1074
15.3 Schmitt Trigger Circuits 1084
15.4 Nonsinusoidal Oscillators and Timing Circuits 1096
15.5 Integrated Circuit Power Amplifiers 1107
15.6 Voltage Regulators 1114
15.7 Design Application: An Active Bandpass Filter 1122
15.8 Summary 1125
Problems 1126

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Contents

PROLOGUE III
PROLOGUE TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1141
Preview 1141
Logic Functions and Logic Gates 1141
Logic Levels 1143
Noise Margin 1143

Propagation Delay Times and Switching Times 1144
Summary 1144

PART 3
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1145
Chapter 16

MOSFET Digital Circuits 1147
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13

Preview 1147
NMOS Inverters 1148
NMOS Logic Circuits 1163
CMOS Inverter 1168
CMOS Logic Circuits 1183
Clocked CMOS Logic Circuits 1191
Transmission Gates 1194
Sequential Logic Circuits 1202

Memories: Classifications and Architectures 1208
RAM Memory Cells 1212
Read-Only Memory 1221
Data Converters 1226
Design Application: A Static CMOS Logic Gate 1232
Summary 1234
Problems 1236

Chapter 17

Bipolar Digital Circuits 1255
Preview 1255
17.1 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) 1256
17.2 Modified ECL Circuit Configurations 1267
17.3 Transistor–Transistor Logic 1277
17.4 Schottky Transistor–Transistor Logic 1289
17.5 BiCMOS Digital Circuits 1296
17.6 Design Application: A Static ECL Gate 1298
17.7 Summary 1300
Problems 1301

Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 1315
Selected Manufacturers’ Data Sheets 1317
Standard Resistor and Capacitor Values 1329

Reading List 1333
Answers to Selected Problems 1337

Index 1359


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Preface
PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS
Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design is intended as a core text in electronics for undergraduate electrical and computer engineering students. The purpose of
the fourth edition of the book is to continue to provide a foundation for analyzing and
designing both analog and digital electronic circuits. A goal is to make this book very
readable and student-friendly.
Most electronic circuit design today involves integrated circuits (ICs), in which
the entire circuit is fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material. The IC
can contain millions of semiconductor devices and other elements and can perform
complex functions. The microprocessor is a classic example of such a circuit. The
ultimate goal of this text is to clearly present the operation, characteristics, and
limitations of the basic circuits that form these complex integrated circuits. Although
most engineers will use existing ICs in specialized design applications, they must be
aware of the fundamental circuit's characteristics in order to understand the operation
and limitations of the IC.
Initially, discrete transistor circuits are analyzed and designed. The complexity
of circuits being studied increases throughout the text so that, eventually, the reader
should be able to analyze and design the basic elements of integrated circuits, such
as linear amplifiers and digital logic gates.
This text is an introduction to the complex subject of electronic circuits.
Therefore, more advanced material is not included. Specific technologies, such as
gallium arsenide, which is used in special applications, are also not included,

although reference may be made to a few specialized applications. Finally, the
layout and fabrication of ICs are not covered, since these topics alone can warrant
entire texts.

DESIGN EMPHASIS
Design is the heart of engineering. Good design evolves out of considerable experience with analysis. In this text, we point out various characteristics and properties of
circuits as we go through the analysis. The objective is to develop an intuition that
can be applied to the design process.
Many design examples, design exercise problems, and end-of-chapter design
problems are included in this text. The end-of-chapter design problems are designated with a “D”. Many of these examples and problems have a set of specifications that lead to a unique solution. Although engineering design in its truest sense
does not lead to a unique solution, these initial design examples and problems are
a first step, the author believes, in learning the design process. A separate section,
Design Problems, found in the end-of-chapter problems, contains open-ended design
problems.
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Preface

COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Computer analysis and computer-aided-design (CAD) are significant factors in electronics. One of the most prevalent electronic circuit simulation programs is Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE), developed at the University
of California. A version of SPICE tailored for personal computers is PSpice, which
is used in this text.
The text emphasizes hand analysis and design in order to concentrate on basic
circuit concepts. However, in several places in the text, PSpice results are included and are correlated with the hand analysis results. Obviously, at the instructor's discretion, computer simulation may be incorporated at any point in the text.
A separate section, Computer Simulation Problems, is found in the end-of-chapter

problems.
In some chapters, particularly the chapters on frequency response and feedback,
computer analysis is used more heavily. Even in these situations, however, computer
analysis is considered only after the fundamental properties of the circuit have been
covered. The computer is a tool that can aid in the analysis and design of electronic
circuits, but is not a substitute for a thorough understanding of the basic concepts
of circuit analysis.

PREREQUISITES
This book is intended for junior undergraduates in electrical and computer engineering. The prerequisites for understanding the material include dc analysis and steadystate sinusoidal analysis of electric circuits and the transient analysis of RC circuits.
Various network concepts, such as Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, are used
extensively. Some background in Laplace transform techniques may also be useful.
Prior knowledge of semiconductor device physics is not required.

ORGANIZATION
The book is divided into three parts. Part 1, consisting of the first eight chapters, covers semiconductor materials, the basic diode operation and diode circuits, and basic
transistor operations and transistor circuits. Part 2 addresses more advanced analog
electronics, such as operational amplifier circuits, biasing techniques used in integrated circuits, and other analog circuits applications. Part 3 covers digital electronics including CMOS integrated circuits. Five appendices are included at the end
of the text.
Content
Part 1. Chapter 1 introduces the semiconductor material and pn junction, which
leads to diode circuits and applications given in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 covers the fieldeffect transistor, with strong emphasis on the metal-oxide-semiconductor FET
(MOSFET), and Chapter 4 presents basic FET linear amplifiers. Chapter 5 discusses
the bipolar junction transistor, with basic bipolar linear amplifier applications given in
Chapter 6.
The frequency response of transistors and transistor circuits is covered in a separate Chapter 7. The emphasis in Chapters 3 through 6 was on the analysis and


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Preface

design techniques, so mixing the two transistor types within a given chapter
would introduce unnecessary confusion. However, starting with Chapter 7, both
MOSFET circuits and bipolar circuits are discussed within the same chapter. Finally, Chapter 8, covering output stages and power amplifiers, completes Part 1 of
the text.
Part 2. Chapters 9 through 15 are included in Part 2, which addresses more advanced analog electronics. In this portion of the text, the emphasis is placed on the
operational amplifier and on circuits that form the basic building blocks of integrated
circuits (ICs). The ideal operational amplifier and ideal op-amp circuits are covered
in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 presents constant-current source biasing circuits and introduces the active load, both of which are used extensively in ICs. The differential
amplifier, the heart of the op-amp, is discussed in Chapter 11, and feedback is considered in Chapter 12. Chapter 13 presents the analysis and design of various circuits
that form operational amplifiers. Nonideal effects in analog ICs are addressed in
Chapter 14, and applications, such as active filters and oscillators, are covered in
Chapter 15.
Part 3. Chapters 16 and 17 form Part 3 of the text, and cover the basics of digital electronics. The analysis and design of MOS digital electronics is discussed in
Chapter 16. The emphasis in this chapter is on CMOS circuits, which form the basis
of most present-day digital circuits. Basic digital logic gate circuits are initially covered, then shift registers, flip-flops, and then basic A/D and D/A converters are presented. Chapter 17 introduces bipolar digital electronics, including emitter-coupled
logic and classical transistor-transistor logic circuits.
Appendices. Five appendices are included at the end of the text. Appendix A
contains physical constants and conversion factors. Manufacturers' data sheets for
several devices and circuits are included in Appendix B. Standard resistor and capacitor values are given in Appendix C, and references and other reading sources are
listed in Appendix D. Finally, answers to selected end-of chapter problems are given
in Appendix E.
Order of Presentation
The book is written with a certain degree of flexibility so that instructors can design
their own order of presentation of topics.
1. Op-Amp Circuits: For those instructors who wish to present ideal op-amp circuits as a first topic in electronics, Chapter 9 is written such that sections 9.1
through 9.5.5 can be studied as a first chapter in electronics.

Chapter Presentation

Ideal Op-Amp Circuits:
1. Chapter 9, Sections 9.1–9.5.5.
2. Chapters 1, 2, etc.

2. MOSFETs versus Bipolars: The chapters covering MOSFETs (3 and 4) and the
chapters covering bipolars (5 and 6) are written independently of each other. Instructors, therefore, have the option of discussing MOSFETs before bipolars, as

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xviii

Preface

given in the text, or discussing bipolars before MOSFETs in the more traditional
manner.
Chapter Presentation
Text
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
etc.

Topic

Traditional
Chapter

pn Junctions
Diode Circuits
MOS Transistors
MOSFET Circuits
Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Circuits

1
2
5
6
3
4
etc.

Topic
pn Junctions
Diode Circuits
Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Circuits
MOS Transistors
MOSFET Circuits

3. Digital versus Analog: For those instructors who wish to present digital electronics before analog electronics, Part 3 is written to be independent of Part 2.
Therefore, instructors may cover Chapters 1, 2, 3, and then jump to Chapter 16.

Chapter Presentation:
Chapter
1
2
3
16
5
17
etc.

Topic
pn Junctions
Diode Circuits
MOS Transistors
MOSFET Digital Circuits
Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Digital Circuits
Analog Circuits

NEW TO THE FOURTH EDITION
• Addition of over 250 new Exercise and Test Your Understanding Problems.
• Addition of over 580 new end-of-chapter problems.
• Addition of over 50 new open-ended Design Problems in the end-of-chapter
problems sections.
• Addition of over 65 new Computer Simulation Problems in the end-of-chapter
problems sections.
• Voltage levels in circuits were updated to more closely match modern day electronics.
• MOSFET device parameters were updated to more closely match modern day
electronics.
• Chapter 9 was rewritten such that ideal op-amp circuits can be studied as a first

topic in electronics.
• Maintained the mathematical rigor necessary to more clearly understand basic
circuit operation and characteristics.


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RETAINED FEATURES OF THE TEXT
• A short introduction at the beginning of each chapter links the new chapter to the
material presented in previous chapters. The objectives of the Chapter, i.e., what
the reader should gain from the chapter, are presented in the Preview section and
are listed in bullet form for easy reference.
• Each major section of a chapter begins with a restatement of the objective for
this portion of the chapter.
• An extensive number of worked examples are used throughout the text to reinforce the theoretical concepts being developed. These examples contain all the details of the analysis or design, so the reader does not have to fill in missing steps.
• An Exercise Problem follows each example. The exercise problem is very similar
to the worked example so that readers can immediately test their understanding of
the material just covered. Answers are given for each exercise problem so readers
do not have to search for an answer at the end of the book. These exercise problems
will reinforce readers’ grasp of the material before they move on to the next section.
• Test Your Understanding exercise problems are included at the end of most
major sections of the chapter. These exercise problems are, in general, more
comprehensive that those presented at the end of an example. These problems
will also reinforce readers’ grasp of the material before they move on to the next
section. Answers to these exercise problems are also given.
• Problem Solving Techniques are given throughout each chapter to assist the
reader in analyzing circuits. Although there can be more than one method of
solving a problem, these Problem Solving Techniques are intended to help the

reader get started in the analysis of a circuit.
• A Design Application is included as the last section of each chapter. A specific
electronic design related to that chapter is presented. Over the course of the
book, students will learn to build circuits for an electronic thermometer. Though
not every Design Application deals with the thermometer, each application
illustrates how students will use design in the real world.
• A Summary section follows the text of each chapter. This section summarizes
the overall results derived in the chapter and reviews the basic concepts developed. The summary section is written in bullet form for easy reference.
• A Checkpoint section follows the Summary section. This section states the goals
that should have been met and states the abilities the reader should have gained.
The Checkpoints will help assess progress before moving to the next chapter.
• A list of review questions is included at the end of each chapter. These questions
serve as a self-test to help the reader determine how well the concepts developed
in the chapter have been mastered.
• A large number of problems are given at the end of each chapter, organized
according to the subject of each section. Many new problems have been incorporated into the fourth edition. Design oriented problems are included as well
as problems with varying degrees of difficulty. A “D” indicates design-type
problems, and an asterisk (*) indicates more difficult problems. Separate computer
simulation problems and open-ended design problems are also included.
• Answers to selected problems are given in Appendix E. Knowing the answer to
a problem can aid and reinforce the problem solving ability.
• Manufacturers’ data sheets for selected devices and circuits are given in Appendix B. These data sheets should allow the reader to relate the basic concepts and
circuit characteristics studied to real circuit characteristics and limitations.

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Preface

SUPPLEMENTS
The website for Microeletronics features tools for students and teachers. Professors
can benefit from McGraw-Hill’s COSMOS electronic solutions manual. COSMOS
enables instructors to generate a limitless supply of problem material for assignment,
as well as transfer and integrate their own problems into the software. For students,
there are profiles of electrical engineers that give students insight into the real world
of electrical engineering by presenting interviews with engineers working at a number of businesses, from Fairchild Semiconductor to Apple. In addition, the website
boasts PowerPoint slides, an image library, the complete Instructor’s Solution
Manual (password protected), data sheets, laboratory manual, and links to other
important websites. You can find the site at www.mhhe.com/neamen.

ELECTRONIC TEXTBOOK OPTIONS
This text is offered through CourseSmart for both instructors and students. CourseSmart is an online resource where students can purchase the complete text online at
almost half the cost of a traditional text. Purchasing the eTextbook allows students to
take advantage of CourseSmart’s Web tools for learning, which include full text
search, notes and highlighting, and email tools for sharing notes between classmates.
To learn more about CourseSmart options, contact your sales representative or visit
www.CourseSmart.com.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am indebted to the many students I have taught over the years who have helped
in the evolution of this text. Their enthusiasm and constructive criticism have been
invaluable, and their delight when they think they have found an error their professor may have made is priceless. I also want to acknowledge Professor Hawkins,
Professor Fleddermann, and Dr. Ed Graham of the University of New Mexico who
have taught from the third edition and who have made excellent suggestions for
improvement.
I want to thank the many people at McGraw-Hill for their tremendous support.

To Raghu Srinivasan, publisher, and Lora Neyens, development editor, I am grateful
for their encouragement and support. I also want to thank Mr. John Griffith for his
many constructive suggestions. I also appreciate the efforts of project managers who
guided the work through its final phase toward publication. This effort included gently, but firmly, pushing me through proofreading.
Let me express my continued appreciation to those reviewers who read the original manuscript in its various phases, a focus group who spent an entire precious
weekend discussing and evaluating the original project, and the accuracy checkers
who worked through the original examples, exercises, and problems to minimize any
errors I may have introduced. My thanks also go out to those individuals who have
continued to review the book prior to new editions being published. Their contributions and suggestions for continued improvement are incredibly valuable.


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REVIEWERS FOR THE FOURTH EDITION
Doran Baker
Utah State University
Marc Cahay
University of Cincinatti
Richard H. Cockrum
California State University, Pomona
Norman R. Cox
Missouri University of Science and
Technology Engineering
Stephen M. Goodnick
Arizona State University
Rongqing Hui
University of Kansas
Syed K Islam

University of Tennessee

Richard Kwor
University of Colorado, Colorado
Springs
Juin J. Liou
University of Central Florida
Sannasi Ramanan
Rochester Institute of Technology
Ron Roscoe
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
John Scalzo
Louisiana State University
Mark J. Wharton
Pennsylvania State University
Weizhong Wang
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Donald A. Neamen

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Prologue to
Electronics

I

When most of us hear the word electronics, we think of televisions, laptop computers,
cell phones, or iPods. Actually, these items are electronic systems composed of subsystems or electronic circuits, which include amplifiers, signal sources, power supplies, and digital logic circuits.
Electronics is defined as the science of the motion of charges in a gas, vacuum,
or semiconductor. (Note that the charge motion in a metal is excluded from this
definition.) This definition was used early in the 20th century to separate the field of
electrical engineering, which dealt with motors, generators, and wire communications, from the new field of electronic engineering, which at that time dealt with
vacuum tubes. Today, electronics generally involves transistors and transistor
circuits. Microelectronics refers to integrated circuit (IC) technology, which can
produce a circuit with multimillions of components on a single piece of semiconductor material.
A typical electrical engineer will perform many diverse functions, and is likely
to use, design, or build systems incorporating some form of electronics. Consequently, the division between electrical and electronic engineering is no longer as
clear as originally defined.

BRIEF HISTORY
The development of the transistor and the integrated circuit has led to remarkable
electronic capabilities. The IC permeates almost every facet of our daily lives, from
instant communications by cellular phone to the automobile. One dramatic example
of IC technology is the small laptop computer, which today has more capability than
the equipment that just a few years ago would have filled an entire room. The cell
phone has shown dramatic changes. It not only provides for instant messaging, but
also includes a camera so that pictures can be instantly sent to virtually every point
on earth.
A fundamental breakthrough in electronics came in December 1947, when the
first transistor was demonstrated at Bell Telephone Laboratories by William
Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain. From then until approximately 1959,
the transistor was available only as a discrete device, so the fabrication of circuits
required that the transistor terminals be soldered directly to the terminals of other
components.
In September 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments demonstrated the first
integrated circuit fabricated in germanium. At about the same time, Robert Noyce of

Fairchild Semiconductor introduced the integrated circuit in silicon. The development of the IC continued at a rapid rate through the 1960s, using primarily bipolar
transistor technology. Since then, the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and MOS integrated circuit technology have emerged as a dominant
force, especially in digital integrated circuits.

1

Prologue

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Prologue I Prologue to Electronics

Since the first IC, circuit design has become more sophisticated and the integrated circuit more complex. Device size continues to shrink and the number of
devices fabricated on a single chip continues to increase at a rapid rate. Today, an IC
can contain arithmatic, logic, and memory functions on a single semiconductor chip.
The primary example of this type of integrated circuit is the microprocessor.

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE DEVICES
In a passive electrical device, the time average power delivered to the device over
an infinite time period is always greater than or equal to zero. Resistors, capacitors,
and inductors, are examples of passive devices. Inductors and capacitors can store
energy, but they cannot deliver an average power greater than zero over an infinite
time interval.
Active devices, such as dc power supplies, batteries, and ac signal generators,
are capable of supplying particular types of power. Transistors are also considered to

be active devices in that they are capable of supplying more signal power to a load
than they receive. This phenomenon is called amplification. The additional power in
the output signal is a result of a redistribution of ac and dc power within the device.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
In most electronic circuits, there are two inputs (Figure PRl.1).One input is from a
power supply that provides dc voltages and currents to establish the proper biasing
for transistors. The second input is a signal. Time-varying signals from a particular
source very often need to be amplified before the signal is capable of being “useful.”
For example, Figure PR1.l shows a signal source that is the output of a compact disc
system. The output music signal from the compact disc system consists of a small
time-varying voltage and current, which means that the signal power is relatively
small. The power required to drive the speakers is larger than the output signal from
the compact disc, so the compact disc signal must be amplified before it is capable of
driving the speakers in order that sound can be heard.
Other examples of signals that must be amplified before they are capable of
driving loads include the output of a microphone, voice signals received on earth
from an orbiting manned shuttle, video signals from an orbiting weather satellite, and
the output of an electrocardiograph (EKG). Although the output signal can be larger
than the input signal, the output power can never exceed the dc input power. Therefore, the magnitude of the dc power supply is one limitation to the output signal
response.
dc
voltage
source
dc power
Signal
source
CD player

Amplifier

Low
signal
power

Load
High
signal
power

Speakers

Figure PR1.1 Schematic of an electronic circuit with two input signals: the dc power
supply input, and the signal input